SULIT

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR SEMESTER 1
FINAL EXAMINATION SEMESTER 1
SESI 2018/2019
SESSION 2018/2019

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

KOD MATAPELAJARAN : BEKC 2433

SUBJECT CODE

MATAPELAJARAN : ISYARAT DAN SISTEM

SUBJECT

PENYELARAS :
COORDINATOR

KURSUS : BEKG/BEKM
COURSE

MASA : 3 JAM
TIME 3 HOURS

TARIKH :
DATE

TEMPAT :
VENUE

ARAHAN KEPADA CALON

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. Jawab SEMUA soalan dari BAHAGIAN A dan SATU soalan dari BAHAGIAN B.
Answer any ALL questions in PART A and ONE question in PART B.
2. Setiap jawapan kepada soalan hendaklah dimulakan di muka surat yang baru.
Each answer for each question must be written in a new page.
3. Markah keseluruhan bagi peperiksaan ini ialah 100 markah.
Total marks for this examination is 100 marks.
4. Appendik ada disediakan di muka surat 20-25.
Appendixes are provided at page 20-25.

KERTAS SOALAN INI TERDIRI DARIPADA ( 25 ) MUKA SURAT SAHAJA

(TERMASUK MUKA SURAT HADAPAN)
THIS QUESTION PAPER CONTAINS ( 25 ) PAGES INCLUSIVE OF FRONT PAGE

SULIT
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BAHAGIAN A (JAWAB SEMUA SOALAN)

SOALAN 1

Sebuah isyarat masa diskret, 𝑥[𝑛] boleh membentuk dua urutan rangkaian baru; 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛] dan
𝑥𝑠 [𝑛], dimana 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛] bergantung kepada pensampelan 𝑥[𝑛] dengan tempoh masa pensampelan
2 dan 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] bergantung kepada 𝑥[𝑛] dengan 𝑥[−𝑛 + 2]. Isyarat 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛] dan 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] didefinasikan
oleh persaman (1) dan (2) di mana isyarat 𝑥[𝑛] diilustrasikan dalam Rajah S1(a). Jawab soalan-
soalan berikut:

𝑥 [𝑛 ], 𝑛 = 0, ±2, ±4, … ,
𝑥𝑝 [𝑛 ] = { (1)
0, 𝑛 = ±1, ±3, … ,

𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] = 𝑥[−𝑛 + 2] (2)

𝒙[𝒏]
6

4
3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 𝒏

−2
−3
−4
−5

Rajah S1(a)

(a) Lukis urutan rangkaian baru 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛] dan 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] berdasarkan persamaan (1) dan (2).
(5 markah)

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(b) Pertimbangkan satu sistem dengan isyarat keluaran 𝑦[𝑛] dihubungkan oleh:

𝑛
𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥 [ − 1]
3

(i) Plot isyarat 𝑦[𝑛] sekiranya isyarat masukan adalah 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛].

(4 markah)

(ii) Plot isyarat 𝑦[𝑛] sekiranya isyarat masukan adalah 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛].

(3 marks)

(c) Berdasarkan isyarat 𝑦[𝑛] yang diperolehi dalam S1(b)(i) dan S1(b)(ii), dapatkan dan
lakar bahagian genap dan ganjil isyarat tersebut.
(10 markah)

(d) Tentukan samaada sistem dalam S1(b)(i) dan S1(b)(ii) mempunyai ingatan atau tidak
dan berikan justifikasi jawapan anda.
(3 markah)

[25 markah]

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SOALAN 2

Dua penapis LTI mempunyai fungsi sambutan impuls yang diberikan oleh:
ℎ1 [𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛 + 2] − 𝛿[𝑛 − 2] dan ℎ2 [𝑛] = 𝑛(𝑢[𝑛 + 4] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 4]).
Jawab soalan-soalan berikut.

