INDUSTRIAL PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT IN

TANZANIA TELECOMMUNICATION CORPORATION (TTCL)

P.O.BOX 9070,
DAR ES SALAAM.

FROM 13 SEPTEMBER 2021 TO 05 NOVEMBER 2021

BY
STUDENT’S NAME : JOHANNES PETER MILLA
REGISTOR NO : 19171054015
COURSE : ECE
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree course in

ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Submitted under

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

P.O BOX 11007, DAR ES SALAAM - TANZANIA

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022

 ABSTRACT

By doing my practical training at (TTCL) at extelcoms house, samora avenue Dar-es-

Salaam region, I have found the crucial need of us as youth to continue to work hard to seek
solutions for various matters relating to various electronics and communication fields.
TTCL is one of the major six (6) network operators in Tanzania which are Vodacom,
Zantel, Airtel, Halotel, Tigo and TTCL. The government of Tanzania, under the Ministry of
Information, Technology, and Communication through TCRA (Tanzania Communication
Regulatory Authority), has appointed TTCL to monitor all other network operators in the
country and to maintain the network running throughout the country.

This report is divided into five main chapters. Chapter one is about Company profile,
Including the organizational chart of the institution, job descriptions of the skilled workers
and safety rules and regulations of TTCL organization. Chapter two is about Access
Network, explaining about the optic fiber cable and copper cable, including the history of
fiber, installation, termination, and joining of fiber. Chapter three is about Power Plant and
Air Condition explaining about the source of power used by TTCL and air condition
systems. Chapter four is about Radio and Transmission explaining the transmission media,
technologies used in the transmission of signals and NICTBB (National ICT Broadband
Backbone)
The last chapter is about the challenges and suggested solutions, conclusion and
references.

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this industrial practical training report submitted to St. Joseph College of

Engineering and Technology, in the partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the Degree

in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the department of Electrical, Electronics

and Communication is a record of the original work done by me

Johannes Peter Milla

Name of the Student Name of the supervisor

………………………….. ……………………………..

Signature of the student Signature of the supervisor

…………………………. ….………………………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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…………………… ……………………..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any task would
be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and whose
encouragement and guidance have crowned my efforts with success.

I sincerely thank our Head of Department DR. P. Prabhakaran for his valuable guidance,
motivation, timely and insightful technical consideration.

I convey my great thanks to my Class Advisor Mr. Damas Mtalima of department of

Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering. In addition to that I would like to
thank Mr. Dickson Nkongo (interim class advisor) for his cooperation to make sure that I get
the place to perform my IPTR.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Engineer Amossy Itozya the principal engineer
of the TTCL, without forgetting all the company technician like Engineer Macdonald
Nchimbi, Awam Umba, and Engineer Stanslaus Matimo for the best support showing to
me, as well as my fellow students which we were together through the whole practical
training at TTCL.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family with all friends for their courage, cooperation and
support that they shared with me throughout my trainings.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................i

Declaration.................................................................................................................................ii

Acknowledgement....................................................................................................................iii

List of Abbreviations................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1

1.0: COMPANY PROFILE.......................................................................................................1

1.1: Introdution To The Organization.................................................................................1

1.2: The Vision of TTCL....................................................................................................2

1.3: The Mission of TTCL..................................................................................................2

1.4: The Objectives and Strategic of TTCL........................................................................2

1.5: Services Provided by TTCL........................................................................................3

1.6:Description of skilled work at the organization... .......................................................5

CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................5

2.0: Access Network..................................................................................................................6

2.1: General Faults occuring in an Exchange.....................................................................6

2.2: Tones used in modern telephone.................................................................................7

2.3: Process of making telephone call................................................................................7

2.4: Access Network Block Diagram.................................................................................9

2.5: Optical Fiber..............................................................................................................13

CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................25

3.0: Power Plant and Air Condition..............................................................................................25

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 3.1: Source of Power Used by TTCL...............................................................................25

3.1.0: Tanesco Power..................................................................................................25

3.1.1: Generator Power....................................................................................................25

3.1.2: Batteries Power.................................................................................................26

3.2.0: Air Conditons..........................................................................................................26

3.2.1: Types of Air Conditioner..................................................................................26

3.2.2: Parts of Air Conditioner....................................................................................27

3.2.3: How does air condition works...........................................................................28

3.2.4: Troubleshooting of condenser fan motor..........................................................30

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................31

4.0: Radio and Transmission....................................................................................................31

4.1: Transmission systems................................................................................................31

4.2: National ICT Broadband Backbone (NICTBB)........................................................31

4.3: SDH/SONET.............................................................................................................32

4.4: Radio Transmission...................................................................................................33

4.4.0: Microwave Communication ..................................................................................33

4.4.1: Min-link transmssion systems................................................................................34

4.5: Frequencies for radio transmission............................................................................35

4.6: GSM Architecture (1G & 2G)...................................................................................35

STEPS THAT I TOOK IN THE PROJECT OF PROVIDING VOICE, DATA SERVICES AND
NETWORK CONFIGURATION FOR THE NEW CUSTOMER...............................................38

Problem Identification...................................................................................................41

CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................42

5.0: Discusssion................................................................................................................42

5.1: Conclusion and recommendation..............................................................................43

5.1: References..................................................................................................................44

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.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SJCET St. Joseph College of Engineering and Technology

TTCL Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation Limited.
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
ITU International Telecommunication Union.
ODF Optic Distribution Frame.
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network.
MM Multi-Mode.
SM Single-Mode.
Mbps Megabyte per second.
Gbps Gigabyte per second
MOD DSL modem
MUX Multiplexing
DEMUX Demultiplexing
PGS Pair Gain System
MSAN Multi-Service Access Node
DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access
IDF Intermediate Distribution Frame
ADSL Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line
PSTN Public Switch Telephone Network
MDF Main Distribution Frame
CAB Cabinet
DP Distribution Point
PABX Private Automatic Box Exchange
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
PRI Primary Rate Interface
TCRA Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority
ICT Information and Communication Technologies

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NICTBB National ICT Broadband Backbone
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET Synchronous Optical Networking

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0: COMPANY PROFILE

1.1: Introduction to the Organization

Tanzania Telecommunication Corporations former known as Tanzania Telecommunications

Company Limited (TTCL) was established by An Act of the Parliament, 'The Tanzania
Telecommunications Company Incorporation Act of 1993'.

