Ethio Tele Report

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON WESTERN REGION ETHIOTELECOM 2021G.
WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION STREAM
INTERNSHIP REPORT
HOSTING COMPANY: ETHIO TELECOM WESTERN REGION DISTRICT
PREPARED BY:
NAME ID NO
ASTER TAKELE CETE/1223/15
ADVISOR: MR. YOHANNIS BEKUMA
MAY, 2021G.C
NEKEMTE, ETHIOPIA.
DECLARATION
The engineering internship is about 60 Days full time work placement with an industrial
partner conducted as an alternative pathway to an engineering thesis for final year
engineering students at Wollega University. The purpose of internship is to provide
engineering students with experience to the world of engineering practice through a period of
work place employment. This report details the work performed during a 60 days internship
placement with the western region Ethiotelecom. The report features Western region
Ethiotelecom description including several telecommunication sectors, to make clear
communication for subscribers by solving communication challenges of this region. The
future work required to be completed as the continuation of a work performed during
internship placement is presented. Fifth year electrical and computer engineering students
who have prepared a semester internship report at western region Ethiotelecom company. I
here by certified that my work is original and compiled.
Name ID No Signature Date
Aster Takele CETE/ 1223/15 --------------- --------------
Name of Advisor Signature Date
Mr. Yohannis Bekuma --------------- --------------
Name of Department Head Signature Date
Mr. Yohannis Bekuma --------------- -------------
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all I would like to express thanks to Almighty God. Second, I would also like to
thank Wollega University for organizing the internship program at all for his Engineering
Students alike. Again show appreciation Western regional Ethiotelecom for permitting the
semester internship to be train with their company. I would like to express gratitude to Mr.
Yohannis Bekuma the Electrical and Computer Engineering department Head. Their passion
for electrical and computer engineering really inspired us. Next I would like thanks workers
in the different department of western region telecommunication that they were willing, to
assist us during the intern ship semester, in all cases by sharing their experience and
psychological support. Especially in this company, I would like to express thanks the
individuals who were always with us like Mr.Talaku Getahun (manager of Radio access
network)
Finally, I would like to show gratitude to other western regional Ethiotelecom workers that
gave their knowledge and other efforts to make us perfect with works. Last but not least, I
would like to say thank to all for his support, guide, advices and determination in guiding to
finish my internship period.
WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page II

LIST OF ACRONYMS
ADSL---------------------------------------------Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AM------------------------------------------------Administration Module
CM------------------------------------------------Communication Module
CDMA--------------------------------------------Coarse Division Multiplexing Access
DRMAS------------------------------------------Digital Radio Multi Access System
DWDM- -----------------------------------------Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
ETA- ---------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority
ETC--- -------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation
EEPCO-------------------------------------------Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
FWA----------------------------------------------Fixed Wireless Access
GPRS---------------------------------------------General Packet Radio Service
GMSC--------------------------------------------Gateway Mobile Switching Center
GSM----------------------------------------------Global System for Mobile Access
ITU -----------------------------------------------International Telecommunication
ISDN----------------------------------------------Integrate Service Digital Network
MS-------------------------------------------------Mobile Station
MSC-----------------------------------------------Mobile Switching Control
NGN-- ---------------------------------------------Next Generation Networking
NOC- ----------------------------------------------Network Operation Center
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ODU-----------------------------------------------Optical De Multiplexer Unit
PTO------------------------------------------------Public Telecommunications Operator
SDCCH--------------------------------------------Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel
SDH-------------------------------------------------Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SM--------------------------------------------------Switching Module
SPM------------------------------------------------Service Processing Module
TCH------------------------------------------------Traffic Channel
TSM------------------------------------------------Trunk Switching Module
TTS------------------------------------------------Trouble Ticket System
UHF- ---------------------------------------------Ultra High Frequency
USM -------------------------------------------- User Switching Module
VC------------------------------------------------Virtual Container
ZTE----------------------------------------------Zhengozian Telecommunication Equipment
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION...................................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......................................................................................................................II
LIST OF ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................III
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................V
LIST OF FIGURE..............................................................................................................................VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................VIII
CHAPTER-1.........................................................................................................................................1
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of Ethio Telecom........................................................................................................1
1.2 Mission, Vision and Value of Western Region Ethio Telecom...................................................2
1.2.1 Mission.................................................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Vision...................................................................................................................................2
1.2.3 Values and Principles...........................................................................................................3
1.3 Objective of Ethio Telecom........................................................................................................3
1.4 Telecommunication Theory........................................................................................................4
1.5 Main Products or Services of Ethio Telecom..............................................................................4
1.5.1 Mobile Services....................................................................................................................5
1.5.2 Broadband Internet Services (BBI)......................................................................................7
1.5.3 Fixed Line Service...............................................................................................................8
1.5.4 End User (Stakeholders) of Ethio-Telecom..........................................................................9
1.5.5 Over All Organizational Work Flow....................................................................................9
CHAPTER-2.......................................................................................................................................11
Overall Internship Experience.........................................................................................................11
2.1 Objective of the Internship....................................................................................................11
2.1.1 General Object...................................................................................................................11
2.1.2 Specific Objective..............................................................................................................11
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2.2 How to Get Into the Company...................................................................................................11
2.2.1The Section of the Company I Have Been Working............................................................11
2.2.2 Work Tasks........................................................................................................................12
2.3 Procedures Used To Perform Work Tasks................................................................................13
2.4 Western Region Telecommunication Network Operation Center (NOC)..................................13
2.5 GSM Introduction...............................................................................................................17
2.5.1 GSM Network Areas..........................................................................................................17
2.6 Network Control and Management Devices..............................................................................18
2.6.1 E1 Channel Theory.............................................................................................................19
CHAPTER THREE.............................................................................................................................20
Over All Work Flow of the Organization........................................................................................20
3.1 O&M (Operation and Maintenance)..........................................................................................20
3.2 Performance Section.................................................................................................................20
3.2.1 RAN (Radio Access Network) Section..................................................................................21
3.2.2 Transmission Section.............................................................................................................22
3.2.3 Core Network and Local Switching Section...........................................................................25
3.2.4 Internet Protocol (IP) and IT Section......................................................................................27
CHAPTER FOUR...............................................................................................................................29
Over All Internship Experience and Knowledge Gained.................................................................29
4.1 Power and Environmental Section............................................................................................29
4.2 GSMA (Global System for Mobile Access)..............................................................................32
4.3 Code division multiplexing access (CDMA).............................................................................34
4.4 Challenges I Face While Performing My Work Tasks& Measures I Have Taken To Solve the
Challenges.......................................................................................................................................38
CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................................................41
Benefits Gained From Internship....................................................................................................41
5.1 In Terms of Improving My Practical Skills...............................................................................41
5.2. In Terms of Upgrading My Theoretical Knowledge.................................................................42
5.3 In Terms Of Improving Our Interpersonal Communication Skills............................................42
5.4. In Terms of Improving Our Team Working Skills...................................................................43
5.5. In Terms of Improving Leadership Skills.................................................................................43
5.6. In Terms of Understanding Work Ethics Related Issues..........................................................44
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5.7. Entrepreneurship Skill..............................................................................................................44
CHAPTER SIX...................................................................................................................................46
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................46
6.1 RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................................47
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................48
WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page VII

