Water Turbine

Water Turbine

3.1 Types of turbines: Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, Cross Flow

3.2 Working Principles
3.3 Components and Their Functions, Specific speed, Design, Efficiency
3.4 Characteristics and application
3.5 Governor Principle, Types, Qualities, Control
3.6 Oil pressure governor:: Components, Working Principle
Hydraulic Turbines
A hydraulic turbine is a prime mover that uses
the energy of flowing water and converts it into
the mechanical energy.

Mechanical

Energy
Classification of hydraulic turbines
1. Classification of hydraulic turbines based on operating principle
(a).Impulse Turbine
The impulsive force imparted by high velocity jet of water on runner bucket
produce a mechanical power on the turbine shaft.
If at the inlet of the turbine, the energy available is only kinetic energy, then the
turbine is said to be impulse turbine.
Eg: Pelton, Turgo, Cross flow
(b). Reaction Turbine
Two effects (pressure and impact) cause the energy transfer from the flow to
mechanical energy on turbine shaft.
If at the inlet of the turbine, water possess kinetic energy aswellas Pressure
energy, then the turbine is said to be reaction turbine.
Eg: Francis, Propeller/ Kaplan
2. Based on Operating direction of flow
a) Tangential flow turbines
When the flow is tangential to the wheel circle, it is a
tangential flow turbine. A Pelton turbine is a Tangential
flow turbine.
b) Radial flow turbines
In a radial flow, the path of the flow of water remains in Tangential
the radial direction and in a plane normal to the runner
shaft. No pure radial flow turbine is in use these days.
c) Axial flow turbines
When the path of flow water remains parallel to the
axis of the shaft, it is an axial flow turbine. The Kaplan
turbine is axial flow turbine.
d) Mixed flow turbines
When there is gradual change of flow from radial to
axial in the runner, the flow is called mixed flow. The
Francis turbine is a mixed flow turbine.

Mixed
3. Based on Operating Head
a) High head turbines
High head turbines are the turbines which work
under heads more than 250m. The quantity of
water needed in case of high head turbines is
usually small. The Pelton turbines are the usual
choice for high heads.
b) Medium head turbines
The turbines that work under a head of 45m to
250m are called medium head turbines. It
requires medium flow of water. Francis turbines
are used for medium heads.
c) Low head turbines
Turbines which work under a head of less than
45m are called low head turbines. Owing to low
head, large quantity of water is required. Kaplan
turbines are used for low heads.
4. Based on specific speed
Specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar
turbines that would develop 1 kW under 1 m head.
1. Low specific speed
2. Medium specific speed
3. High specific speed

Turbines with low specific speeds work under high head and low discharge
conditions, while high specific speed turbines work under low load and high
discharge conditions.
The specific speed of Pelton turbine ranges between 8-30, Francis turbines have
specific speed between 50-250, Specific speed of Kaplan lies between 250-850.
Pelton Turbine
Named after L.A. Pelton, an American
Engineer
Impulse Turbine. Energy transfer is purely
impulse action. Water strikes bucket
tangentially.
All the PE is converted into KE at nozzle.
Turbine is used to convert K.E. of jet of water
into angular rotation of the buckets to
produce the power.
Also known as free jet turbine. Pressure all
over the wheel is Patm.
Requires less quantity of water as it
operates under high head of water.
Major components
i). Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement
ii). Runner and buckets
iii). Casing/ housing
iv). Braking jet
Velocity triangle of Pelton turbine:

Work done and efficiency of a Pelton
turbine
The force exerted by the jet of water in
the direction of motion is given by
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉!(𝑉"! + 𝑉"#)
𝑉! , 𝑉" : Absolute Velocity
𝑉#! , 𝑉#" : Jet velocity relative to vane
𝑉$! , 𝑉$" : Whirl Velocity at inlet and outlet
𝑉%! , 𝑉%" : Velocity of flow
𝜃, 𝜙: Angle made my relative velocity (Vane angle)
𝛼, 𝛽: Angle made by absolute velocity
𝑢 : Peripheral velocity of runner

Work done by the jet on runner per 𝑉#" = 𝐾𝑉#!

second K= blade coefficient, slightly less than unity
𝐹×𝑢 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉! 𝑉"! + 𝑉"# ×𝑢
Efficiency
𝜌𝑎𝑉! 𝑉"! + 𝑉"# ×𝑢
𝜂=
1 #
2 𝜌𝑎𝑉! ×𝑉!