The Company came into operation following a split of the former parastatal organization
known as Tanzania Posts and Telecommunications Company (TP&TC) and began operation
on Jan 1, 1994. The split was due to the government's move to liberalize communications
sector in the country, and due to this separation four parastatal entities were formed namely;
The Tanzania Posts Corporation (TPC), Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited
(TTCL), Tanzania Postal Bank (TPB), and Tanzania Communication Commission (TCC)
now known as Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority (TCRA).

Subsequent to continued economic liberalization policy of the Government of Tanzania,

TTCL was privatized on 23rd February 2001, where by a Consortium MSI of the Netherlands
and Detecon of Germany acquired 35% shares of the company from the Government of
Tanzania. However, the Government of Tanzania has effective from 23rd June 2016 fully
repossessed TTCL ownership by 100%. Therefore until 1st of February 2018, TTCL was
100% owned by the Government of Tanzania.

The Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation (Act No 12 of 2017) was signed by The

President of United Republic of Tanzania on 28th November 2017 and was gazetted by the
Minister for Works, Transport &Communication to be effective on 1st February 2018.

Tanzania Telecommunications Corporation is taking up the duties and responsibilities of the

former Tanzania Telecommunication Company Ltd -TTCL which ceased to operate on 31st
January 2018.

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1.2: The Vision of TTCL

TTCL to be a leading world class communication service provider in Tanzania. Our focus is
our Customers, our strength is our People.

1.3: The Mission of TTCL

To provide world class communication services to our customers, through continuous

technological and customer care improvements with qualified and motivated employees and
contribute to the national development and usage of ICT.

1.4: The Objectives and Strategic of TTCL

The main objective of the TTCL is business. The TTCL Business Transformation is geared
towards transformation of voice and data service delivery capability using enhanced and most
popular technology in the current market.

Therefore, the SBP will focus on deployment of 4G- LTE, Wi-Fi, FT TX, and GSM – 2G,3G
for delivering of broadband and mobile services in high quality. For the first time in the
telecom market, TTCL with opportunities of having ready made fixed line network
infrastructures, the company planned to offer converged services through Fixed Mobile
Convergence (FMC).

With the LTE network, TTCL will be able to retain and grow her broadband subscriber base
and generate revenues at sustainable cost levels. In the meantime, TTCL will continue to
leverage its existing competitive advantage on wholesale backbone services (carrier of
carriers) and fixed broadband services while focusing on optimal utilization of internal and
external resources in terms of service delivery and investments for major network expansion.
Under this business transformation strategic plan, TTCL will offer:

 GSM – 2G and UMTS- 3G covering national wide

 LTE- 4G covering major cities,
 Value Added Services

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  Mobile Money services, covering to send and receive money, paying bills etc
TTCL business transformation goes hand to hand with improving services delivery (QoS) to
Corporate, SME’s Customers and residential.

1.5: Services Provided by TTCL

 Selling of a voice and data communication through pre-paid or post-paid bundles.

 Offers a landline telephone communication.
 They provide a means of signal transfers to regions of Tanzania to other network
providers like Vodacom, Tigo, Zantel (they provide infrastructure of signal
transmission to the regions)
 They sell internet services to their subscriber via network bundles.
 Offers the Virtual Private Network (VPN).
 They provide online financial transactions via T PESA.
 They link interconnection to other companies like CRDB, NMB, RITA.

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NETWORK DEPARTMENT
Here is the place where I performed my whole Industrial practical Training. This department
deals with all matters relating to Network;
-Maintainance and installation of telecom equipments
-Operational control

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1.6: Description of Skilled Works at the Organization

The TTCL Corporation has six (6) main departments, where each department has it is
technicians and skilled workers. The following table shows department and its technicians:-

No. Departments Descriptions

01 Power and air condition This department deals mainly with providing
(AC) source of power to the stations and ensure that
every machine and office has good cooling
mechanism
02 Optics Fiber This department deals with ensuring every station
that as low state of traffic flow is solved and also
installation of fiber network to the customers44

03 Radio and transmission This department deals with maintenance of high

towers for communication and installing radio
transmission stations

04 Access Network This deals with installing and maintaining copper

cables network to customers

05 Project This department deals with writing proposals for

projects that will help the corporation grow and
other proposals for requesting equipment such as
cables for installing a service to customers.
06 Switch and Data This deals mainly with solving problems that
relate to traffic (data) flow to customers and thus
ensuring every customer access the service as per
subscription.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0: Access Network

At the access network department is where the telephone communication connection is done. The
connection is done through Copper and Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) which give rise to two sub-
department, which are;

 Copper: Under supervision of Test Desk(TD)

 OFC

In this department there are many activities but most of them are:

i. Instalment of new telephone customer both voice and data.

ii. Fixing of fault on a copper cable line.
iii. Upgrading a customer from a voice only service to a voice and data service.
iv. Performing network configuration.

2.1: General Faults occurring in an Exchange

There are mainly two types of faults that often occur in the Exchange.

These are basically

1. Faults that occur from Line: Due to line three types of faults may occur. They are
categorized as under:
a. Break fault: They can occur in the connectors at home, in line or in exchange.
b. Loop fault: In this fault connectors are shorted prior the instrument forming a local
loop.
c. Earth fault: This fault may occur due to wetting of connectors, weak insulation,
oxidation of copper wire.

 Problems that can occur due to line faults:

a. False ring
b. Subscriber can not dial a number
c. Low speech
d. One sided speech
2. Faults that occur due to instrument: These may be;
a. Receiver coil is faulty
b. One-way speech

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 c. Plunger or Push switch faulty: Dial tone breaks after two or three rings.
d. Instrument circuitry faulty: When loop or earth fault is received then exchange can
be affected so it is wedged as soon as possible because if not wedged for longer it can
damage line-card too.