LIST OF FIGURE
Fig.1 Call processing from mobile to fixed phone……………………………………………8
Fig.2 the General work flow in Western Region Ethio telecom Company………………….12
Fig. 2.2 GSM Network………………………………………………………...…………….18
Fig.3.3 Block diagram of GSMA structure……………………………………………..........34
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I spent my internship at Western region telecommunication program, a communication
stream trainee. The internship started in and ended in this report March 2021 and
April2021respectively.I occupied in different section of the company like Radio access
network, power room, and transmission room. My internship activities can be divided into
different practical aspects. In this case, I carried out like E1 line installation, identifying the
network connection problem by using Network Analyzer and software configured computers.
Generally, the internship thought us a great deal. Technically, I learned about structure and
relevant operation of some part of the transmission. Despite, some challenges, the internship
was success.
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CHAPTER-1
Introduction
Western Region Ethio telecom is situated in the West of Ethiopia which is found at Nekemte
town 330 km from Addis Ababa. This region includes six departments, such as indirect
channel, direct channel, fixed access network, operation and maintenance, Business partner,
finance and physical security and 12 shops in different areas. This is the final report for
Electrical and Computer Engineering communication focuses area for semester internship.
This specific internship was undertaken at western region Ethio telecom, where duties were
assigned providing the experience as a product specialist. During the course of internship
technical and process related activities were experienced. This provides a useful knowledge
and valuable job skills for the interns.
1.1 Background of Ethio Telecom

The introduction of telecommunication in Ethiopia dates back to 1894.Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporation is the oldest public telecommunications operator in Africa.
In those years, the technological scheme contributed to the integration of the Ethiopian
society when the extensive open wire line system was laid out linking the capital with all the
important administrative cities of the country. After the end of the war against Italy, during
which telecommunication network was destroyed, Ethiopia re-organized the Telephone,
Telegraph and Postal services in 1941. In 1952 the Imperial Board of Telecommunications
(IBTE) was established by proclamation No. 131/52 in 1952. The Board had full financial
and administrative autonomy and was in charge of the provision and expansion of
telecommunications services in Ethiopia. The Imperial Board of Telecommunications of
Ethiopia, which became the Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority in 1981, was placed in
charge of both the operation and regulation of telecommunication services in the wake of the
market reforms. In 1996, the Government established a separate regulatory body, the
Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency (ETA) by Proclamation 49/1996, and during the same
WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page 1

Year, by regulation 10/1996, the Council of Ministers set up the Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporation (ETC).
1.2 Mission, Vision and Value of Western Region Ethio Telecom
1.2.1 Mission
 To provide world class, modern and high quality Telecom service accessible to all
citizens there by to support the multifaceted development of country to the highest
level.
 Develop and maintain a modern Information and communications network
infrastructure capable of supporting voice data and video services, equitably across
the country and with high capacity digital connectivity to the rest of the world.
 Provide world class telecommunication services including basic telephony, mobile,
internet and multimedia services.
 They wish to implement state of the art processes, to develop reliable network
infrastructures and to provide the best quality of services to their Customers.
1.2.2 Vision
Ethiotelecom envisions an information-based Ethiopian society were all our people have
access to information infrastructure on equitable basis.
 Ethiotelecom shall be an internationally recognized, moving quickly, strong and

vibrant world-class. Ethio Telecom will achieve its goal of both providing a reliable
network and of improving Customer Services through a range of different levers that
are part of its development strategy.
 Ethio Telecom will develop and enhance the information system. This will help to
decrease the delay for provision, sales and activation as well as to provide more
reliable information to Customers.
 Ethio Telecom will develop a world-class human resources management. This will
help to improve employees‟ ability to meet the needs and expectations of Customers.

 Ethio Telecom will implement control standard processes. This will help to increase
reactivity and to faster Customer access to services.
 Ethio Telecom will develop better sourcing & facilities processes. This will help to
faster delivery and repair and will offer more transparency to Customers.
1.2.3 Values and Principles

 Lead with vision:-Be committed to understand, meet and exceed the telecom needs
and expectations of the country at large and of customers in particular.
 Respect:
 Respect customers and recognize that the revenue generated allows Ethio telecom to
operate
 Recognize employees of Ethio telecom as most valuable assets and create conducive
working environment that allows them to develop and grow.
 Excellence:-Be committed to high-level performances, customer service quality,
organizational excellence and continuous improvement of Quality of Services.
 Integrity:-Be ethical and honest in all assignments
 Accountability:-Be accountable to all stakeholders
1.3 Objective of Ethio Telecom

The main objective of Ethio telecom citizen charter is to:
 Being a customer centric company.
 Offering the best quality of service
 Meeting world-class standard.
 Building financially courtesy, non-decimation and respect
 Create awareness on products & services provided by Ethio telecom and help citizens
understand the subscription requirements to get those services
 Establish feedback mechanism from the citizen to improve service quality
 Enhance citizen’s satisfaction through continual improvement of produce and service
delivery process.

1.4 Telecommunication Theory
Telecommunications is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic
means. Also Telecommunications is the transmission of information over significant
distances to communicate. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of visual
signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and Optical
heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud
whistles, for example. In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications
now also includes the use of electrical devices such as the telegraph, telephone, and
teleprinter, as well as the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics
and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.
A revolution in telecommunications began in the 19 century with pioneering developments in

radio communications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel
Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and
developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles
Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin
Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth
A basic telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always present in
some form:
 Transmitter: is that takes information and converts it to a signal.

