Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Air Washers: A New Look at A Vintage Technology: October 2003
Air Washers: A New Look at A Vintage Technology: October 2003
net/publication/296957320
CITATIONS READS
4 5,002
3 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Nighttime cooling for concentrating solar power plants using radation View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Douglas T. Reindl on 08 February 2017.
By M. El-Morsi, S.A. Klein, Fellow ASHRAE, and D.T. Reindl, Member ASHRAE reducing the resistance to air-
flow….”2
ast year marked the 100th anniversary of the first modern day air-
L conditioning system designed by Willis Carrier.1 It consisted of a cool-
From this observation and other experi-
ments, Carrier discerned that the phenom-
enon of cooling and dehumid- ification
ing coil arrangement in which supply air was cooled and dehumidified of a moist airstream could be accom-
by indirect heat exchange with cold water pumped through tubing. Car- plished by using chilled water in direct
rier surmised that an alternative design using direct contact between contact with an airstream. Based on that
premise, Carrier designed a spray-type air
the air and chilled water might improve performance. In his early air- conditioner (air washer) that was manu-
conditioning systems, he observed that, although the air came in con- factured by the Buffalo Forge Company,
shown in Figure 1. Carrier subsequently
tact with water on the cooling coil surface, dehumidification occurred.
used air washers extensively for cooling
Carrier’s explanation of this phenom- was simple. The temperature of water
enon was that was below the dew point or conden- About the Authors
“…in other words we had the appar- sation temperature of the entering air. M. El-Morsi is an assistant professor of mechani-
ent paradox of reducing the moisture Why should we not, then, spray the cal engineering at Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt. S.A. Klein is a professor and D.T. Reindl
in air by bringing it into contact with cold water into the airstream, thus
is an associate professor in mechanical engineer-
moisture. Of course the explanation increasing the surface contact and ing at University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Access
43.21°F
0.69 hp
Tdb = 55°F Intake Cooling Moisture
Refrigeration Tdb = 80°F RH = 94% Coil Eliminator
Machine RH = 51% 20,000 cfm
Figure 6: Chilled water cooling coil air handler components
4.31 hp and pressure drop (in. w.g.) across each component.
50.74°F 200 gpm
Figure 4: Chilled water direct contact air handler. ing coils. To investigate the economic feasibility of air washers,
a comparison was made between a chilled-water-cooling- coil
Chilled Water
43.21°F Cooling Coil
system and a direct-contact air wash cooling system. The power
consumption, capital costs, and operating weight of both a cool-
1 hp
Tdb = 55°F ing coil and a direct-contact air wash cooling system were con-
Tdb = 80°F RH = 94%
RH = 51% 20,000 cfm sidered. The overall conductance between air and water was
fixed for both the chilled-water-cooling-coil and the spray cooler
7 hp
systems. The conditions are summarized in Table 1. A schematic
50.74°F 200 gpm and operating conditions for a direct-contact spray cooler is
Figure 5: Chilled water cooling coil air handler. shown in Figure 4 and similar information for an indirect chilled
water coil system is shown in Figures 5 and 6.
indirectly by spraying ozone-sanitized fresh water into the The results of the comparative study are presented in Figure
airstream rather than introducing gaseous ozone directly into 9 and Table 2. Figure 9a shows that the direct contact air cooler
the air. Concentrations of dissolved ozone in the liquid phase uses less power than the indirect system to operate the fan and
can be controlled to yield efficacious microorganism control pump. The fan power is lower than in a comparable indirect
while keeping the ozone concentration in the supply airstream system because of the lower air-side pressure drop. The pump
below threshold limits (TLV for ozone is 0.1 ppm). power is small for both systems. Figure 9b shows that the first
cost of the direct contact spray cooler can be lower than that
Cooling Air: Direct vs. Indirect Contact for the chilled water cooling coil.
Despite their advantage of being able to cool, dehumidify
and filter supply air, air washers also need to be economically Conclusions
competitive with conventional plate-finned chilled water cool- Air washers were used extensively in early air-conditioning
Air
31°C
During the past 10 years, research work at the Univer- 89°F
sity of Wisconsin-Madison has been conducted on de-
veloping spray coolers. Reindl11 studied the heat and Velocity Ratio SR0 = 1.0
mass transfer to chilled water sprays for cooling inlet air
22°C
to stationary combustion turbines. Numerical models 71.6°F
were developed for three direct-contact spray configu-
rations: parallel flow, crossflow and counterflow. On
comparing the effectiveness of the three configurations, Velocity Ratio SR0 = 3.0
15°C
it was observed that the crossflow configuration had 59°F
the higher effectiveness.
Klockow12 experimentally studied the process of sani- Figure 8: Temperature contours for the spray cooler.
tizing the airstream by ozonating the sprayed water. The
celerate in the opposite direction, as they get carried
concentration of ozone in the leaving airstream was higher
by air.
than the permissible limits. This leads to the conclusion
The results of the numerical simulations showed that
that more research work is needed in this field to control
that the gravitational force causes the air temperature
the ozone concentration.
profiles to be skewed towards the bottom, resulting in a
El-Morsi13 studied the effect of gravity, initial speed-
non-uniform temperature distribution along the vertical
ratio,† and average droplet diameter on the performance
direction. However, this non-uniformity decreases as the
of a spray cooler in a counterflow configuration. The
initial speed-ratio decreases, as shown in Figure 8. Gen-
work was done using a CFD code that was validated
erally, the effectiveness tends to increase as the spray
experimentally. Figure 7 shows the spray cooler and
cooler initial speed ratio increases until the maximum
the water droplets as they are sprayed inside the spray
effectiveness is reached at an optimum speed ratio. The
cooler. The air enters the spray cooler from the left-
trend is then reversed beyond this point. Finally, increas-
hand side and water is sprayed from the spray nozzle
ing the droplet diameter decreases the effectiveness.
fixed in the middle of the spray cooler. The figure also
This information can be used to optimize the design of
shows that as the water droplets reach the walls they
direct contact spray cooler.
reflect back and continue penetrating through the spray
chamber. Once their velocity reaches zero, the droplets †
The ratio of the magnitude of the initial spray horizontal velocity
will begin to move backwards, and subsequently ac- component to that of the initial velocity of air.
10
8 Water-Side
8 Pressure 5 psi (34 kPa) 9.35 (64 kPa)
6
6 Drop
4 Fan Power
4
2 (@ 60% 4.31hp (3.21 kW) 11.88 hp (8.86 kW)
2 Efficiency)
0
Spray Cooling 0 Pump Power
Cooling Air Coil Air Total Power Weight × 10–3 Cost (@ 85% 0.69 hp (0.51 kW) 1.28 hp (0.95 kW)
Handler Handler (hp) (lb) ($/cfm) Efficiency)
Figure 9: Direct contact vs. chilled water air handlers. Total Power 1.43 hp (1.07 kW) 8.22 hp (6.13 kW)