2.2: Tones used in modern telephony

1) Dial Tone: When handset is picked up from the cradle, then Dial tone is heard if a free a line
is available. This means that the instrument is ready to send the signals to the exchange.
When the subscriber takes up the receiver then signals are sent to M.D.F. then to I.D.F., line
Number block and to Peripherals where in various line-cards are mounted in a shelf. When
corresponding number on the line-card is free then the Ringer section of that Peripheral
generates a signal called tone. This tone is a continuous burble sound of 400 Hz. Modulated
by 25Hz. And is sent to the calling subscriber as soon as his line seizes the free line. The
subscriber must not dial before receiving this tone; otherwise he is liable to get wrong
connection. If he does not get this tone, he should try after some time.

2) Busy Tone: When the called subscriber is engaged with other call, this tone is heard. It
consists of a sound of 400 Hz. Which is regularly interrupted at equal intervals.

3) Ringing Tone: When a number is dialled by calling subscriber, the telephone of the called
starts ringing. Calling subscriber should get this information and this is indicated by ringing
tone of interrupted 400 Hz. Supplies modulated by 25 Hz. And its durations are generally
equal to the duration of ringing current, which rings the bell. When this ringing tone is
received, the calling subscriber knows that the connection is completed and that the bell of the
called subscriber is ringing.

4) Number Unobtainable Tone: This Tone is sent when the number dialled cannot be obtained.
If any subscriber dials which is not actually connected to the exchange, this indication is send.
This is also a tone of 400 Hz. With interruption of 200 msec. every 3 sec.

2.3: Process of making telephone call:

Telephone call is characterized into two category:

1. Outgoing call: Generally a voltage of 48V-60V D.C. always remains on the telephone line
but as the handset is picked-up the voltage limiter drops this voltage to 9-12V. On hearing the
dial tone it is confirmed that the apparatus is ready to work and after dialling the number a
ringing pulse is sent to the called party. When the calling party picks-up the handset the
billing meter of the exchange becomes activated. There is a counter in the exchange, which
counts the pulse and convert them into calls.

2. Incoming calls: These are just opposite of outgoing calls. In the incoming calls the telephone
detects the ringing signal from the exchange and provides the ring. At the instance of ringing
signal, there remains a voltage of 75-110/20 Hz. On the telephone. A high voltage (A.C.) is
sent from the ringer section of the exchange to start the ringer circuit of the telephone.

7
When the ringing signal is received it should be properly isolated as it may give a shock. This
ringing circuit is on until the handset is not picked-up at the called party. The duration of this
tone, if unattended, is 1 minute after which an engage tine is heard. After lifting the handset a
circuit is established and a call is made.

Figure 1 (a). Landline Telephone

Figure 1 (b).Telephone circuit

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2.4: Access Network Block Diagram:

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The following are the briefly explanation of individual block present in the access network block
diagram.

1. Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF): This is a free-standing or wall-mounted rack for

managing and interconnecting the telecommunications cable between end user devices and
a main distribution frame (MDF).

Figure 2. The IDF with various ports connected with copper wire.

2. Main Distribution Frame (MDF): This is a signal distribution frame or cable rack used in
telephony to interconnect and manage telecommunication wiring between itself and any
number of intermediate distribution frames and cabling from the telephony network it
supports.

Figure 3. The MDF connection with copper wire.

3. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Is a combination of telephone networks used

worldwide, including telephone lines optic fibre cables, switching centres. The phones

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 themselves are known by several names, such as PSTN, landlines, Plain Old Telephone
Service (POTS), or fixed-line telephones.

Figure 4. The PSTN with copper cables interconnection.

4. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL): This is a technology that provides high
transmission speeds for video and voice to homes over an ordinary copper telephone wire.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), sometimes just called DSL, is considered to be
the major competition to cable modems.

Figure 5. The ADSL connection with copper wire.

5. The Cabinet: A network cabinet, also known as a rack, a server cabinet is a combination of
hardware structures designed to accommodate technical equipment including routers
(routers), switches circuits (switches), hubs, storage devices (UPSs), cables and, of course,
servers.

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 Figure 6. The cabinets.

6. Distribution Point (DP): Distribution points are piece of equipment, often small boxes,
allowing to directly connect (without the help of a patch panel) up to 15 individuals
and households to a single telecom local loop upstream cable (independently for
copper pairs or optical fibre). They are way smaller than an actual telecom connection
point and often installed in the street, basements or on top of poles. Distribution points
are the last connection point on public network toward subscribers.
Figure 7. The distribution point box.

7. Pair Gain System (PGS): Pair gain is the transmitting of multiple pots signals over the
twisted pairs traditionally used for a single traditional subscriber line in telephone
systems. Pair gain has the effect of creating additional subscriber lines. This is
typically used as an expedient way to solve subscriber line shortage problems by
using existing wiring, instead of installing new wires from the central office to the
customer premises. A pair gain system consists of concentrators or multiplexers which
combine the separate signals into a single signal which is transmitted through the existing
copper cable pair. The signals are then separated into individual subscriber lines at the
customer premises. The pair gain unit which performs the multiplexing can simply provide a

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 second telephone connection over a single subscriber line in circumstances where a customer
wants to add a new phone line for a fax machine or dial-up internet connection.

Figure 8. The PGS.

2.5: Optical Fiber

Fiber optic (optical fiber) refers to the medium and technology associated with the transmission of
information as light impulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber.
Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) carries much more information than copper wire.
TTCL optical fiber department deals with installation and Maintainance of optical fiber cable (OFC)

Optic fiber is the most popular guided media in telecommunication industry that has been in
industry for a long time and due to its characteristics, it promises the industry to stay even
longer. It is faster than other transmission media (both guided and unguided). It uses the
mechanism of total internal reflection of light to transmit data. It consists of coating jacket,
cladding, and core which contains a glass material.