 Transmission medium: is also called the "physical channel" that carries
the signal. An example of this is the "free space channel".
 Receivers: is that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back
into usable information.
1.5 Main Products or Services of Ethio Telecom

Ethio-telecom offers a wide range of product and services tailored market Enterprise
customers. They offer fixed wireless services, mobile Internet and data services as well as 3G

services like WCDMA and CDMA through newly deployed NGN to our nationwide huge
capacity. They provide Enterprise customers a reliable affordable Internet and data services
which facilitate their business increase productivity by connecting them to local and
international patterns.
Ethio-telecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of high

quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the country. The
services that are provided by Ethio-telecom are:-
Fixed line telephony

Fax service
GPRS(general packet radio service)
Mobile telephone
Internet both broadband and narrowband
Multimedia services
CDMA both voice and data
1.5.1 Mobile Services

Are defined as portable communications devices. The primary purpose of which is the
transmission and receipt of spoken messages via wireless or a public electronic
communications service. It’s Hardware also Telephone and SIM card
 GSM Mobile
 WCDMA
 GOTA Service (Global Open Trucking Architecture)
 Satellite Mobile Telephone
 Roaming Service
 4G LTE Mobile service
 SMS (short message services) Voice

GSM Mobile (prepaid/postpaid)
The service is given using Subscriber Information Module (SIM). It has voice, data, SMS,
and other value-added services. (SMS), Call diverts, Call waiting, General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS), USSD Command Service and so on.
WCDMA
It offers a wide range of advanced services; high speed internet access, video and high-
quality image transmission, video conversion, online chat, etc.
GOTA SERVICE (Global Open Trucking Architecture)

GOTA is a service given using the CDMA2000 wireless network for group communication,
the service allows two or more individuals to communicate and use for private and group
calls and the service also allows the subscriber to make external calls after subscribing to the
mobile wireless service. It is also allowing the following functionalities:
Satellite Mobile Telephone
Satellite Mobile Telephone service enables customers in every part of the globe to be
beneficiaries of telecom services through satellites stationed on the universe. This kind of
service needs special telephone apparatus.
Roaming Service
Mobile roaming is a service that helps subscribers automatically to make and receive voice
calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical
coverage area of Ethio telecom, by means of using a visited country’s operator’s network.
Outbound Roaming: it is a service given to Ethio customers who wants to use their mobile
phone abroad (out of Ethio network coverage).
Inbound Roaming: it is a service given to customers of foreign operator who has a roaming
agreement with Ethio telecom (like tourists, foreigner investors …)
4G LTE
The fourth-generation mobile service offered very high speed up to 100Mbps.The important
feature of 4G LTE high quality audio and video streaming along with ultra-broadband
internet accesses which were not present in 3G. 4G LTE is current technology used in
Ethiopia.

1.5.2 Broadband Internet Services (BBI)
Wired broadband internet
Wireless broadband internet
Broadband data (MPLS-VPN)
Wired broadband internet
The wired broadband is provided through copper or fibber with different Access methods
ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+ and VDSL2). It can be provided with different speed depending on
customer requirement and the access they use. Customer can buy Customer Premises
Equipment (CPEs) or rent from Ethio telecom. Through ADSL customers will get a better,
affordable, reliable and faster internet connection. The ways of giving services are, EPON,
GPON, ADSL and FIBER/COPPER customers.
Wireless broadband internet
The wireless can be given through EVDO, VSAT and AIRONET.
EVDO is a Broadband mobile Internet service with high speed using CDMA technology.it is
like flash and plunge in our computer to access services. This service works wherever
CDMA network is available. Currently the service is available in Addis Ababa and more than
200 cities and town throughout the country.
VSAT need satellite to get the services and have high security. Mostly it is used in rural
areas. It has Avery small aperture antenna that connect the satellite.
AIRONET the customer dish needs dedicated connection with Ethio-telecom or face-to-face
without any interface block between them. It works only 25-mile distances.

1.5.3 Fixed Line Service
Fixed line telephone service (PSTN)
ISDN –E1 service
Fixed line telephone service (PSTN)
Fixed Line is traditional wired phone service, it delivers voice, fax and Internet services, and
it is fixed in locations such as homes and offices, no mobility. It is most importantly reliable
and cheap alternative for businesses. It is defines communication device, the primary purpose
of which is the transmission and receipt of spoken messages via a cabled or wired public
electronic communications service.
Fig.1 Call processing from mobile to fixed phone
ISDN - E1 (Integrated services digital network)
Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for

sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires. ISDN
supports data transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000 bits per second
Generally, Telecommunication offers wide range of products and services tailored made for
Enterprise customers, The offer fixed wire line and wire service, mobile services, internet
services and data services, as well as 3G service like WCDMA and CDMA through newly
developed next generation.

1.5.4 End User (Stakeholders) of Ethio-Telecom
End users as the term tells us provide the inputs to the network and are recipients of Network
out puts. Ethio-telecom provides its different services including fixed line telephony, mobile
telephone and Internet to government organizations, private and commercial companies,
international institutions and individuals.
1.5.5 Over All Organizational Work Flow

Beside the main office structure, the company has 11 regional offices throughout the country.
These regional offices are located in main cities and they are also used as a regional gateway
(regional exchange).
The Name of the Regional Offices Are Listed Below
1. Addis Ababa 1 regional office (Addis Ababa)

2. Addis Ababa 2 regional office (Addis Ababa)
3. North Eastern &Semera regional office (Dessie)
4. Northern regional office (Mekelle)
5. North Western regional office (Bahir Dar)
6. Eastern &Jijiga regional office (Dire Dawa)
7. South Western regional office (Jimma)
8. Southern regional office (Shashemene)
9. South Eastern regional office (Adama)
10. Western regional office (Nekemte)
11. Assosa regional office (Assosa )
Ethio Telecom‟s organizational structure can be broadly viewed as technical division,
commercial division, support division and others.

There are many divisions in Ethio-telecom.
Marketing and communication.
Customer service.
Enterprise.
Network.
Information system.
Finance.
Legal division.
Human resource &Security.

CHAPTER-2
Overall Internship Experience
2.1 Objective of the Internship

The two-month internship program comprises of general and specific objectives, both added
to produce skilled man power in engineering aspects.
2.1.1 General Object

Wollega University aims that this internship program enables engineering students under the
company to relate their theoretical knowledge to the real-world works.
2.1.2 Specific Objective

The students, during the internship, are aimed to play a great role in improving their
practical, theoretical, interpersonal communications, team playing, entrepreneurship and
leader ship skills, understanding about work ethics related issues, responsibility etc.
To allow the student to prepare for their future non- internship job by seeking potential
places of employment, practicing resume and cover latter preparation, gaining references,
and interviewing if applicable to adapt working environment
2.2 How to Get Into the Company

How I get into the company was not a simple task for us. This is because of the company is
required by many students for the internship experience. The way I used to get in this
company is by my selves. I give my request paper to the company and receive an acceptance.
Generally how I get into the company is only by my effort.
2.2.1The Section of the Company I Have Been Working

In my internship period what I have seen (the components of each sections) and what I have
learned there is described next in each of the sections. The working sections I stay are
Transmission section and Core section,

Therefore first of all I would like to explain the highlight of the other working sections and
finally I will explain Transmission section and RAN section in detail.
Ethio Telecom has different departments in different regions. At western region I assigned to
work in operation and maintenance department for all session. This department covers all
operation and maintenance in case of western region. Operation and maintenance department
have its own manager. Under the western region Ethio telecom, I have been working in the O
& M department and the department is consists of six working sections. Each section has its
own supervisor.
Fig. 2.1 The General work flow in Western Region Ethio telecom Company
2.2.2 Work Tasks

