Airside Energy Recovery Overview (TanAC)

Airside Energy
Recovery
“ Air-to-air energy
recovery “
© 2004 American Standard Inc.
Air-to-air energy recovery
• Why is airside energy recovery important
• Concept of Air-to-air energy recovery
• Technologies / Hardware
• Sensible heat recovery
• Run around coil loop
• Heat Pipe
• Fixed plate heat exchanger
• Total heat recovery
• Energy Wheel
• Integrating into Systems

• Summary
Why do you need to recover
energy ?
 Industrial Efforts & Standards
 ASHRAE/IESNA
Standard 90.1-2004
 Gov. Regulations
 Cost of energy increases
 Required by ASHRAE 90.1 -when:
 Design supply airflow  5,000 cfm for an
individual fan system
and
 Minimum outdoor-air supply is  70% of
design supply air
 Effectiveness  50%
Why recover energy?
300,000 250
HVAC energy consumption, kWh
cooling capacity required, tons

200,000 200
100,000 150
5 cfm/p 15 cfm/p 5 cfm/p 15 cfm/p

ventilation rate ventilation rate
example is for a school in Jacksonville, Florida
air-to-air energy recovery
Why Recover Energy?
“Energy can be neither

created nor destroyed, only
transferred.”
• Heat Pipe
• Energy Wheel

• Summary
energy-recovery technologies
Forms of Recovered Energy
 Sensible energy
 Heat sensed as temperature difference
 Latent energy
 Heat stored in water vapor
 Total energy
 Sum of sensible and latent energy
sensible
energy
recovery
EA' EA
OA' OA
humidity ratio
OA'
OA
EA EA'
dry-bulb temperature
total
energy
recovery
EA' EA
OA
humidity ratio
OA' OA' EA'
OA
EA
100 Analogy
Effectiveness
50
 Sensible effectiveness
0  = 50%
s  Vs (T1 – T2)
= 
exhaust side
min  Vmin (T1 – T3)
X4 X3
 Total effectiveness
air-to-air
heat exchanger
s  Vs (h1 – h2) X1 X2
= 
min  Vmin (h1 – h3) supply side
Equal Airflows
5 m3/s 5 m3/s
33°C X1 X3 25°C
heat exchanger
30.3°C X4 X2 27.7°C
5 m3/s (33°C – 27.7°C)

 =  = 66 %
5 m3/s (33°C – 25°C)
Qs = 1.21  5 m3/s  (33°C – 27.7°C) = 32.1 kW

Unbalanced Airflows
5 m3/s 3.5 m3/s

33°C X1 X3 25°C
heat exchanger
31.3°C X4 X2 28.6°C
5 m3/s (33°C – 28.6°C)

 =  = 79%
3.5 m3/s (33°C – 25°C)
Qs = 1.21  5 m3/s  (33°C – 28.6°C) = 26.8 kW

Uses for Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
 Outdoor-air preconditioning
 Supply-air tempering
 Both preconditioning and tempering