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 Figure 9: The parts of the fiber cable.

Data is transmitted in optic fiber by total internal reflection of light (TIR) in the glass material
contained in the core.

Figure 10: mechanism of total internal reflection of light in fiber cable.

2.5.0: Types of Optical Fiber

There are three types of fiber optic cable commonly used:

 Single mode (SM)

 Multimode (MM)

2.5.1: Single Mode

Single Mode cable is a single stand of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that
has one mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow diameter, through
which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries higher bandwidth

14
than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral width. Synonyms
mono-mode optical fiber, single-mode fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, uni-mode fiber.

Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than
multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than
multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that could
result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the highest
transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.

Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can
propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm.

2.5.2: Multi-Mode

Multi-Mode cable has a little bit bigger diameter, with a common diameter in the 50-to-100-
micron range for the light carry component. Most applications in which Multi-mode fiber is
used, 2 fiber are used.

Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to 100MBS - Gigabit to 275m
to 2km) over medium distances. Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as
they travel through the cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical multimode fiber core
diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometres. However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000
feet [914.4 meters), multiple paths of light can cause signal distortion at the receiving end,
resulting in an unclear and incomplete data transmission so designers now call for single
mode fiber in new applications using Gigabit and beyond.

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 Figure 11. The light reflection of SM and MM fiber cable.

2.5.3: Subdivision of Optical Fiber

Figure 12: different fiber cables.

2.5.4: Advantages of Optic Fiber

Optic fiber has a number of advantages over other transmission media such as copper cables.

The following are the advantages:

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  Have high bandwidth of 200-600MHz/km for MM and greater than 10GHz/km for
SM fiber.
 Have low attenuation (loss of signal intensity with distance).
 Have high level of security since they are difficult to tap without being detected.
 Have no electromagnetic/radio frequency interference.
 They are smaller in size and have less weight, making it easier to carry.
 They are often grounded, thus cannot cause shock hazards.
 Fibres allow the transmission of data between two points regardless of their potential
difference.

2.5.5: Installation of Optic Fiber

Referring to above advantages of optic fiber, it is now a proper time to know how to install
optic fiber as communication media. During my practical training period, I participated in
fiber installation at Utumishi Tower, Agha khan hospital, CRDB, Life house Tower.

2.5.6: Optic Fiber Installation Methods

Before installing fiber optic, it is very important to recognize where the network is to pass,
then from there, we can decide on which installation method to choose. Some of the methods
that can be used are underground-conduct, trenchless technique, mini-trench technique,
micro-trench technique, aerial installation and buried cables installation.

2.5.6.1: Underground-conduct Installation

Underground conduct installation involves the manholes placed in the street where there is
high population and tall buildings. Installed conduct is advantageous because it offers a route
for new cable installation or old removal without damage to street pavements, settlements and
edifices. In Dar es Salaam city, there are many underground ducts where fiber are installed,
and many of them are placed besides the road.

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 Figure 13: underground installation of fiber cable.

The following are ways to install fiber using the method of underground-conduct installation:

 Cable Pulling This is the most used way of installing optic fiber through a conduct.
The cable is attached to the pulling tape and then a cable is pulled. In pulling the cable
always, the minimum bending radius and the maximum pulling force value specified
on the cable data sheet is respected.
 Cable Blowing This is another way of installing the cable under conduit. It consists of
blowing compressed air in conduit and the air pressure carries the cable through the
conduit. This method needs the expensive materials for the installation of cable.
 Cable blowing is more complicated process as it involves many tools and procedures,
thus we used cable pulling very frequently while using the method of underground
conduct

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2.5.6.2: Aerial Installation

This is the method used to install optic fiber cables for the areas with less obstacles such as
tall buildings and less population. Also, it is used in places with high mountains and trees. In
addition, it is used when the covered distance is not too long. Poles that supports the cable
aerially are placed with a distance of 50m between along the desired route. During my
practical training period, both of the above explained methods for optic fiber cable
installation were used. Other processes to complete the installation are connecting,
terminating, and joining the optic fiber cable.

Figure 14: Aerial installation of fiber cable.

2.5.7: Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is an optoelectronic instrument used to

characterize an optical fiber. An OTDR is the optical equivalent of an electronic time domain
reflectometer. It injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test and extracts, from
the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered. An Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
(OTDR) is an important instrument used by organizations to certify the performance of new
fiber optics links and detect problems with existing fiber links.

The distance range setting on an OTDR controls the display range for the amount of cable to
be presented on the screen. It also defines the rate of pulse emission, since each pulse must be
returned to the detector before the next pulse is sent out.

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Setting this parameter appropriately requires accurate documentation of the optical fiber link.
If the OTDR has pre-set distance range settings, you should choose the shortest setting that is
still longer than the maximum fiber length. For example, if the instrument has settings of 10,
100, 200 and 500 kilometres, and your actual fiber link is 150 kilometres, you would select
the 200 kilometres setting.

Figure 15. The OTDR machine.

2.5.7.1: Working Principle Of OTDR

An OTDR contains a laser diode source, a photodiode detector and a highly accurate timing
circuit (or time base). The laser emits a pulse of light at a specific wavelength, this pulse of
light travels along the fiber being tested, as the pulse moves down the fiber portions of the
transmitted light are reflected/refracted or scattered back down the fiber to the photo detector
in the OTDR. The intensity of this returning light and the time taken for it to arrive back at
the detector tells us the loss value (insertion and reflection), type and location of an event in
the fiber link.

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Figure 16: Light is returned to the photo detector through a number of mechanisms.

2.5.7.2: Functions of OTDR

 Measuring of the distance needed in a link connection of the subscriber and the
network provider station.
 Monitoring of power for a specific link need the access of the network provider
services.
 Light source, for the fiber insertion test.

2.5.8: Joining Optic Fiber Cable

Joining of fiber cables is the most important part in fiber installation; customer’s network is
joined from the main cable containing fiber optics to their ODF. In joining the cable, the
following equipment and tools are used: closure, fiber sleeves, splicing machine, torch, optic
distribution frame, cleaver, and jacket strippers.