In my internship period the work task I have been done are:
 Observing different components

 Knowing the operation of the components

2.3 Procedures Used To Perform Work Tasks
To perform the above work tasks I used some procedures by the help of the O & M
department manager at WR Ethio telecom. To do this work tasks efficiently and effectively
the schedule is given for us from the manager. One day I observe the component of one
working section and learn how it is operating. On the next day I continue to observe the
component of another working section and how the component is operating by the help of
worker of the section suited for us. After observing the components of the six working
sections for the first round, I come together with all of the intern’s and with the advisor of
each section. At that time the time is given for us to ask the advisors if there is a question and
after the question is explained for us, a highlight is given from the advisors again on the
operation of the component I observe past days. Like this we perform the work tasks in my
internship duration.
2.4 Western Region Telecommunication Network Operation Center (NOC)

A network operations center (NOC) is a place from which administrators supervise, monitor
and maintain a telecommunications network. Large enterprises with large networks as well as
large network service providers typically have a network operations center, a room
containing visualizations of the network or networks that are being monitored, workstations
at which the detailed status of the network can be seen, and the necessary software to manage
the networks. The network operations center is the focal point for network troubleshooting,
software distribution and updating, router and domain name management, performance
monitoring, and coordination with affiliated networks. Ethiotelecom NOC system also
contains different software for maintaining and controlling of network. these are
UAC(unified authentication center),SOC(security operation center),UNMS(unified network
and management system),E-guard, URP(uniform report plat form),RMS(resource
management system), SMS(service management system),FMS(fraud management
system),TTS(trouble ticket system).
UAC (unified authentication center): is software that Provide unified application

registration, account maintenance, account authorization, and account audit function.

SOC (security operation center): is industrial security product which integrates variety of
security system and devices as well as analyses the logged events to provide the information
security over view.
UNMS (unified network and management system): it provides the unified management
function for various kinds of network devices under different network and provided by
different vendors.
TTS (trouble ticket system): it can provide a full process close loop management
complaint, assignment, handling acknowledgment and achieving of troubles and alarms from
different sources.
E-guard: is special monitoring and management system for power equipment series and
environment.
RMS (resource management system): it provides functions such as inventory management,

resource assignment and resource pre warning.
URP (uniform report plat form): is plat form on which each NOC subsystem will
implement its own reporting flexibility.
SMS (service management system): is Ethiotelecom NOC system used to realize automatic
management of service process by means of effective management of work flows with less
manual intervention so as to cater to telecommunication.
FMS (fraud management system): is system effectively prevents fraud phenomena, detects
and processes various fraudulent behavior roots out all kinds of possible fraud phenomena in
time.
Earlier Nekemte telecommunication uses nokia and Ericson equipment’s. However today
Nekemte telecommunication uses Huawei and ZTE equipment’s which Chinas company
tools are. During our practice we observe that these equipment’s are contained in exchange
room of Nekemte telecommunication. Those devices are:

PSTN ([Public switched telephone Network): It is global collection of inter connected
originally designed to support circuit switching voice communication. It consists of
telephone lines, fiber optic cables, micro wave’s transmission links, cellular network,
communication satellites and underground telephone cables. All of these are interconnected
by switching center, thus by allowing any telephone in the world, to communicate with any
other. These devices consists two areas known as access area and control area. Control area
consist CPU a section, CPU B section, Node1 section and Node2 section.
Subscriber Sides (SS): At subscriber (receiver) side I use small receiving antenna. At the
antenna down converter is involved to the micro wave frequency to normal UHF and VHF
signals. There are different regions of Subscriber Sides, such as :SS0,SS2 and SS3.SS2 is by
hardware known as magazine and by software known as Extent ion Module
Group(EMG).Also SS3 Contains EMTS(extension Module Time Switching)and Integra
module.
Digital Distribution Frame (DDF): DDF is the first stage for transmission, also micro wave
terminate at this stage. The frames are used for inter connection, cross connection and
supervision of digital transmission equipment and which terminates a cables and fibers by
allowing arbitrary inter connection to be made as well as it occupies very thin space inside
exchange room.
Broad banding: It is a device in Tele communication with highest band width in some sense
than other standards or usual signal. It consists of Power control and Rack. Rack consists of
Edge routers and Core routers Edge. Router is a router in computer network that routes data
between one or more network while Core router is a router in computer network that routes
data within network but between networks.
Huawei: Is Chinese multinational network and telecommunication equipment and services.

Earlier Nekemte Ethio telecom used NOKIA network, but now it is replaced by HUAWEI
network. Its software name is C and C08 maintains system. C and C08 software is brought by
telecommunication and

Downloaded on computer for all regions of country and under nekemte Ethiotelecom
branches. All the branches which share network from Nekemte telecommunication have their
own module number, then when we click on that module window will be displayed. If
connection is normal a displayed window contains tables with abbreviation such as:
ALS, DRU, TSS, NOD, SIG, EMA, MPU, NET and LPM .If there is connection problem the
displayed window contain without abbreviation written on it. The horizontal part of these
windows is called slot, while vertical part is known as frame.
BSC (Base Station Control)
It is responsible for control, management and maintenance of one or more BTS (Base
Transceiver Station) connected to it. It also provides traffic channel with mobile switching
center. It has three phases, these are: primary switching, control shelf and resource shelf. One
BSC rack contains four shelf’s each of which has 17 front and real slots. Every front and real
slot is for one front or real board.
Important functions performed by the BSC
 Processing of signals
 Controlling signals to the connected BTSs and control of handover of signals from
one BTS to another within a BSS
 Control of handover of the signals from BSC to MSC(Mobile switching center)
 Mapping a signal of a channel at a given instant receives signals from a BTS at 16
kbps through and interface to MSC at 16 kbps
 Alternatively, may have to interface to a PSTN switching center at 64 kbps through a
fixed line network
 Reserving radio frequencies and frequency hopping(For example, multiple BTSs
operate simultaneously by using the different frequencies at a given instant)
 Location registry for the MSs
 Authentication, encryption ,and decryption of data

BTS (base transceiver station)
Is piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication between user equipment and
networks, It is associated with mobile communication technology like GSM and CDMA. It
also contains equipment for encryption and decryption communication spectrum filtering
tools (band pass filtering), antenna and etc. BTS have transceiver which allows it to serve
several different frequencies and sec for of the cell.
Main function performed by the BTS
 Formation of cells using appropriately directed antennae

 Processing of signals
 Amplification of signals to acceptable strength so that they can be transmitted
without loss of data.
 Channel coding and decoding (for example, coding voice into bits so that it can be
transmitted at 13kbps and decoding received coded signals back to voice).
 Frequency hopping so that multiple channels for various mobile stations can operate
simultaneously using different channel band frequencies
2.5GSM Introduction
GSM is the short form of Global System for Mobile Communications. It is called 2G or
Second Generation technology. It is developed to make use of same subscriber units or
mobile phone terminals throughout the world.
2.5.1 GSM Network Areas