2 𝑉"! + 𝑉"# ×𝑢
𝜂=
𝑉!#
Condition for maximum efficiency:

Substituting the values,

The Pelton bucket is designed to deflect the jet through (Deflection
angle)165 degrees (not 180 degrees) which is the maximum angle possible
without the return jet interfering with the following bucket for the oncoming
jet.
Design aspect of Pelton wheel:
Efficiencies
Volumetric efficiency (𝜂! )
Hydraulic efficiency (𝜂" )
Mechanical efficiency (𝜂# )
The major power plant having Pelton turbine are:

Hydroelectric power plant Capacity/no of unit

Kulekhani-I (30x2)MW
Puwa khola (3x2)MW
Sundarijal (300x2)KW
Pharping (250x2)KW
Khimti (12x5)MW
Chilime (11X2)MW
Adhikhola (1.7x3)MW
Numerical: A Pelton wheel is receiving water from a penstock with a
gross head of 510 m. one-third of gross head is lost in friction in the
penstock. The rate of flow through the nozzle fitted at the end of the
penstock is 2.2 m3/s. The angle of deflection of jet is 1650. Determine:
(i). The power given by water to the runner and
(ii). Hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel.
(Take Cv(coefficient of velocity)=1.0 and speed ratio=0.45)
Numerical: A Pelton wheel is receiving water from a penstock with a gross head of 510 m.
one-third of gross head is lost in friction in the penstock. The rate of flow through the
nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is 2.2 m3/s. The angle of deflection of jet is 1650.
Determine:
(i). The power given by water to the runner and
(ii). Hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel.
(Take Cv(coefficient of velocity)=1.0 and speed ratio=0.45)

2
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(i). The power given by water to the runner
(ii). Hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel
 Numerical: A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications:
Power : 9560 kW
Head : 350 m
Speed : 750 rpm
Overall efficiency : 85%
Jet diameter : not to exceed 1/6th of the wheel diameter
Determine the following:
i) The wheel diameter(D)
ii) Diameter of jet(d)
iii) The number of jets required
Take Cv=0.985, Speed ratio = 0.45
(i) The wheel diameter(D)

(ii) Diameter of jet(d)

(iii) The number of jets required
Homework
Numerical: A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60 m when running at
200 rpm. The Pelton wheel develops 95.6475 KW shaft power. The velocity of
the buckets=0.45 times the velocity of jet, overall efficiency=0.85 and coefficient
of velocity is equal to 0.98.