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 Figure 17. Tools used in splicing of fiber cable.

2.5.9: Understanding Colour Codes for Optic Fiber Cable

In joining the fiber, understanding the colour codes is very important since it helps to
determine which core in which tube fibers has to be joined. Optic fiber cables are of two
categories; those with only a single tube with twelve cores and those with four tubes of
twelve cores per each tube, making total of 48 cores in a single cable. Both tubes and cores
have the colour arranged as follows: -

Figure 18: Colour code arrangement in fiber installation.

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2.5.9.1: Steps to Follow When Joining Two Optic Fiber Cables

 Jacket Removal/Coating Removal; Firstly, remove the coating jacket from the cable
about one meter. The jacket is removed to expose the tubes that contain cores. After
removing the jacket, the tube containing the core that carries data signals must be
determined and the cladding is removed.
 Determination of The Core; After removing the jacket and determining the tube,
carrying a core that is data required. The required core can be determined in two
ways. First, by understanding its colour code and knowing which core is connected to
the source. Second, the core can be determined by using a torch that is lighted from
the connector on the source, the light comes directly to the end-point if there is no
defect in the core along the way.
 Joining the Cores; After determining the required cores, place the fiber sleeve in one
core and the following steps are done to the cores: -

i. Turn on the machine (The institution uses Fujikura Splicing Machine), you must have
access of power using a machine battery.

ii. Strip the cable using a cable stripper. Take the end of the cable and proceed to remove
the outer layer. In addition, clean the fiber using a light and soft tissue or sponge.

iii. Cleave the fiber using the sharp cleaver to avoid the mistakes of cutting the fiber.

iv. Place the fiber into the splicing machine and splice the two ends make sure the loss is
below 0.05dB to prevent much data loss.

v. After connecting the two ends, holds the sleeve to the connected part inter the heater for
heating (On the splicing machine).

vi. After heating the joining of two fibers is done, the followed step is to arrange them on
the cassette in a closure. Closure is the safe plastic box that keeps the fiber joints from
external damage

2.5.9.2: Termination of Optic Fiber Cable

While terminating optic fiber cable, the following processes are involved: -

i. Make sure the machine (splicing machine) is on.

23
ii. Strip the cable using a cable stripper. Take the end of the cable proceed remove the outer
layer. The cable is seated inside of the connector wall and the bare fiber core sticks out
about a half an inch from the front of the ferrule. Also, use clipping tool to scare the
connector to the jacket and strength members of the cable.

iii. Place the fiber cable to the connector, the connector helps in aligning the fiber.

iv. Place the fiber in the available curing holder and cure the cable with the help of curing
oven.

v. Cleave the fiber using the sharp cleaver, avoid damaging the fiberglass.

vi. Sand the fiber from the tip of the ferrule use a light and soft tissue/sponge.

vii. Heat the connector having the fiberglass using the heater on the splicing machine.

viii. Place the connector to the ODF.

Figure 19. Fiber splicing.

2.5.10: Disadvantage of Optic Fiber Cable

 Fiber optic cable cannot carry electrical power; A converter is required to change the
electrical signal to an optical signal. This also adds a level of complexity and cost.
 Skilled Personnel Required; Special skills and tools are required to repair and
maintain fiber optic systems.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0: Power Plant and Air Condition

The TTCL as one of the business company which focus on providing the voice and data
communication services, has various department which all of them tends to interact to each
other in order to achieve the required common goal. The power is a crucial department to
which all the systems depends on.` `

3.1: Source of Power Used by TTCL

The TTCL as one of network provider in Tanzania, have three main sources of powers which
are;

 Tanesco Power
 Generators
 Batteries

3.1.0: Tanesco Power

Power from Tanesco is the more preferred one as primary source of power because of the low
cost employed in using it, also reliable power can easy attained at low cost. The power from
Tanesco received from Tanesco to TTCL by the transformers (step down transformers) in
three different lines (Line1 , Line2 ,Line3) , after there the power reaches the isolation
switches at TTCL Power station then transmitted to the ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) ,
after there the power are distributed to various department of the company.

3.1.1: Generator Power

At TTCL there are two generators which are used as an alternative source of power instead of
power from Tanesco. The generators are automatically connected to the ATS to which when
the Tanesco power is unavailable the ATS sends the signals to the generators to inform that
they have to power on. what next from there is the same in supply of power to another
department.

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3.1.2: Batteries Power

The Power from batteries is there to be used for the short period of time to which the ATS
send the signals to the generators to power on, it is a short period of time (milliseconds) in
order to prevent the machine to delay for that short time. The power from the battery is huge
that can withstand to supply the power to the system for at least 6 hours.

Figure20. Batteries rack.

3.2.0: Air Conditions

The telecommunication systems are composed of many machines and devices which can work
properly under a specific environmental condition especially the temperature. TTCL use various air
conditioners to ensure the proper functioning air condition to the systems.

3.2.1: Types of Air Conditions

There are several types of air conditioners. These are:-

i. Window Air Conditioners
ii. Air Source Heat Pumps
iii. Central Air Conditioners

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 iv. Ductless Air Conditioners
v. Portable Air Conditioners

Window Air Conditioner Air Source Heat Pump Central Air Conditioner

Ductless Air Conditioner Portable Air Conditioner

Figure 21. Types of Air conditioners.

3.2.2: Parts of Air Conditioners

The major parts of an air conditioner manage refrigerant and move air in two directions:
indoors and outside:

 Evaporator - Receives the liquid refrigerant

 Condenser - Facilitates heat transfer
 Expansion valve - regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator
 Compressor - A pump that pressurizes refrigerant

The cold side of an air conditioner contains the evaporator and a fan that blows air over the
chilled coils and into the room. The hot side contains the compressor, condenser and another

27
fan to vent hot air coming off the compressed refrigerant to the outdoors. In between the two
sets of coils, there's an expansion valve. It regulates the amount of compressed liquid
refrigerant moving into the evaporator. Once in the evaporator, the refrigerant experiences a
pressure drop, expands and changes back into a gas. The compressor is actually a large
electric pump that pressurizes the refrigerant gas as part of the process of turning it back into
a liquid. There are some additional sensors, timers and valves, but the evaporator,
compressor, condenser and expansion valve are the main components of an air conditioner.