In a GSM network, the following areas are defined: Cell:-Cell is the basic service area; one
BTS covers one cell. Each cell is given a Cell Global Identity CGI, a number that uniquely
identifies the cell.
Location Area:-A group of cells form a Location Area LA. This is the area that is paged
when a subscriber gets an incoming call. Each LA is assigned a Location Area Identity LAI.
Each LA is served by one or more BSCs. MSC/VLR Service Area:-The area covered by one
MSC is called the MSC/VLR service area. PLMN:-The area covered by one network

operator is called the Public Land Mobile Network PLMN. A PLMN can contain one or
more MSCs.
GSM network is consists of Mobile station, Base station subsystem, Network subsystem and
Operation subsystem.
Fig.2.2 GSM Network
2.6 Network Control and Management Devices

Network Device Management is the set of responsibilities associated with maintaining the
proper functioning and security of network devices. Network Device Management includes
tasks such as ensuring that routers and switches have up-to-date configuration data. Network
Device Management may also entail ensuring that network firewalls are functioning
correctly.
Network control and management devices include:
 hubs,
 switches,
 routers,
 modem

2.6.1 E1 Channel Theory
E1 (or E-1) is a European digital transmission format used to carry data between links. The
E1 line frame is composed of 32 time slots. Those time slots are:
• Time slot 0 is used for synchronization and alarm.
• Time slot 16 is used for signaling
• Timeslot 1-15 and 17-31 are used for carrying data
• It's the equivalent of the North American T-carrier system format. E2 through E5 are
carriers in increasing multiples of the E1 format.
The E1 signal format carries data at a rate of 2.048 million bits per second and can carry 32
channels of 64 Kbps each. E1 carries at a somewhat higher data rate than T-1 (which carries
1.544 million bits per second) because, unlike T-1, it does not do bit-robbing and all eight
bits per channel are used to code the signal. E1 and T-1 can be interconnected for
international use.

CHAPTER THREE
Over All Work Flow of the Organization
3.1 O&M (Operation and Maintenance)

O&M (Operation and Maintenance): is the centralized application of various unit in the
system and function needed to maintain the subsystem also it is dynamic monitoring and
controlling of the network. In Nekemte telecommunication under operation and maintenance
there are many sections. These are core and local switching, RAN (radio access network),
transmission section, power section, performance section.
Ethio Telecom has different departments in different regions. At western region we assigned
to work in operation and maintenance department for all session. This department covers all
Operation and maintenance in case of western region. Operation and maintenance department
Have its own manager.
Under the western region Ethio telecom, we have been working in the O & M department
and the department is consists of six working sections. Each section has its own supervisor.
3.2 Performance Section

This section is a section which has a high responsibility to manage and hold the other work
section of the WR Ethio telecom. The major responsibility of the performance section is
following the work which is done under the other working sections. As an example if the
BTS site alarm is there in the RAN section, the performance section manager follows
whether the site problem is maintained or not within a given days to be maintained. If the site
is not maintained or if it is down the RAN section manager is asked the reason why it is not
maintained. If the problem is the inefficiency of the materials used for maintaining that site,
the performance section will provide the component and the site will be maintained. Like this
the performance section will manage the works of the other sections and this helps the
service to be provided continuously.

3.2.1 RAN (Radio Access Network) Section
Radio access network is base station and switching associated function. It is part of mobile
telecommunication system used to implement radio access technology as well as resides
between devices such as mobile phone a computer or any other controlled machine and
provides connections with its core network .Radio access network section include
GSMA(global system for mobile access)and CDMA(code division multiplexing access).
Under global system for mobile access (GSMA) there is nokia, ZTE, Ericson and Huawei.
But now ZTE is applicable for Nekemte telecommunication due to its cost is cheap. In
Nekemte branch there is only two BSC (base station control) and 240 BTS (base transceiver
station) for GSM. Also MSC (mobile switching control) of GSM is located at Jimma
telecommunication.
Major activities to be done in RAN (radio access network) section are:
 Maintenance of critical alarm that affect the communication
 Expansion of the network
 Optimizing of the network
 Checking and clearing current alarms in the BSC.
 Dealing about down sites with ZTE guys and solve the problems accordingly.
 Dealing about down sites with EEPCO.
Work flow of the of RAN section:
In all section there are three types of employee based on their performing work task. Those
supervisor, technician and technical operator.
 Supervisor: coordinate the technician to perform their task.

 Technician: repair and install the connection of problem.
 Technical operator: observe and record the problem when and where
occurred.

Work tasks I have executed in RAN section
Maintenance during my internship while we are in RAN section we executed different works
tasks.
 Observing the alarm from the software which has connection with base station
controller (BSC) through LAN.
 When sites (BTS) are down i.e. stop working due to different factor it can be seen in
BSC, this BSC is connected to the computer through LAN, then all Activities on BSC
can be operated using computer by software which is prepared for this hardware
(BSC).
3.2.2 Transmission Section

In telecommunications, Transmission is the process of sending, propagating and receiving an
analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber or wireless. Transmission technologies and
schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol duties such as modulation, demodulation,
line coding, equalization, error control, bit synchronization and multiplexing, but the term
may also involve higher-layer protocol duties, for example, digitizing an analog message
signal, and source coding (compression). There are two types of transmission. These are
guided and unguided. Guided transmission medium uses a "cabling" system that guides the
data signals along a specific path. The data signals are bound by the "cabling" system.
Guided Media is also known as Bound Media. Cabling is meant in a generic sense in the
previous sentences and is not meant to be interpreted as copper wire cabling only. Example
of guided medium is twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fibers.
Unguided Transmission Media consists of a means for the data signals to travel but nothing
to guide them along a specific path. The data signals are not bound to a cabling media and as
such are often called Unbound Media. Examples of unguided medium are terrestrial
microwave, satellite microwave and broadcast radio
Now today telecommunication uses two types of transmission medium. These are micro
wave and optical fibers.

Microwave :-transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information or energy
by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of
centimeter; these are called microwaves. Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point
communications because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct
them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This allows
nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without interfering with each
other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Another advantage is that the high frequency of
microwaves gives the microwave band a very large information-carrying capacity; the
microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it.
A disadvantage is that microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation; they cannot pass
around hills or mountains as lower frequency radio waves can. Microwave used to transmit
up to 8E1/16E1 /32E1 channels (combinations of E1 channels plus an Ethernet channels) up
to a distance of 40kms in a “line of sight” installation. To8E1/16E1 /32E1 channels
(combinations of E1 channels plus an Ethernet channels) up to a distance of 40kms in a “line
of sight “installation.
Microwave repeater link is designed to transfer signals from one terminal station to another
without loss of traffic or signal performances
Characteristics of Microwave
 Can be rapidly installed

 Can cross complicated terrains( Rivers, Lakes and Mountains)
 Used for long-haul telecommunications.
 Microwave antennas must be in "line of sight"
 Still viable for right-of-way bypass and geographic obstruction avoidance.
Microwave Applications
 Television distribution.
 Long-distance telephone transmission.
 Private business networks.