(a) Lakarkan dengan teliti fungsi ℎ1 [𝑛] dan ℎ2 [𝑛] pada sela masa −5 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5.
(4 markah)

(b) Anggapkan bahawa kedua-dua sistem ℎ1 [𝑛] dan ℎ2 [𝑛] disambung secara selari seperti
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah S2(b). Tentukan sambutan impuls ℎ[𝑛] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]⁄𝑥[𝑛] untuk
sistem selari tersebut. Lakarkan fungsi ℎ[𝑛] dalam julat −5 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5.

ℎ1 [𝑛]
𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦1 [𝑛]
+

ℎ2 [𝑛]

Rajah S2(b)
(3 markah)

(c) Kemudian. anggapkan bahawa kedua-dua sistem disambungkan secara siri seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah S2(c). Tentukan sambutan impuls ℎ[𝑛] = 𝑦2 [𝑛]⁄𝑥[𝑛] untuk
sistem selari tersebut. Lakarkan fungsi ℎ[𝑛] dalam julat −7 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 7.

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦2 [𝑛]
ℎ1 [𝑛] ℎ2 [𝑛]

Rajah S2(c)
(13 markah)

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(d) Lakarkan komposisi genap dan ganjil bagi isyarat ℎ[𝑛] yang diperolehi dalam S2(b).
Buktikan isyarat ℎ[𝑛]] adalah benar menggunakan ℎ[𝑛] = ℎ𝑒 [𝑛] + ℎ𝑜 [𝑛] dengan
melakar jawapan anda.
(5 markah)

[25 markah]

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SOALAN 3

(a) Diberi dua isyarat, 𝑥1 [𝑛] dan 𝑥2 [𝑛] sebagai:

1 𝑛
𝑥1 𝑛 = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛] ; |𝑧| > 0.5
[ ]
2
1 𝑛
𝑥2 𝑛 = − ( ) 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]; |𝑧| < 0.5
[ ]
2
(i) Dapatkan jelmaan-z dan lukiskan kawasan penumpuan (ROC) bagi kedua-dua
isyarat 𝑥1 [𝑛] dan 𝑥2 [𝑛].
(4 markah)
(ii) Apa yang akan berlaku terhadap jelmaan-z jika 𝑥1 [𝑛] ditambah dengan 𝑥2 [𝑛]?
(1 markah)

(b) Fungsi 𝑋[𝑧] diberikan oleh:

𝑧(2𝑧 − 0.6)
𝑋 [𝑧 ] =
𝑧((𝑧 − 2.9)𝑧 + 2) − 0.4

Berdasarkan persamaan yang diberi, jawab soalan berikut:

(i) Tentukan kestabilan bagi fungsi 𝑋[𝑧] dan berikan alasan bagi jawapan anda.
(3 markah)
(ii) Dapatkan pecahan separa bagi jelmaan-𝑧, 𝑋(𝑧)
(5 markah)

(iii) Cari sonsangan bagi persamaan jelmaan-𝑧 dan lukiskan kawasan penumpuan
(ROC) yang berikut:
a) |𝑧| < 0.4
b) |𝑧| > 2
c) 0.5 < |𝑧| < 2
(12 markah)

[25 markah]

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BAHAGIAN B (JAWAB SATU (1) SOALAN SAHAJA)

SOALAN 4

(a) Dapatkan pekali-pekali Fourier bagi isyarat-isyarat berikut:

(i) 𝑥 (𝑡) = 2cos(𝜔0 𝑡 + 45𝑜 ) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜔0 𝑡)

(3 markah)
6𝜋 8π π
(ii) 𝑦[𝑛] = 3 cos ( ) 𝑛 + sin ( 𝑛 + )
𝑁 𝑁 2
(3 markah)

(b) Dapatkan jelmaan Fourier bagi isyarat 𝑥(𝑡) yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah S4(b)
menggunakan ciri-ciri kelinearan dan juga penskalaan masa. (Petunjuk: rujuk jadual
jelmaan Fourier).