3.2.3: How Does Air Conditioning Work?

Air conditioning units work by removing the warm air from inside your home and pumping it
outside, while releasing the cool air back into the room, reducing the temperature. When
liquid becomes gas, it absorbs heat, and in principle, this is how they function.

Air conditioning systems work very much in the same way as your standard refrigerator, in
that heat is absorbed inside the system and then removed from the room.

Here’s the process:

Firstly, the warm air from the room is drawn into the system.

This air flows over the cold evaporator pipes inside, which cools the air down while a
dehumidifier removes excess moisture.

Meanwhile, the coolant flowing through the chiller pipes absorbs the heat from the air
blowing past and evaporates, turning from a cool liquid to a warm gas.

This warm air is pumped outside while the coolant flows through a compressor unit and a
condenser, which turn it back into a cool liquid.

Cold air is then re-circulated into the room where it mixes with the existing air and reduces
the temperature and humidity.

Inside a unit, there are a number of different components that manipulate the state, pressure,
and temperature of the refrigerant, allowing the unit to do its job and cool the room.

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Figure 22. Cooling mechanism.

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3.2.4: Troubleshooting of Condenser fan motor

Condenser is one among the components of outdoor unit of AC which is used to transfer heat into
outdoor air.
 It has fan motor which is used to keep the condenser cool, so that it can keep converting gas into
liquid.
The troubleshooting started after realising that the fan motor doesn’t start/ running / slow
rotating.
 During the repair of fan motor; we changed the bearings after finding that the bearing was the
main cause.

Figure 23. Fan cover of the condenser.

Figure 24. Fan motor is removed from the condenser. Figure 25. Fan motor.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0: Radio and Transmission

In Radio and Transmission department, there are several activities; The following are the
main activities performed in this department:-
a) Supervision of National ICT Broadband Backbone (NICTBB).

b) Installation and maintaining the transmission equipments such as ADM, DWDM systems.

4.1: Transmission Systems

Transmission systems are divided into two, which are:-

 Bounded media: Require physical connection between two points such as optical fibre cable
 Unbounded media: Do not require physical connection such as microwave.

4.2: National ICT Broadband Backbone(NICTBB)

NICTBB is a massive infrastructure network spanning the entire country, providing high capacity
long distance transmission services to licensed fixed and mobile network operators, ISP(Internet
Service Provider) and other value added network service providers.
The NICTBB also brings access to EASSY and SEACOM, two international underwater fibre optic
cables connected to Dar-es-Salaam to the rest of the country. The whole connection is by OFC which
implies that it is a bounded media.
The Backbone is managed and operated by the Tanzania Telecommunication Corporation (TTCL
Corporation) on behalf of the government, through the Ministry of Communication and Information
Technology (MICT). The infrastructure will enhance usage of ICT applications for sustainable socio-
economic development including implementation of e-government, e-learning, e-health, e-commerce
and much more locally and globally.
TTCL uses NICTBB to provide services like MPLS VPN (Multi Protocol Label Switching Virtual
Private Network ) to different companies and institutions with the help of other telecommunication
equipment.
To cover the entire country the physical layout is divided into three rings:-
1. Northern Ring:- via Chalinze
2. Southern Ring:-via Morogoro
3. Western Ring:-via Kimazi-chana

 NICTBB has two layers, which are:-

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  Service Layer: Comprises of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), Optical Transport
Network (OTN) and plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
 Transmission Layer: Comprises of Synchronous Transport Module (STM) which is a fibre
optic network standard for SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

Figure 26. Map showing NICTBB rings.

4.3: SDH/SONET

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) are
standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fibre using
lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes.
The method was developed to replace the plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for
transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fibre without the problems
of synchronization.
Uses of SDH
 It is used in transmission systems for broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
 It is used for transporting Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cells.
 And other uses like Ethernet aggregations, PDH signals, storage area network signals and other
communication signals.

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SDH uses the following Synchronous Transport Modules (STM) and rates:
 STM-1 (155 Mbps)
 STM-4 (622 Mbps)
 STM-16 (2.5 Gbps)
 STM-64 (10 Gbps)
E1=32 (30+2; 30 channels , signalling & free line )
STM-1=63E1;
STM-4=(4x63E1)

SDH basically works with the software running on the network. It often uses Transaction language-1
(TL1) protocols to transport to transport network management data between the system terminal and
SDH equipment.
SDH also uses connections based on fibre optic cables, copper lines, and satellite and directional radio
links on the physical layer.

4.4: Radio Transmission`

Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulating of electromagnetic waves with
frequencies below those of visible light.
Radio waves are omnidirectional, meaning that they travel in all directions from the source, so the
transmitter and receiver do not have to be carefully aligned physically.
Here the transmission is divided into two:
 Microwave transmission: Transmit signals from many customers to long distance, it may be
region to region .
 Min-link transmission: Transmit signals from few customers to short distance.

4.4.0: Microwave Communication

Microwave Communication system is a wireless transmission system that is used to transfer data
from one node to another node using frequency range from 300Mhz to 300Ghz.
Microwave are used for point to point and point to multipoint communication
A point to point Microwave link is a link between two sites (say A & B), one site we call it Terminal
and the direct link between A and B we call it hop each site consisted of two parts:
-Outdoor Part (OD): which is the Radio Unit (RU).
-Indoor Part (ID): which is Modem Unit (MU).

33
 -Parabolic Antenna which is the air interface or passive part
-Radio or IF cable or feeder, which connects the ID With OD.

Figure 27. Microwave transmission.