Outdoor-Air Preconditioning
EA
OA
Supply-Air Tempering (Reheat)
dedicated
outdoor-air unit
OA CA
constant-volume,
mixed-air system cooling reheat
coil coil
RA space EA
EA
reheat
coil space
SA
OA dedicated, outdoor-
cooling T RH
coil air system
Supply-Air Tempering
cooling
coil
SA
RA
“parallel”
energy recovery
“series”
energy transfer
cooling SA
coil
Air-to-Air Energy
Recovery
Outdoor-Air
Preconditioning
outdoor-air preconditioning
Sensible-Energy Recovery
EA RA
3.5 m3/s
coil loop
5 m3/s
OA SA
cooling QS = 1.21  OA Airflow  (Toa – Toa')
33°C DB,
OA = 1.21  5 m3/s  (33°C – 29.8°C)
26°C WB
= 19.4 kW
25°C DB,
RA
17.5°C WB
OA' 29.8°C DB
cooling
OA' OA
saves 19.4 kW
humidity ratio
RA
sensible-energy recovery • Singapore
cooling
QS = 1.21  5 m3/s  (34°C – 30.5°C )
34°C DB,
OA = 21.2 kW
22°C WB
25°C DB,
RA
17.5°C WB
OA' 30.5°C DB
humidity ratio
saves 21.2 kW
cooling
OA' OA
RA
sensible-energy recovery • Beijing
heating
-10°C DB,
QS = 1.21  5m3/s  (2.2 – -10)
OA = 73.8 kW
-10.3°C WB
21°C DB,
RA
12°C WB
OA' 2.2°C DB
humidity ratio
saves 73.8 kW
heating
OA RA
OA'
Total-Energy Recovery
EA RA
3.5 m3/s
total-
energy
5 m3/s wheel
OA SA
cooling QT = 1.2  OA Airflow  (hoa – hoa')
OA
33°C DB, = 1.2  5 m3/s  (98.2 kJ/kg – 80.3 kJ/kg)
26°C WB = 107.4 kW
25°C DB,
RA
17.5°C WB
28.3°C DB,
OA'
21.4°C WB cooling
OA
humidity ratio
OA' saves 107.4 kW
RA
total-energy recovery • Singapore
cooling QT = 1.2  5 m3/s  (81.9 kJ/kg – 73.3 kJ/kg)
34°C DB, = 51.6 kW
OA
22°C WB
25°C DB,
RA
17.5°C WB
28.8°C DB,
OA' 19.6°C WB
humidity ratio
cooling
OA' OA
RA
saves 51.6 kW
heating QS = 1.21  5 m3/s  (7.8°C – -10°C)
-10°C DB, = 107.7 kW
OA
-10.3°C WB
QL = 3,010  5 m3/s  (0.0035 – 0.0015)Kg/kg
21°C DB,
RA = 30.1 kW
12°C WB
7.8°C DB,
OA' 3.9°C WB
humidity ratio
saves 107.7 kW (sensible)
30.1 kW (latent)
heating RA
OA
OA'
Summary of Plant Downsizing
Singapore Beijing
sensible  cooling plant 19.4 kW 21.2 kW
energy reduction
recovery
 heating plant 73.8 kW
reduction
total  cooling plant 107.4 kW 51.6 kW
energy reduction
recovery
 heating plant 107.7 kW

reduction [latent] [30.1kW]
Impact on First Cost
 Cooling and heating plant downsizing
 Increased fan motor sizes

 Added static pressure of the energy
recovery device
 Additional exhaust ductwork

Impact on Operating Cost
 Cooling and heating energy savings
 Increased fan energy use

Other Considerations
 Frost prevention
 Acceptable cross-leakage
 Occupancy period
 Fresh air amount
 Temperature of supply fresh air
Typical outdoor temperatures

 Cost of fuel/electricity
Insights and Ideas
 Total-energy recovery devices transfer

both sensible heat and moisture
 Allow larger reductions in cooling and
heating plant capacities
 Less susceptible to frost
 More balanced airflow increases the

total quantity of heat recovered
 Justifies a life-cycle cost analysis :

System Analyzer /Trace Program
• Heat Pipe
• Energy Wheel

• Summary
Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
Technologies / Hardware
Sensible Heat Recovery
• Run Around coil loop

sensible-energy recovery devices
Coil Loop -Principle of Operation

Two coils coupled together by a circulation system
OA
Pump sizing:
BHP = PM*WPD(FT)/{3960*EFF
(PUMP)*EFF(MOTOR)}
SA DB sensor
EA
expansion tank
pump
DB bulb - frost prevention

three-way
mixing valve
Coil Loop - Outdoor-Air Preconditioning
(Parallel run around coil - Dual Path )
ventilation recovery unit
with Run Around Coil loop
EA
Recirculating
OA air Ahu unit
SA
RA RA SA
EA
occupied space
matching technologies to systems
Coil Loop - Supply-Air Tempering
cooling
coil
SA
series energy transfer

Job site installation

series energy transfer
matching technologies to systems
Coil Loop - Supply-Air Tempering
The reheat amount is depends on OA

temperature (Location).
Reheat
BTU/CFM 7 11 17 22
Reheat Serial Run Around Coil Loop
Temp.Rise o F 5 10 15 20
60 o F 70 o F 80 o F 95 o F
OA DB
Advantages
Coil Loop
Disadvantages
 Exhaust and ventilation  Low recovery range (45% to
ductwork can be remote 55%)
 Many exhausts can be  Effectiveness is reduced

grouped on the same system during mild weather
 Good for retrofit applications  Full recovery rate cannot be

used if frost is formed on the
 Not much space is needed recovery coil
 Installation cost is  Creates additional static
comparatively low pressure drop
 Maintenance is simple  Requires expansion tank
 Pump energy can also be  Recovers only sensible heat
recovered
 Frosting
 Capacity can be modulated
 Bypass dampers can be used
 Flexible;Trane coil
Frosting- Coil Loop
EA
16.6°C
3.6°C DB 21°C DB
10.1°C
3.0°C WB 12°C WB
–1°C 6.4°C
–25.5°C
OA
–10°C DB 2.2°C DB
Fixed-Plate Heat Exchanger
 60% – 70% sensible
effectiveness
 Capacity modulation OA
using face-and-bypass
dampers
O
 Very low cross-leakage
A
 Cost effective in smaller
sizes (< 7cms)
 Simple & neat but

costly
E
Vendor software

A
AHU With A Fixed Plate Heat Exchanger
OA Preconditioning AHU Dehumidification &