𝑥 (𝑡 )

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 𝑡

Rajah S4(b)
(10 markah)

(c) Satu sistem LTI kebersebapan diwakilkan oleh litar seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam
Rajah S4(c), menghasilkan sambutan keluaran 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) = 40(𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 )𝑢(𝑡). Dengan
memberi sambutan masukan 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) = 2𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), tentukan nilai elemen pasif A
menggunakan kaedah Jelmaan Fourier Masa Berterusan.

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𝟐Ω

𝒗𝒊 (𝒕) + 𝑨 𝒗𝒐 (𝒕)
−
−

Rajah S4(c)
(9 markah)

[25 Markah]

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SOALAN 5

(a) Lukis spektrum magnitud dan sudut bagi 𝑎𝑘 untuk isyarat:

𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = 4sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + 2cos(4𝜔0 𝑡 + )
4
(6 markah)

(b) Dapatkan Jelmaan Fourier bagi isyarat 𝑥(𝑡) yang diberi dalam Rajah S5(b)
menggunakan ciri-ciri kelinearan dan juga penskalaan masa. (Petunjuk: rujuk jadual
jelmaan Fourier).

𝑥 (𝑡 )

2
−2 𝑡

−2

Rajah S5(b)

(10 markah)

(c) Satu sistem LTI kebersebapan dilaksanakan sebagai litar RC seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam Rajah S5(c).

𝟑Ω 𝒊𝒐

+
𝟐Ω
𝟏
𝒊𝒔 𝑭 𝒗𝒐
𝟐
𝟏Ω −

Rajah S5(c)

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(i) Dapatkan sambutan frekuensi, 𝐻 (𝜔) = 𝐼𝑜 (𝜔)/𝐼𝑠 (𝜔) litar tersebut.

(3 markah)
(ii) Dapatkan penyelesaian bagi voltan 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡), jika 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = 4𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)A.
(6 markah)

[25 Markah]

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PART A (ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS)

QUESTION 1

A discrete time signal, 𝑥[𝑛] can form two new sequences; 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛] and 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛], where
𝑥𝑝 [𝑛]corresponds to sampling 𝑥[𝑛] with sampling period 2 and 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] corresponds to 𝑥[𝑛] by
𝑥[−𝑛 + 2]. Signals 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛] and 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] are defined by equation (1) and (2), whereas signal 𝑥[𝑛] is
illustrated in Figure Q1(a). Answer the following questions:

𝑥 [𝑛 ], 𝑛 = 0, ±2, ±4, … ,
𝑥𝑝 [𝑛 ] = { (1)
0, 𝑛 = ±1, ±3, … ,

𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] = 𝑥[−𝑛 + 2] (2)

𝒙[𝒏]
6

4
3

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 𝒏

−2
−3
−4
−5

Figure Q1(a)

(a) Draw the sequences of 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛] and 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] based on the equation (1) and (2).
(5 marks)

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(b) Consider a system with input 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛] and 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛] has the output of 𝑦[𝑛] related by:

𝑛
𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥 [ − 1]
3

(i) Plot the signal 𝑦[𝑛] if the input signal is 𝑥𝑝 [𝑛].

(4 marks)

(ii) Plot the signal 𝑦[𝑛] if the input signal is 𝑥𝑠 [𝑛].

(3 marks)

(c) Based on the signal 𝑦[𝑛] that has been obtained in Q1(b)(i) and Q1(b)(ii), determine
and sketch the even and odd parts of signal.
(10 marks)

(d) Determine whether system in Q1(b)(i) and Q1(b)(ii) has memory or not and give the
justification of your answer.
(3 marks)

[25 Marks]

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QUESTION 2

Two LTI filters have an impulse response function given by:

ℎ1 [𝑛] = 𝛿[𝑛 + 2] − 𝛿[𝑛 − 2] and ℎ2 [𝑛] = 𝑛(𝑢[𝑛 + 4] − 𝑢[𝑛 − 4]).
Answer the following questions.

(a) Carefully sketch the functions ℎ1 [𝑛] and ℎ2 [𝑛] in the range of −5 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5.