In some microwave systems like Backbone equipment’s the RU is located near the ID unit and
connected with the Antenna by long wave guide.
In order the radio signal to be transmitted between the two sites:
-we need to have a clear path (obstacle free) between these two sites which we call it Line Of
Sight (LOS) condition which is checked during survey stage.
-nearby enough distance to the opposite site as according to the link design.

4.4.1: Min-link transmission system

The Integrated MIN-LINK TN radio terminals provide microwave radio transmission within 7 to
38Ghz frequency bands.
MIN -LINK TN provides a very easy traffic routing by doing the cross-connections in the backbone

34
 Figure 28. Min-link.

4.5: Frequencies for Radio Transmission

 Radio transmission can take place using many different frequency bands. For traditional wired
networks,
-Frequencies of up to several hundred of kHz are used for distances up ti some km with
twisted pair copper wires.
-while frequencies of several hundred Mhz are used with coaxial cable.
-Fiber optics are used for frequency ranges of several hundred Thz.

 Frequencies for radio transmission are classified as follows:

-Very Low Frequency range (VLF)
-Low Frequency range (LF): These are used by submarines because they can penetrate water
and can follow the earth’s surface.
-Medium Frequency (MF) and High Frequency (HF): These are typical for radio stations.
-Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF): As we move to higher
frequencies, the TV stations follow.

The frequencies limiting these ranges are typically fixed by national regulation and vary from country
to country. All radio frequencies are regulated to avoid interferences.

4.6: GSM Architecture (1G & 2G)

1G 2G

-First generation cellular standards -Second generation cellular standard

-Called AMPS, MTS, IMTS -Developed in 1991

-Introduced in 1980’s -Supports voice and data services

-Supports voice calls only -Use TDMA, digital modulation

-Bulkier handsets -Handset:- Low cost and size

-GSM introduces SIM cards

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 Figure 29. GSM Architecture.

GSM Specification
-Uplink =890-915Mhz
-Downlink =935-960Mhz
-Transfer rate =14.4Kbps
-No. Of carriers =124
-Carrier separation =200KHz
-Modulation =GMSK
-Access method =TDMA/FDMA
-Time slots =8
GSM Architecture comprises with the following:
 Mobile Station (MS)
 Base Station Sub-system (BSS)
 Network Switching Sub-system (NSS)
 Operation Support Sub-system (OSS)

1. Mobile Station
▪ ME (Mobile Equipment)
-Hardware used by subscriber containing

36
 IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
▪ SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
-Detachable smart-card containing
IMSI(International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-Used to send and receive calls.

2. Base Station Subsystem

▪ BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
-Sends and receives signals from MS
-Encoding, multiplexing,encryption, modulation

▪ BSC (Base Station Controller)

-Controls group of BTS

-Allocation of radio channels

-Handover from one BTS to another

3. Network Switching Subsystem

▪ MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)
-Heart of GSM network.
-Management of mobile services like registration, authentication, etc.
-Performs call routing call, call setup and call switching.
-Communicates with HLR, VLR, AUC & ETR
▪ HLR(Home Location Register)
-Master database of subscriber’s current location and information

▪ VLR (Visitor Location Register)

-Subset of HLR
-Local database for user’s visiting location in other domain
▪ EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
-Database containing all valid handsets on network using IMEI number.
-Marks IMEI as invalid, if handset is stolen.
▪ AUC (Authentication Centre)

37
 - Protected database that stores copy of IMSI number used for authentication and encryption
task
-Protects from different types of fraud on network.

4. Operation Support Subsystem

▪ Connected to all equipments in switching system.
▪ Administration and commercial operation
▪ Security, operation and performance management.
▪ Network configuration and maintainance task.

STEPS THAT I TOOK IN THE PROJECT OF PROVIDING VOICE, DATA

SERVICES AND NETWORK CONFIGURATION FOR THE NEW CUSTOMER.

The following are the steps that I had to follow in making sure that a new customer was
provided with both voice and data services.

 Surveying of the nearest DP and cabinet.

 Receiving of work order for building up the new client.
 Verification of the outlined IDF, PSTN, ADSL and MDF if all the ports are open
for use.
 Connecting of jumper wire in the system and testing if a dial tone reaches the
PSTN and MDF.
 Filling up of a new card with all the information’s of the new customer.
 Installation from the cabinet to the DP.
 Connection from the DP to the customer premises.
 Verification of a dial tone and internet service at the customer office.

Surveying of the nearest DP and cabinet

I had to conduct survey at the customer’s premises towards the nearest DP and
from the DP to the available cabinet near the premises. I found the nearest DP
at approximate 50meters from the customer’s premises. The DP was near to
cabinet number 13 and the approximated distance was 25meters. The survey
was completed and went to inform the customer of the required length of the
drop wire and other devices for them to go and pay as the initial cost of
installation.

Receiving of work order for building up the new client.

38
 At the office, a work order was received after the customer paid the
installation cost. The work order contained the customer identification
number, IDF and MDF location that the customer has to be located within the
system.

Verification of the outlined IDF, PSTN, ADSL and MDF if all the ports are open for
use.

I had to first verify if all the work order details were ok for building up a new
client. At the IDF, I had to check if it had no jumper wire and I found none.
Also had to check for the dial tone using a test telephone and the port had a
tone. At the PSTN and ADSL I had to find an open port which was good for
use and I did it using a modem in testing the ADSL pair and only checked
visually at the PSTN and found no jumper wire so the port was ok for use. At
the MDF I had to only check if the port detailed on the work order was open
for use (no jumper wire was connected on the MDF).

Connecting of jumper wire in the system and testing if a dial tone reaches the PSTN and
MDF.

Since the customer requested for both services (data and voice), firstly I had to
check for a route to reach the PSTN from the IDF and from the ADSL to the
MDF. Placed my roller of jumper wire at the IDF (V04E14) and precisely run
the jumper through the path were other jumpers were placed until I finally
reached my required PSTN port (V20B88). Using the punching tool, I
punched the jumper at the exact port on the PSTN then punched again the
jumper wire at the IDF. Tested for the dial tone at the PSTN and the tone
reached the PSTN port.