Advantages:
 No cabling needed between sites.
 Wide bandwidth.
 Multichannel transmissions.
Disadvantages:
 Line of sight requirement.
 Expensive towers and repeaters.
 Subject to interference -e.g. passing airplanes, rain.
Microwave Impairments
 Equipment, antenna, and waveguide failures.
 Fading and distortion from multipath reflections.
 Absorption from rain, fog, and other atmospheric conditions.
 Interference from other frequencies.
Components of a Microwave System
Digital Modem:-Information Signal comes from different part is called Baseband signal.
The digital modem modulates the baseband signal and intermediate frequency (IF) signal is
obtained IF signal are Upper 350/850 MHz and the lower 140/70 MHz
Radio Frequency (RF) Unit:-To transmit the signal with the microwave IF signal
should be converted to Radio frequency (RF) signal. Up conversion is a process to mix IF
signal and a high-frequency local oscillation signal and output RF signal.
Antenna: The antenna is a passive device that radiates the modulated signal. It is fed by
direct connect of the RF unit, coaxial cable, or waveguides at higher frequencies
An optical fiber: is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass not much thicker
than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or light pipe to transmit light between the two
ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and
application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-
optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication.

Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and
are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and
are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in
confined spaces. Specially-designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications,
including sensors and fiber lasers.
Fiber optics has many advantages. Those are:
 High band width over long distance,
 easy for installation,
 nonconductive,
 data security,
 resistance to electromagnetic interface,
3.2.3 Core Network and Local Switching Section

Core network and refers to the main switching function and high capacity communication
between switches. Under these sections we observe:
Network topology
Transmission mode
Switching
IP address
 Network topology
In communication networks, a topology is a usually schematic description of the arrangement
of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines. There are two ways of defining
network geometry: the physical topology and the logical topology. The physical topology of
a network is the actual geometric layout of workstations. It refers ways in which network is
laid out either physically or logically. There are different types of topology. These are star,
mesh, bus, tree, and ring.

 Transmission mode
In telecommunication transmission is process of sending, propagating and receiving analogue
or digital information signal over physical point-to-point or point to multi point transmission
medium, either wired, optical fibers or wireless. Transmission mode refers direction of signal
flow between two linked devices. There are three types of Transmission mode.
These are:
 Simplex
 half duplex and
 Full duplex.
Among this telecommunication uses full duplex mode of transmission. These types of
transmission mode can send and receive at the same time.
A simplex connection: is a connection in which the data flows in only one direction, from
the transmitter to the receiver. This type of connection is useful if the data do not need to
flow in both directions (for example, from your computer to the printer or from the mouse to
your computer).
A half-duplex connection (sometimes called an alternating connection or semi-duplex): is a
connection in which the data flows in one direction or the other, but not both at the same
time. With this type of connection, each end of the connection transmits in turn. This type of
connection makes it possible to have bidirectional communications using the full capacity of
the line.
A full-duplex connection: is a connection in which the data flow in both directions
simultaneously. Each end of the line can thus transmit and receive at the same time, which
means that the bandwidth is divided in two for each direction of data transmission if the same
transmission medium is used for both directions of transmission.
 Switching
Switches are hard ware devices which are capable of creating connection between two or
more devices. A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that
connects network segments or network devices. The term commonly refers to a multi-port
network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer of the OSI model. A
switch is a telecommunication device which receives a message from any device connected

To it and then transmits the message only to that device for which the message was meant.
This makes the switch a more intelligent device than a hub (which receives a message and
then transmits it to all the other devices on its network.) The network switch plays an integral
part in most modern Ethernet local (LANs).
There are two types of switches. These are: circuit switching and packet switching. Among
these types of switching Nekemte telecommunication uses circuit switching. Advantage of
switching system is:
 One end user for each user
 Flexibility of connection to different locations and saving of lines.
Circuit switching: is a methodology of implementing a telecommunications network in
which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the
network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the
channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit
functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit.
Packet switching: is a digital networking communications method that groups all
transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably sized blocks, called
packets. Packet switching features delivery of variable-bit-rate data streams (sequences of
packets) over a shared network. When traversing network adapters, switches, routers and
other network nodes, packets are buffered and queued, resulting in variable delay and
throughput depending on the traffic load in the network.
3.2.4 Internet Protocol (IP) and IT Section

Ethio telecom’s IP Network is constructed in such a way that it can provide NGN (including
GSM, Fixed NGN, CDMA, IP/Broadband Access Network services including Value Added
Services) at regional cities, major cities, sub cities, and towns. To understand easily this IP
network let us show you its topology.

IP network layers and their functions
1. Gateway layer: This layer deployed in four sites and contains routers mainly functions to
connect to an external network /internet/ The Ethio Telecom has built extensively Ethiopia’s
internet infrastructure to give better and quality internet service. Currently; we have fifteen
international internet links from Bole, Bahirdar, Diredawa and Shashemene gateways. The
Total Upstream /downstream bandwidth are 6475.5/6775.5 in Mbp.
2. Back bone layer: Totally 10 sets of BR (T8000), distributed to five cities and each city
deploys two sets of BR, full meshed connection. This layer is mainly responsible for service
traffic forwarding and high capacity communication facilities.
3. Core layer: This layer is mainly responsible for service traffic forwarding, convergence
and high capacity communication facilities.
4. Edge layer: Provides information exchange b/n the access and core network. It is an entry
point in to carrier/service provider core backbone networks and used for aggregation of core
switches
5. Access layer: Access layer is where broadband access devices and Ethio telecom’s other
networks (GSM, CDMA, and FL-NGN) are connected.