Reheat AHU
OA
RA
E
A
Sensible Heat Recovery
• Heat Pipe
Heat Pipe
 30% – 55% C D
sensible
effectiveness
 Capacity modulation B
using bypass A
dampers or tilt
control
 Little or no cross-
leakage
 Vendor: Heat Pipe

Technology,
Florida,USA
Heat Pipe- Applications
 Dehumidification application considerations
 Supplementary source for reheat during part load
conditions
 Additional static pressure
 Perform economic analysis for justification
Heat Pipe
Advantages Disadvantages
 No continuously  Side-by-side duct
mechanical moving arrangement is needed
parts thus ,limited mounting
design.
 Recovery is practical for
a wide range of temp. (-  High capital $ per unit
50 deg C to 700 deg C) energy saved
 No external power is  Few suppliers
required
 High pressure drop
 Recovery Effectiveness :
45% to 70%  Cannot be turned off
easily when not required
 Wide variety of sizes !
 Simple to maintenance  Vendor software

 Transfer of heat within
the heat pipe is highly
efficient
total-energy recovery devices
Total-Energy Wheel
 Desiccant loading
: 65% – 80% total
effectiveness
 Capacity
modulation using EA
bypass dampers or RA
variable speed
 Some cross-
leakage
OA
 Self cleaning (dry
SA
particles)
Total Energy Wheel - Applications
 Also called heat wheel, rotary

regenerative heat exchanger, energy
transfer wheel or Ljungstrom wheel
 Employs a single exchange unit in

which the mass of the material of the
rotor serves as the heat carrier
 Airflow rate 25 to 35 000 l/s and up
 Face velocity 2.5 to 5 m/s

 Pressure drop 100 to 170 Pa

Total Energy Wheel - Applications
 2 sections casing
 400mm rotating wheel (1-3.7m dia)
 wheel divided into segments
 Air leakage/ contamination

 sealing is difficult
 minimized by installing a purge section
 Filtration is required to protect against
dirt, damages and air pressure drop
increases- optimum operation
 Capacity control : Rotation speed /

damper
Advantages Disadvantages
 Side-by-side duct
 Better than run-around coils
arrangement
 Only a small motor is
 Large space is required
required
 Cross-contamination is
 Both sensible and latent
possible
heat recovery are possible
 Exhaust fan must be
 Good heat recovery
oversized when using a
 sensible heat : 60% - purge section
70%
 Perfect sealing is
 latent heat : 20% - 50% impossible
 wide range of recovery
temp.  Frost may form on the
wheel during cold season
 Vendor software
Performance Standard
 For USA market - ARI 1060
 Enthalpy wheels / Heat Pipes /fixed-plate heat
exchangers
 Exclude coil loops - Covered under ARI 410
 Performance Rating based on :
 Effectiveness @ equal airflow
 Air pressure drop
 Air leakage rate
 For Asia market - No requirements

Insights and Ideas
Sensible-energy recovery
 Permits a limited reduction in plant size
 Best value:  coil loops
 fixed-plate heat exchangers
 Total-energy recovery
 Economic justification can hinge on large
plant-size reductions
 Best value:  total-energy wheels

• Heat Pipe
• Energy Wheel

• Summary
Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
Integrating into Systems

VAV Mixed-Air System
bypass
EA dampers RA
total-energy space
cooling
wheel
coil
SA
OA bypass
heating
dampers space
coil EA
VAV terminal
units
annual operating hours
mode Singapore Beijing
1 2600 755
2 0 717
3 0 265
4 0 264
5 0 599
humidity ratio
6 0 0 1
full recovery
2600 1618
RA
2
partial recovery
No recovery, Economizer: no
3economizer recovery, partial
only cooling
6 5 4
Tcritical SADB dry-bulb temperature

mixed-air system • variable volume
Using control to maximize the energy recovery
Control Architecture For Mixed Air VAV System