Secondly, I had to run a jumper wire from the ADSL (V20A88) to the MDF
port (W620). After I managed to run the jumper wire, I then punched the
jumper wire at the MDF and then at the ADSL side. For assurance of the
connection I then had to connect a tone generator at the ADSL port and traced
it at the MDF using a tone amplifier device and the tone reached the MDF
side. By so doing the I was able to connect the customer internally (within the
office).

39
Filling up of a new card with all the information of the new customer.

After I connected the new customer in the system, I had to create a card for the
customer. Used red card since the customer requested for both data and voice
service. On the card I filled the following details customer’s name, customer’s
identification number (2121670), the MDF port, the IDF details, PSTN and
ADSL details.

Installation from the cabinet to the DP

The connection from the MDF to the cabinet is made possible via underground
cable that starts from the cable chamber towards the cabinet. I first checked at
the cabinet pair that I was going to use to make sure if I received a dial tone. I
received a dial tone meaning that the signals could be received at that point
within the cabinet. Then I had to connect the E-side with the D-side using the
insertion tool which makes it possible for the signal to reach the DP.

From the cabinet there is underground cable that connects to the DP where
number of customers are brunched off to their premises. I arrived at the DP
and tested for the dial tone and it reached the DP since I was able to hear the
tone used the test telephone.

Connection from the DP to the customer’s premises.

Installation from the DP to customer’s premises, I punched in a jumper wire

using insertion tool at the DP and run the wire through the near pole and
directed the drop wire to the customer’s premises via the surveyed root. I finally
managed to enter the drop wire in the customer’s premises. Since the customer
was provided with both voice and data service, I terminated the drop wire with
an ADSL splitter. The output port of the ADSL splitter contained two ports one
was for telephone and the other was for data. I then plugged-in two-line cord
which one I connected it with the landline telephone and the other I connected it
to a MODEM.

Verification of a dial tone and internet service at the customer office

After plugging in the line cord connector to the landline phone I had to unhook
the handset to listen for the dial tone for verification purposes. The tone could be

40
 had with no noise. Then after, I had to test for internet service. I plugged the line
cord wire to a MODEM and switched on the MODEM after powering it. The
modem started blinking at the DSL side indicator and later it stopped and the
indicator produced a continuous light. I had to then program the MODEM using
the customer’s identification number and TTCL as the provider of the internet
service. Since the customer was not given a static IP address the programming
was fast and efficient. I had set both LAN connection and Wi-Fi connection to
the MODEM and I had to set a password. After saving the details during
configuration the Wi-Fi indicator started blink red and it later changed into
green meaning that the program as synchronized with the MODEM at it was
ready for use. Had to test the internet using my phone and the one of the office
computers and I could receive the service.

The task was done and I collected all the working equipment’s kept them in the
toolbox and left the premises. At the office I had to provide the feedback that the
connection was already made and the customer now could receive service.

Problem Identification

 In my practical training, I observe the following problems/challenges facing the TTCL,

to which the TTCL as one of the business company have to solve them for the better
performance in a such competition with other network providers like Airtel, Zantel, Tigo,
Vodacom and Halotel.
 Lack of telecommunication infrastructure, which facilitate the whole process of
communication, it includes machines, equipment’s, tools, devices involved in
telecommunication networking.
 Transport challenges. As the institution learns on the government, trucks and cars are so
limited to enable the transportation of all trainees to the working sites.
 Financial challenges, as a one of the biggest business company in Tanzania, it to have a
stable financial stability to maintain the competition with other network providers.
 Lack of quality Technicians like Engineers, Programmers, which can have a high
performance in a competition with other network providers.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0: Discussion

For the well-being of the company I have some suggestions of my own to provide to
the company in order to improve its operations, and as it seems that TTCL is among the
business company so, it can compete with other network providers in Tanzania as follows;

 The training equipment as well as tools, machines and devices are should be of high
technology so that to have a great performance on its business of voice and data
communication. Transport (trucks and cars) should be available in a satisfactory of
the company need as it is seeming that TTCL have a lot of customers in far places, so
this will simplify the easy accessing of many customers. Also, financially the
company has to be well as due to fact that a financial department is a crucial or
mother of all the activities run by the company
 During my IPTR at TTCL I realising that occurrence of faults(especially in Network
Access) is the main problem that take much time in fixing them, due to the fact that
the customers are the one who recognise the problem then report to the network
provider which is not technically good.
Therefore, There should be an Automatic Detection of Faults: The faults should be
detected by the systems itself.

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 5.1: Conclusion and Recommendation

It is not possible to acquire all of the required knowledge in class therefore the
practical training has filled the gaps that were not applicable in class. From the duties
assigned to me, the practical training is of much relevance. I gained a lot in terms of
knowledge due to the practical activities performed throughout my IPTR. I have also gained a
high level of confidence on working with people with different perception, behaviours and
beliefs.

TTCL is the important institution for training undergraduate students who will work soon in
the telecom companies or further their studies; Since it shows how network services is
provided to people and other institutions. This practical training was relevant to me in
obtaining training and valuable experience in real life situation. It helped me to integrate
theory received from lectures and use the knowledge practically. It enhanced my skills, work
abilities, and attitude towards my field of specialization. The practical training also helped me
to receive new ideas, problem solving techniques.

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 5.2: References

Viswanathan, T. (2012). Telecommunication switching systems and networks. Library of

Congress Cataloging in Publication of Data.

Beasley, J. S., & Nilkaw, P. (2016). Networking essentials. Comptia network

Whitman, B., Johnson, B., & Tomczyk, J. (2012). Refrigeration & Air conditioning
technology. New York: Make

Kaminow, I. R., Li, T., Willner, A. E. (2008). Optical fiber telecommunications. Clifton Park.

The Tanzania Post and Telecommunications corporation Act, 1977.Government of Tanzania.

Retrieved 6 September 2016.

http://www.ttcl.co.tz/newsite/new_aboutus.asp

http://www.ttcl.co.tz/newsite/home.asp

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