(4 marks)

(b) Assume that the two systems of ℎ1 [𝑛] and ℎ2 [𝑛] are connected in parallel as shown in
Figure Q2(b). Determine the impulse response ℎ[𝑛] = 𝑦1 [𝑛]⁄𝑥[𝑛] for this parallel
system. Sketch ℎ[𝑛] in the range −5 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 5.

ℎ1 [𝑛]
𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦1 [𝑛]
+

ℎ2 [𝑛]

Figure Q2(b)
(3 marks)

(c) Then, assume that the two systems ℎ1 [𝑛] and ℎ2 [𝑛] are connected in cascade as shown
in Figure Q2(c). Determine the impulse response ℎ[𝑛] = 𝑦2 [𝑛]⁄𝑥[𝑛] for the cascade
system. Sketch ℎ[𝑛] in the range of −7 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 7.

𝑥[𝑛] 𝑦2 [𝑛]
ℎ1 [𝑛] ℎ2 [𝑛]

Figure Q2(c)

(13 marks)

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(d) Sketch the even and odd composition of signal ℎ[𝑛] that had been obtained in Q2(b).
Prove the signal ℎ[𝑛] is true using ℎ[𝑛] = ℎ𝑒 [𝑛] + ℎ𝑜 [𝑛] by sketching your answer.

(5 marks)

[25 Marks]

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QUESTION 3

(a) Given two signals, 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛] as:

1 𝑛
𝑥1 𝑛 = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛] ; |𝑧| > 0.5
[ ]
2
1 𝑛
𝑥2 𝑛 = − ( ) 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]; |𝑧| < 0.5
[ ]
2

(i) Determine the z-transforms and then sketch the region of convergence (ROC) for
both signals 𝑥1 [𝑛] and 𝑥2 [𝑛].
(4 marks)
(ii) What will happen to the z-transform if 𝑥1 [𝑛] is added with 𝑥2 [𝑛]?
(1 mark)

(b) The function 𝑋[𝑧] is given by:

𝑧(2𝑧 − 0.6)
𝑋 [𝑧 ] =
𝑧((𝑧 − 2.9)𝑧 + 2) − 0.4
Based on the given equation, answer the following questions:

(i) Determine the stability of the function 𝑋[𝑧] and give reason to your answer.
(3 marks)

(ii) Obtain the partial fraction of the 𝑧-transform, 𝑋[𝑧]

(5 marks)

(iii) Find the inverse z-transform of 𝑋[z] and sketch the region of convergence
(ROC) for the following:
a) |𝑧| < 0.4
b) |𝑧| > 2
c) 0.5 < |𝑧| < 2
(12 marks)

[25 Marks]

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PART B (ANSWER ONE (1) QUESTION ONLY)

QUESTION 4

(a) Determine the Fourier coefficients of the following signals:

(i) 𝑥(𝑡) = 2cos(𝜔0 𝑡 + 45𝑜 ) + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜔0 𝑡)

(3 marks)
6𝜋 8π π
(ii) 𝑦[𝑛] = 3 cos ( ) 𝑛 + sin ( 𝑛 + )
𝑁 𝑁 2
(3 marks)

(b) Determine the Fourier Transform of the signal 𝑥(𝑡) depicted in Figure Q4(b) using the
properties of linearity and time scaling. (Hint: refer table of Fourier transform).

𝑥 (𝑡 )

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 𝑡

Figure Q4(b)
(10 marks)

(c) A causal LTI system represented by a circuit as shown in Figure Q4(c), produce the
output response of 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) = 40(𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 )𝑢(𝑡). By giving the input response of
𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) = 2𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), determine the value for the passive element of A by using
Continuous Time Fourier Transform (CTFT) method.