CHAPTER FOUR
Over All Internship Experience and Knowledge Gained
4.1 Power and Environmental Section

Western region telecommunication and corporation uses three different types of power
sources (AC power from ELPA, from solar, generators and batteries). Power and
environmental section is a one section of Western region telecommunication that performs
the management of the following devices such as: Transformers, Generator, Rectifier, Air
conditioner, water sensor, temperature sensor and Tele communication battery.
The main job of this section is managing and facilitating power supplies for this company,
especially for equipment’s. To do this in a best condition this section uses different
equipment’s and limit power specification of equipment’s. This equipment includes:-
1. Commercial AC Power
2. AC Generators
3. Batteries
Power and environmental section is a one section of Nekemte telecommunication, which
performs the management of the following devices such as: transformer, Generator, Rectifier,
Air conditioner, water sensor, temperature sensor and Tele communication battery.
 Generator: is a device that converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy. Generator

has different types, for example Nekemte telecommunication has model of GSW154and
voltage capacity of 415v which can set by Auto (it can set by itself) and by man. In the
generator operations there are two major devices such as: Auto Transfer switches (ATS)
controller and Automatic Transfer System (ATS).
Auto Transfer switch (ATS) controller:
The ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) control products are designed to monitor the AC
mains supply for under / over voltage, under / over frequency and voltage unbalance and
forward a start command on detection of mains supply disproportion. The family of models

provides a wide choice of control features and user configurability options. An ATS is
normally connected to an AMF (Auto Mains Function) generator controller.
The AMF controller reads the current of the incoming power from the national grid
constantly. If the controller senses a dip or power failure from the main supply it will give a
signal to the generator set to start up. The power will then be automatically transferred by the
ATS to the generator supply side. When the mains power supply is restored it will
automatically transfer the incoming power back to the main power supply, and give a signal
to the generator set to switch off. The AMF panel is normally supplied with a slow charging
battery charger which constantly keeps the battery voltage at optimum and thus avoids
having run down batteries in` the event of the generator starting up from standby.
Automatic Transfer System (ATS):
ATS is the self-controlling transport system for automatic loading and unloading of parallel
switched washer disinfectors. The role of ATS (Automatic Transfer System) is to provide the
automatic transfer power for its associated load group from a normal power source,
Such as utility service, to an alternate power source, such as stand by generation, in the event
the normal source fails.
Rectifier: is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction to direct current (DC), which flow only in one direction. The conversion of
AC to DC is needed in telecommunication, because of all equipment’s are operate by direct
current (dc).
Air conditioner: An air conditioner (often referred to as AC) is a home appliance, system, or
mechanism designed to dehumidify and extract heat from an area. The cooling is done using
a simple refrigeration cycle. In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation and air
conditioning is referred to as "HVAC". In Nekemte telecommunication there are different
types of air conditioner in the exchanger room, those are regulate the temperature of all
equipment’s in the exchanger room. It maintain precise temperature for reliable equipment
performance, Emerson network power delivers cooling with comprehensive range of labret

data center cooling solutions, protecting mission critical application from slightest increase in
temperature.
Water sensor: In telecommunication damage occurred by water is probably the least known
threat within system room. The water often cannot be detected, but if it is detected on time, it
is possible to prevent a catastrophic damage to the system and the data. This sensor warms
about leakages in a system room.
Temperature sensor: an increased temperature within server and communication equipment
rack can cause loss of data or incur damage to electronic equipment. Temperature sensor
monitors the temperature, and the user defines range between the minimal and maximal
values. The device notifies the user when temperature exceeds the defined range.
This sensor is ideal for controlling of the computer room temperature and detecting of an
error in air conditioning system, sudden temperature changes and rack overheating.
Tele communication battery: In the application of stationary battery systems for
telecommunications equipment, the equipment is operated on DC power (typically 48 volts
in a central office - main telephone switching center or remote office). During normal
operation when utility power is available,
The telecommunications (load) equipment is operated from the DC power supplied from the
rectifiers, which also serve to maintain full charge on the battery systems. In the event of a
utility failure, the load is supported from the battery until an emergency power source can be
applied, such as a generator.
Automatic transfer power for its associated load group from a normal power source, such as
utility service, to an alternate power source, such as stand by generation, in the event the
normal source fails.
The typical design of a battery in the telecommunications application is to provide DC power
to the load equipment for a minimum of four hours if a generator is also installed at the site.
If a generator is not installed at the site, the typical design of a battery system is to support
the load equipment for eight hours.

4.2 GSMA (Global System for Mobile Access)
Global system for mobile access is most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone
technologies which is 2nd generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and
data delivering using digital modulation. The aim of global system for mobile access services
is to replaces incompatible analog system. It uses variation of TDMA (time division
multiplexing access) and FDMA (frequency division multiplexing access). It digitizes and
compresses data, then sends it down channel with two other streams of user data, each in its
own time slot. It operates between frequency range of 900MHZ and 1800MHZ.
GSM together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General
Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).global system for mobile access services
include:
 Tele services
 Bearer or data services
 Supplementary services
Tele services: is a telecommunication service that enables voice communication via mobile
phone and offered services such as mobile telephone and emergency calling.
Bearer or data services include:
 Various data services for information transfer between GSM and other network link
such as PSTN, ISDN
 Short Message Service(SMS)
 Unified Message Services(UMS)
 Voice Mail Box
 Electronic Mail

Supplementary services: is calling related services such as:
 Call waiting
 Call holding
 Call barring
 Call forwarding
 Multi party call conferencing
Architecture of GSM network

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, and divided in three broad parts.
1. Mobile station: The Mobile Station Performs the switching of calls between the
mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The mobile station (MS) consists
of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so that the user can have access to
subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another
GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that terminal,
and receive other subscribed services. The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key
for authentication, and other information.
2. The Base Station Subsystem (BSS): Controls the radio link with the Mobile
Station. The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station
(BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across the standardized
Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components made
by different suppliers. The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define
a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area,
there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements for a BTS
are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.

The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles
radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described below. The BSC is the
connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching Center (MSC).
3. The Network Subsystem: Network subsystem includes the MSC (mobile switching
center), VLR (Visitor location registrar) and HLR (home location registrar).
The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um interface,
also known as the air interface or radio link. The Base Station Subsystem communicates with
the Mobile services Switching Center across the A interface. The central component of the
Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC). It acts like a normal
switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and additionally provides all the functionality needed
to handle a mobile subscriber, such as registration, authentication, location updating,
handovers, and call routing to a roaming subscriber.
Global system for mobile access system architecture is given below
Fig.3.3 Block diagram of GSMA structure
4.3 Code division multiplexing access (CDMA)

Code division multiplexing access uses code division multiplexing. It is channel access
method used by various radio communication technologies. Code division multiplexing
access refers to any of several protocols used in so called 2 nd and 3rd generation wireless
communication. Code division multiplexing access is a forming multiplexing which allows a
numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available
bandwidth. So, in a way, CDMA multiplexes various signals to be fit into a single given
bandwidth. Usually, CDMA operates in the ultra-high-frequency region, which is mostly
between 800 MHz to 2 GHz.

