Master 02: Physics of materials Tp Simulation of Materials

TP N° 01: Inductive sensor

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Master 02: Physics of materials Tp Simulation of Materials

The AC/DC Module provides a unique environment for simulation of AC/DC electromagnetics in
2D and 3D. The module is a powerful tool for detailed analysis of coils, capacitors, and electrical
machinery. With this module you can run static, quasi-static, transient, and time-harmonic
simulations in an easy-to-use graphical user interface. The available physics interfaces cover the
following types of electromagnetic field simulations:
• Electrostatics
• Electric currents in conductive media
• Magnetostatics
• Low-frequency electromagnetics
Material properties include inhomogeneous and fully anisotropic materials, media with gains or
losses, and complex-valued material properties. Infinite elements make it possible to model
unbounded domains. In addition to the standard results and visualization functionality,
The AC/DC interfaces are fully multiphysics enabled—couple them to any other physics interface
in COMSOL Multiphysics or the other modules. For example, to find the heat distribution in a
motor, first find the current in the coils using one of the quasi-static interfaces in this module and
then couple it to a heat equation in the main COMSOL Multiphysics package or the Heat Transfer
Module. This forms a powerful multiphysics model that solves all the equations simultaneously.
The AC/DC Module also provides interfaces for modeling electrical circuits.
The interfaces in the AC/DC Module form a complete set of simulation tools for electromagnetic
field simulations. To select the right physics interface for describing the real-life physics, the
geometric properties and the time variations of the fields need to be considered. The interfaces
solve for these physical quantities—the electric scalar potential V, the magnetic vector potential
A, and the magnetic scalar potential Vm.
An inductive sensor is a device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect or
measure objects. An inductor develops a magnetic field when a current flows through it;
alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing an inductor when the magnetic field
through it changes. This effect can be used to detect metallic objects that interact with a magnetic
field. Non-metallic substances such as liquids or some kinds of dirt do not interact with the
magnetic field, so an inductive sensor can operate in wet or dirty conditions.

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Master 02: Physics of materials Tp Simulation of Materials

A useful law that relates the net magnetic field along a closed loop to the electric current passing
through the loop. First discovered by André-Marie Ampère in 1826.

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 = 𝝁𝟎 ∬ 𝑱𝒅𝒔

⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩
𝒅𝒍 = ∬ 𝒓𝒐𝒕 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒔

⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑩
∬ 𝒓𝒐𝒕 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝟎 ∬ 𝑱𝒅𝒔

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝑩
𝒓𝒐𝒕 ⃗ = 𝝁𝟎 𝑱

J is the total current density (in amperes per square metre, A·m−2)
dl is an infinitesimal element (a differential) of the curve C .
dS is the vector area of an infinitesimal element of surface S .

the line integral ∮ could go around the loop in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise);
the vector area dS could point in either of the two directions normal to the surface; and I is the net
current passing through the surface S, meaning the current passing through in one direction, minus
the current in the other direction, but either direction could be chosen as positive.
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Master 02: Physics of materials Tp Simulation of Materials

Quetions

1- Name the phenomena in which a current induced in coil due to change in magnetic flux
linked with it
2- What is magnetic flux? Explain.
3- What does magnetic flux measure?
4- What is the SI unit of magnetic flux?

Axisymmetric geometry
Use this option if the geometry of your model and the loads and constraints you plan to place on
it is symmetric about an axis for example, cylindrical and conical structures such as tanks, flanges,
or certain clamps. 2D axisymmetric models represent a slice of the actual 3D model that, if
revolved around the Y axis of the reference Cartesian coordinate system, would become the
original 3D structure.

Required:
1- Create a 2D axisymmetric model of a simple coil.
2- Choose the finer mesh to the division of domain.
3- Illustrate into a figure, the magnetic flux in two cases: 2D axisymmetric and 3D.
4- Calculate the coil impedance
5- Repeat the same opperation after reverse the current's direction.