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𝟐Ω

𝒗𝒊 (𝒕) + 𝑨 𝒗𝒐 (𝒕)
−
−

Figure Q4(c)
(9 marks)

[25 Marks]

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QUESTION 5

(a) Draw the magnitude and phase spectrum of 𝑎𝑘 for the signal:
𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = 4sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + 2cos(4𝜔0 𝑡 + )
4
(6 marks)

(b) Determine the Fourier Transform of the given signal 𝑥(𝑡) in Figure Q5(b) either using
the properties of linearity and time shifting. (Hint: refer table of Fourier transform).

𝑥 (𝑡 )

2
−2 𝑡

−2

Figure Q5(b)

(10 marks)

(c) Consider a causal LTI system implemented as RC circuit shown in Figure Q5(c).

𝟑Ω 𝒊𝒐

+
𝟐Ω
𝟏
𝒊𝒔 𝑭 𝒗𝒐
𝟐
𝟏Ω −

Figure Q5(c)

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(i) Obtain the frequency response, 𝐻(𝜔) = 𝐼𝑜 (𝜔)/𝐼𝑠 (𝜔) of the circuit.
(3 marks)
(ii) Solve for the voltage 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡), if 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = 4𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)A.
(6 marks)

[25 Marks]

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APPENDIK/APPENDICES

Table 1: Equations of Signals and Systems

Equation Title Equation
1
Even components 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) = [𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑥(−𝑡)]
2
1
Odd components 𝑥𝑒 (𝑡) = [𝑥(𝑡) − 𝑥(−𝑡)]
2
𝑇
Energy signal (J) 𝐸 = lim (∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡)
𝑇→∞ −𝑇

1 𝑇
Power signal (W) 𝑃 = lim ( ∫ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡)
𝑇→∞ 2𝜋 −𝑇

∞
Convolution Integral 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ ℎ(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥(𝜏)ℎ(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏
−∞
∞

Convolution Sum 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] ∗ ℎ[𝑛] = ∑ 𝑥[𝑘]ℎ[𝑛 − 𝑘]

−∞
∞

Fourier transform 𝑋(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−∞

1 ∞
Inverse Fourier transform 𝑥 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑋(𝜔)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
∞

Discrete Fourier transform 𝑋[Ω] = ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛]𝑒 −𝑗Ω𝑛

−∞

Discrete Inverse Fourier 1

𝑥[𝑛] = ∫ 𝑋(𝛺) 𝑒 𝑗𝛺𝑛 𝑑𝛺
transform 2𝜋 2𝜋
∞

Z-Transform 𝑋[𝑧] = ∑ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛

−∞

1
cos 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑗𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑦 )
2
1
sin 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑗𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑦 )
2𝑗
Euler Identity 𝑒 𝑗𝑦 = cos 𝑦 + 𝑗 sin 𝑦
𝑒 −𝑗𝑦 = cos 𝑦 − 𝑗 sin 𝑦
𝑒 𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑒 𝑏
𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝐴(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃)

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∞
Exponential form of Fourier 𝑥 (𝑡 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑘 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝜔𝑜 𝑡
series 𝑘=−∞

1
Fourier coefficients 𝑎𝑘 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝜔𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0
sin 𝑥
Function of sinc sinc 𝑥 =
𝑥
Cosine Function cos 𝑘𝜋 = −1 for 𝑘 = odd
cos 𝑘𝜋 = 1 for 𝑘 = even
𝜋
cos 𝑘 2 = 0 for all 𝑘

Sine Function sin 𝑘𝜋 = 0 for 𝑘 = odd and even

𝜋
sin 𝑘 2 = 1 for 𝑘 = 1 + 𝑛 (𝑛 = 0, 4, 8,12, … )
𝜋
sin 𝑘 2 = −1 for 𝑘 = 3 + 𝑛 (𝑛 = 0, 4, 8,12, … )
𝑁−1 1 − 𝑎𝑁
Geometric series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛=0 1−𝑎
Infinite sum ∞ 1
∑ 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛=0 1−𝑎