Summary :
Points for Consideration
 Supply Air Tempering
 Outdoor Air Preconditioning
 Capital Cost
 Running Cost
 Payback Period
 Internal Rate of Return

Trace700 and System Analyzer will tell

you the answer
Capital Costs Running Costs
Increase Increase
 Design cost
 Fan power
 Equipment cost
 Pump power
 Plant room space
 Inspection,
 Controls maintenance and
cleaning
 Installation cost
 Commissioning and
testing
Decrease Decrease
Ventilation plant size Energy used to
 
(possible) heat/cool,
humidify/dehumidify
 Refrigeration plant size
fresh air
(possible)
Other Economic Considerations
 Occupancy period
 Fresh air amount
 Temperature of supply fresh air
 Typical outdoor temperatures
 Cost of fuel
Air To Air Energy Recovery Options Comparison
Type Coil Loop Fixed Plate Heat Pipe Heat Wheel
Airflow L/s 50 and Up 25 and up 50 and up 25 and up
Heat Sensible Sensible Sensible Sensible(50-
Transfer ( 30-65%) (40-80%) (40-65%) 80%)
Total(55-85%)
Air Pressure 100 ~ 500 25~400 100~500 100~200
drop,Pa
Leakage 0% 0~5% 0% 1~10%
Heat Rate 3 way By pass Difficult By pass
control water valve damper damper, Speed
ctrl.
Lead time Std cycle 10 weeks 12 weeks 12 weeks
1st cost per Low High Very High Low &
energy saved Attractive

Relative 1.0 2~3X 2~3X 2~4 X
Cost
Where are the market potentials?
 System that uses >30% OA(fresh air)

 Sport arena
 Ballroom
 Exhibition hall
 Hospital OT room
 Extreme weather-MAIR
Resources
 Applications Manual - Air to Air Energy
Recovery in HVAC Systems
 Engineers Newsletter - Air to Air Energy

Recovery
 ASHRAE Handbook
 ASHRAE Journals, Transactions, BSRIA,

etc
 Engineers Newsletter Live

Question ?

Airside Energy Recovery Overview (TanAC)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Airside Energy Recovery Overview (TanAC)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Airside Energy

• Integrating into Systems

cooling capacity required, tons

5 cfm/p 15 cfm/p 5 cfm/p 15 cfm/p

“Energy can be neither

• Integrating into Systems

5 m3/s (33°C – 27.7°C)

Qs = 1.21  5 m3/s  (33°C – 27.7°C) = 32.1 kW

5 m3/s 3.5 m3/s

5 m3/s (33°C – 28.6°C)

Qs = 1.21  5 m3/s  (33°C – 28.6°C) = 26.8 kW

 Both preconditioning and tempering

 heating plant 107.7 kW

 Cooling and heating plant downsizing

 Increased fan motor sizes

 Additional exhaust ductwork

 Cooling and heating energy savings

 Increased fan energy use

 Fresh air amount

 Temperature of supply fresh air

Typical outdoor temperatures

 Total-energy recovery devices transfer

 More balanced airflow increases the

 Justifies a life-cycle cost analysis :

• Integrating into Systems

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

• Run Around coil loop

Coil Loop -Principle of Operation

DB bulb - frost prevention

series energy transfer

Job site installation

The reheat amount is depends on OA

 Many exhausts can be  Effectiveness is reduced

 Good for retrofit applications  Full recovery rate cannot be

 Capacity can be modulated

 Bypass dampers can be used

 Simple & neat but

OA Preconditioning AHU Dehumidification &

 Vendor: Heat Pipe

 Simple to maintenance  Vendor software

 Also called heat wheel, rotary

 Employs a single exchange unit in

 Airflow rate 25 to 35 000 l/s and up

 Face velocity 2.5 to 5 m/s

 Pressure drop 100 to 170 Pa

 400mm rotating wheel (1-3.7m dia)

 wheel divided into segments

 Air leakage/ contamination

increases- optimum operation

 Capacity control : Rotation speed /

 For Asia market - No requirements

 Best value:  total-energy wheels

• Integrating into Systems

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

Integrating into Systems

Tcritical SADB dry-bulb temperature

Control Architecture For Mixed Air VAV System

 Supply Air Tempering

 Outdoor Air Preconditioning

 Internal Rate of Return

Trace700 and System Analyzer will tell

 Fresh air amount

 Temperature of supply fresh air