HINT:
Reaction Turbine
Only a part of total head of water is converted into velocity head.
A substantial part remains in the form of pressure energy.
Both the velocity and pressure energy change simultaneously as water
glides along the runner.
Water completely fills the runner.
The flow form inlet to outlet of turbine is under pressure and, therefore,
blades of a reaction turbine are closed passages sealed from atmospheric
conditions.
Francis, Kaplan, Propeller.
Francis turbine
It is a mixed flow type of reaction turbine.
Named on a honor of James B. Francis (1815-1892), an American engineer
The water enters the turbine in a radial direction w.r.t. the shaft, and is
discharged in an axial direction.
Main parts of Francis turbine
1. Spiral Casing
2. Guide Mechanism(stay/guide vanes)
3. Runner
4. Draft-tube
Spiral Casing
Casing constitutes a closed passage whose
cross-sectional area gradually decreases
along the flow direction
The purpose of casing is to provide an even
distribution of water around the circumference
of the runner, maintaining an approximately
constant velocity of water. Decreasing the
cross-sectional area of the casing ensures that
the flow enters the central part of the turbine
with uniform velocity throughout the perimeter.
The casing is made of a cast steel, plate steel
or concrete depending under the pressure to
which it is subjected.
Stay Vanes
Stay vanes directs the water from the casing
to the guide vanes
It also resists the load imposed upon it by
internal pressure of water.It also helps in
reducing the swirl at the inlet flow as well.
Guide Vanes
Part conversion of pressure to velocity energy.
In addition, guide vanes control the flow angle
directed towards the runner blades i.e. To
direct the liquid in a proper manner to the
runner.
Regulates the quantity of water supplied to the
runner .
The guide vanes are of airfoil shapes.
Runner
The runner of Francis turbine consists of a series of
curved vanes evenly arranged around the
circumference.
The vanes are so shaped that water enters the runner
radially and at the outer periphery and leaves it axially
at the inner periphery. So, when water flows over it,
one side of the blade experiences low pressure while
the opposite side perceives high pressure. This
pressure differential creates lift force.
Also, because of the peculiar shape of the blade at the
outlet, the incoming water hits the blade at this
location and produce impulse force before leaving the
runner. Thus both lift force and impulse force are
generated by the runner blade which sets it into
rotating motion.
The number of runner blades usually varies between
16 to 24.
Draft-tube
It is a gradually expanding tube which
discharges water, passing through the runner,
to the tail race.
It allows the turbine to be set above the tail-
water level, without loss of head, to facilitate
inspection and maintenance.
It regains the major portion of the kinetic energy
delivered to it from the runner.
Working
Water under pressure (from reservoir and penstock) enters the runner from
the G/Vs towards the center in radial direction and discharges out of the
runner axially.
Energy of water transfer to rotational energy of runner then rotation of shaft
Water flow through the spiral casing.
The pressure at inlet is more than outlet.
There is a difference of pressure between the G/Vs and the runner which is
called reaction pressure and is responsible for the motion of the runner.
Water release from a draft tube submersed in water for easy release and
reuse of exit water energy.
Work done by runner:
Hydraulic efficiency
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑄𝑉"!𝑢!
𝜂- = =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑄𝐻

𝑉"!𝑢!
𝜂- =
𝑔𝐻
Mechanical efficiency
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂. =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
Overall efficiency
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃
𝜂/ = =
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑄𝐻
𝜂/ = 𝜂- ×𝜂.
The overall efficiency varies from 80 to 90 percent
Working proportions of a Francis turbine
Ratio of width to diameter (B/D)
The value of width (B1) to the diameter of the wheel (D1) at inlet is
represented by n.
𝐵!
𝑛=
𝐷!
The value of n varies from 0.1 to 0.45
Flow ratio
Flow ratio is the ratio of the velocity of the flow at inlet to the theoretical jet
velocity
𝑉0!
𝐾0 =
2𝑔𝐻
Kf varies from 0.15 to 0.30
Advantages of Francis turbines
ØFrancis turbines work best for medium
to high range heads and flow.
ØEasily controlled operating head.
ØHigh Efficiency (around 94 %).
Advantages of Francis turbine over a Pelton turbine
ØIn Francis turbine the variation on the operating head can be more easily
controlled.
ØThe operating head can be utilized even when the variation in the tail
water level is relatively large when compared to the total head.
ØThe size of the runner, generator and power house required is small and
economical if the Francis turbine is used instead of Pelton wheel for same
power generation.
As compared to Pelton wheel, the Francis turbine has the following
disadvantages
ØWater which is not clean can cause very rapid wear in high head Francis
turbine.
ØThe overhaul and inspection is much more difficult comparatively.
ØCavitation is ever present danger.
ØThe water hammer effect is more troublesome with Francis turbine.
Some hydroelectric plants in Nepal having Francis Turbine:

Hydroelectric power plant Capacity/no of unit

Kali Gandaki 48x3 MW

Marsyangdi 23x3 MW

Middle Marsyangdi 35x2 MW

Kulekhani II 16x2MW

Kulekhani III 7x2MW