Table 2: Fourier Transform Properties

Operation Time Function Fourier Transform
Linearity 𝑎𝑓1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑎𝐹1 (𝜔) + 𝑏𝐹2 (𝜔)
Time shift 𝑓 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) 𝐹 (𝜔)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡0
Time reversal 𝑓 (−𝑡) 𝐹 (−𝜔)
1 𝜔
Time scaling 𝑓 (𝑎𝑡) 𝐹( )
|𝑎| 𝑎
1 𝜔 𝑗𝜔𝑡0
Time transformation 𝑓 (𝑎𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) 𝐹 ( ) 𝑒− 𝑎
|𝑎| 𝑎
Duality 𝐹 (𝑡 ) 2𝜋𝑓(−𝜔)
Frequency shift
𝑓 (𝑡)𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑜 𝑡0 𝐹(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )
(𝜔𝑜 real)
Convolution 𝑓1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝐹1 (𝜔)𝐹2 (𝜔)
Modulation 1
𝑓1 (𝑡)𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝐹 (𝜔) ∗ 𝐹2 (𝜔)
(Multiplication) 2𝜋 1

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𝑡 1
Integration ∫ 𝑓(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 𝐹(𝜔) + 𝜋𝐹(0)𝛿(𝜔)
−∞
𝑗𝜔
Differentiation in 𝑑 𝑛 [𝑓(𝑡)] (𝑗𝜔)𝑛 𝐹(𝜔)
time 𝑑𝑡 𝑛

Differentiation in (−𝑗𝑡)𝑛 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑 𝑛 [𝐹(𝜔)]

frequency 𝑑𝜔 𝑛

Symmetry 𝑓 (𝑡) real 𝐹(−𝜔) = 𝐹 ∗ (𝜔)

Table 3: Fourier Transform Pairs

Time Function Fourier Transform
∞
𝑓(𝑡)
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞
1 𝐹(𝜔)
∫ 𝐹 (𝜔)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔
2𝜋 −∞
𝛿(𝑡) 1
𝐴𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) 𝐴𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡0
𝑢(𝑡) 1
𝜋𝛿 (𝜔) +
𝑗𝜔

1 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔)

𝐾 2𝜋𝐾𝛿(𝜔)
sgn(𝑡) 2
𝑗𝜔
𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 2𝜋𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 )
cos 𝜔0 𝑡 𝜋[𝛿 (𝜔 − 𝜔0 ) + 𝛿(𝜔 + 𝜔0 )]
sin 𝜔0 𝑡 𝜋
[𝛿(𝜔 − 𝜔0 ) + 𝛿 (𝜔 + 𝜔0 )]
𝑗
𝑡 𝜔𝑇
rect( ) 𝑇 sinc
𝑇 2
𝑡 𝜔𝑇
tri( ) 𝑇 sinc 2
𝑇 2
𝑇𝑡 2𝜋 𝜔
sinc 2 tri( )
2 𝑇 𝑇

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1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), Re{𝑎} > 0
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
2
𝑡𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), Re{𝑎} > 0 1
( )
𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔
𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), Re{𝑎} > 0 (𝑛 − 1)!
(𝑎 + 𝑗𝜔)2
𝑒 −𝑎|𝑡| , Re{𝑎} > 0 2𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝜔2

Table 4: Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)

𝒇[𝒏]) 𝑭(Ω)
𝛿[𝑛] 1
∞
1
2𝜋 ∑ 𝛿(Ω − 2𝜋𝑘)
𝑘=−∞
∞
𝑢[𝑛] 1
+ ∑ 𝜋𝛿(Ω − 2𝜋𝑘)
1 − 𝑒 −𝑗Ω
𝑘=−∞

1
𝑎 𝑛 𝑢 [ 𝑛 ] ; |𝑎 | < 1 1 − 𝑎𝑒 −𝑗Ω
1
𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛]; |𝑎| < 1 1
1 − 𝑎 𝑒 𝑗Ω

𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]; |𝑎| < 1 𝑎𝑒 𝑗Ω

(𝑎𝑒 𝑗Ω − 𝑎)2
𝑛𝑎−𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1]; |𝑎| < 1 𝑎𝑒 𝑗Ω
1 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑗Ω
∞
𝑎𝑒 𝑗Ω0 𝑛
2𝜋 ∑ 𝛿(Ω − Ω0 − 2𝜋𝑘)
𝑘=−∞
∞
cos[Ω0 𝑛]
𝜋 ∑ 𝛿 (Ω − Ω0 − 2𝜋𝑘 ) + 𝛿(Ω + Ω0 − 2𝜋𝑘)
𝑘=−∞
∞
sin[Ω0 𝑛] 𝜋
∑ 𝛿 (Ω − Ω0 − 2𝜋𝑘 ) − 𝛿(Ω + Ω0 − 2𝜋𝑘)
𝑗
𝑘=−∞

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Table 5: Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) Properties

Operation Discrete Time Function Fourier Transform

Linearity 𝑎𝑓1 [𝑛] + 𝑏𝑓2 [𝑛] 𝑎𝐹1 (Ω) + 𝑏𝐹2 (Ω)
𝑓 [𝑛 − 𝑞 ]
Time shift 𝐹(Ω)𝑒 −𝑗𝑞Ω
𝑞 is any integer

Time reversal 𝑓 [−𝑛] 𝐹(−Ω)

1 Ω
Time scaling 𝑓 [𝑎𝑛], 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝐹( ),𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑑
Multiplied by 𝑛 𝑛𝑥[𝑛] 𝑗 𝑋(Ω)
𝑑Ω
Multiplied by
complex 𝑒 𝑗𝑛Ω0 𝑥[𝑛] 𝑋 ( Ω − Ω0 )
exponential
𝑗
Multiplied by Sine sin(Ω0 𝑛) 𝑥[𝑛] [𝑋(Ω + Ω0 ) − 𝑋 (Ω − Ω0 )]
2
Multiplied by 1
cos(Ω0 𝑛) 𝑥[𝑛] [𝑋(Ω + Ω0 ) + 𝑋 (Ω − Ω0 )]
Cosine 2
Convolution in
𝑥[𝑛] ∗ 𝑦[𝑛] 𝑋 (Ω)𝐻(Ω)
Time
Frequency shift 𝑓[𝑛]𝑒 𝑗𝑛Ω0 𝐹 ( Ω − Ω0 )
Multiplication in 1 𝜋
𝑥[𝑛]𝑤[𝑛] ∫ 𝑋(Ω − 𝜆)𝑊(Ω)(𝜆)𝑑𝜆
Time 2𝜋 −𝜋

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Table 6: 𝑧-transform

𝒇[𝒏] 𝑭[ 𝒛] ROC
𝛿[𝑛] 1 All 𝑧
𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑛𝑜 ] 𝑧 ≠ 0, 𝑛𝑜 ≥ 0
𝑧 −𝑛𝑜
𝑧 ≠ 0, ∞ < 0
𝑢[𝑛] 𝑧
|𝑧 | > 1
𝑧−1
𝑛𝑢[𝑛] 𝑧
|𝑧 | > 1
(𝑧 − 1)2
𝑎 𝑛 𝑢[ 𝑛 ] 𝑧 |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] 𝑎𝑧 |𝑧| > |𝑎|
(𝑧 − 𝑎)2
𝑎𝑛 sin(𝑏𝑛) 𝑢[𝑛] 𝑎𝑧 sin 𝑏 |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧2 − 2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝑏 + 𝑎2
𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑏𝑛) 𝑢[𝑛] 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑎 cos 𝑏) |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧2− 2𝑎𝑧 cos 𝑏 + 𝑎2
−𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] 𝑧 |𝑧 | < 1
𝑧−1
−𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] 𝑧 |𝑧| < |𝑎|
𝑧−𝑎
−𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] 𝑎𝑧 |𝑧| < |𝑎|
(𝑧 − 𝑎)2
𝑎|𝑛| , |𝑎| < 1 𝑧 𝑧 1
− |𝑎 | < 𝑧 < | |
𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑧 − 1⁄𝑎 𝑎

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