Code division multiplexing access employs analog to digital conversion or ADC in
combination with spread spectrum. In code division multiplexing access different user uses
the same frequency at the same time but with different spreading code.
Code division multiplexing access has two parts
1) Access network: contain mobile station, base transceiver station and base station
controller
2) Core network: contains components such as MSC (mobile switching control), HLR
(home location control), VLR (vocation location register), AUC (authentication
center) and OAM operation and administration.
Ethio Telecommunication uses a type of CDMA that of technology 2000 1x and
frequency of 450 and 800 MHZ. These types of CDMA service is the core of
CDMA2000 wireless air interface standard which support packet data speed up to
153kb\s with real world data transmission averaging 60-100kb\s in most commercial
application.
Advantage of code division multiplexing access
 Frequency re use is one

 Network design and expanding became much easier
 Good voice quality
 High spectrum capacity at least 4 up to 6 times than GSMA
 Large coverage almost 2 times than GSMA, save money for operator , for example
for cover area of 1000 sqr.km GSMA needs 200 BTS while CDMA needs only 50
BTS
Comparison between GSM and CDMA
Call Quality: This is an area where CDMA scores substantially over GSM. Statistics are
hugely in favor of CDMA. Various factors such as echoes, call dropping, or voice distortion
are almost non-existent in CDMA, whereas in GSM, there is a high probability of errors.

To give you an analogy, the bus on the street will continue to ply even when it's full, but if
the honeycomb has reached full capacity, the honey cannot be deposited.
Carriers: A major difference between GSM and CDMA cell phones is the fact that GSM
cell phones use SIM cards, while CDMA cell phones are directly linked to the carrier. So,
GSM is one step on CDMA as far as carriers are concerned. The law requires CDMA carriers
to provide handsets to users, for which the users cannot change their carriers. Whereas, GSM
users can change their carriers whenever they want. On the other hand in case of handsets
that are enabled by CDMA, you need to change the handset in order to change your service
provider.
Network: It's an ongoing battle between the two. Both the technologies are continuously
improving the qualities of their network and adding various aspects to it as well. So,
coverage is no more an issue with both the technologies reaching virtually all corners of the
world.
Worldwide: There is a special number that every GSM compatible device in the world can
call in case of an emergency. That number is 112. But in CDMA, this cannot be implemented
because of certain technological limitations.
Battery Life: GSM, being a relatively simple technology, uses less amount of cell ph one
battery than CDMA.

Coverage: GSM and CDMA, both have similar network coverage areas. They are present
almost everywhere. The service providers of both technologies are striving hard to cover
whatever areas are left.
Speed: Both GSM and CDMA are rapidly improving their capabilities in this regard. Both
have introduced 3G mobile phones in their fold. The CDMA has introduced EVDO or
CDMA2000 to cement its position in the market and GSM has introduced EDGE (Enhanced
Data Rates for GSM Evolution) to do the same. Both are competing to gain space in this
area.

Building Penetration: Again, during the initial days, both technologies couldn't find
building penetration, but after research in signaling systems, and through experience, service
providers of both technologies have been able to give decent service to the mobile phones in
buildings.
Roaming: Most of the GSM carriers have contract with other carriers, because of which they
provide the roaming service to their customers without roaming charges. On the other side,
very few CDMA carriers provide this facility to their users; and those who do provide it,
charge more as compared to their GSM counterparts.
Network topology of GSM and CDMA
In GSM the BSC (Base Station Controller) is the “brains” of the system because it makes
many decisions that include assigning the following for a mobile customer.BTS, frequency,
and time slot. One BSC will manage between 100 and 200 BTSs. a BTS can handle about 60
mobile customers at the same time.
There is no BSC in CDMA networks. Some of its functions, such as the assignment of Walsh
codes are handled by the BTS. Other BSC functions are handled by the MSC (Mobile
Switching Center). CDMA could be said to use “decentralized intelligence” compared to the
“centralized intelligence” used by GSM. Both GSM and CDMA use an MSC.
Work flow of the of RAN section:

In all section there are three types of employee based on their performing work task. Those
supervisor, technician and technical operator.
Supervisor: coordinate the technician to perform their task.
Technician: repair and install the connection of problem.
Technical operator: observe and record the problem when and where occurred.
Major activities to be done in RAN (radio access network) section are:
o Maintenance of critical alarm that affect the communication

o Expansion of the network

o Optimizing of the network
o Checking and clearing current alarms in the BSC.
o Dealing about down sites with ZTE guys and solve the problem
o Dealing about down sites with EEPCO
Work tasks I have executed in RAN section
Maintenance during my internship when I see in RAN section I executed different

works tasks.
1) Observing the alarm from the software which has connection with base station
controller (BSC) through LAN.
When sites (BTS) are down i.e. stop working due to different factor it can be seen
in BSC, this BSC is connected to the computer through LAN, then all
Activities on BSC can be operated using computer by software which is prepared
for this hardware (BSC)
4.4 Challenges I Face While Performing My Work Tasks& Measures I

Have Taken To Solve the Challenges
1) Fiber optic cable problem: the fiber optic cable are usually transmitted underground,
if certain damage happened to them due to many reason such as road
constructions ,corrosion’s etc. I do not easily know where the problem is.
To overcome this problem the fiber optic which is buried underground used must
have high quality and have enough strength to overcome these situations
2) Sometimes there is network fluctuation and distortion, people cannot easily call or
send SMS, the network is so busy.
To overcome this problem I take measure to build additional Base Transceiver station
(BTS) in the city, because there is no enough BTS’s in the city to give all services
properly.

3) Many words of Ethio telecom software name are abbreviations. Due to this it is
difficult to do any task without knowing that abbreviations. Also computer cannot
open this software without knowing user name and password of a person who
perform that task. Also some computers are inactive due to this it is difficult to do
work rapidly.
To overcome these problems I take measures:
 As soon as I face abbreviation word I refer it from the manual or searching it from
internet as well as asking workers in that section.
 Asking and remembering of username and password of computer on which I
performing work task.
4) Sometime MW dish bend from its original position due to wind and high rain then
unwanted signal or interference should be occurred.
To overcome this situation the antenna technicians must have to check the microwave
dishes while bad weather occurs.
5) The most problem in this company are the fluctuation and disturbance, of commercial
power which come from EPCCO, sometimes this power also totally off. Usually due
this disturbance the devices can easily burnt.
To overcome such a problem the solution I suggest is to distribute enough Generators
in all sites while this problem occurs. Hence the devices cannot easily be burned.
6) The transformer problem. Sometimes the transformer can be out of use, stop
working ,due to many things such as thunders and due to losses , once the
transformer stop working it cannot be easily replaced because it is so
expensive ,while this happen power is off, and hence the devices in the company
Stop working, this means that the customers cannot get the service.
To overcome this problem the transformers must have to check by 6 months,
especially Grounding. Because transformers around this company is out use damaged
most probably due to grounding problem.

7) Many devices in the company such as microwave dishes, antennas, BTS are built on
higher altitude and also these devices are made up of conductors which have high
conductivity. Hence this device can be easily damaged or attacked by different
environmental condition such as thunders. There they can be out of use if I use
conductors copper as grounding purpose.
To overcome this problem what I suggest as solution is Plate grounding rather than
copper grounding. This plate grounding is use by huge flat metal which have higher
conductivity than which the devices made up of. Plate grounding is done by digging
the ground two meters down and fill the hole by sodium chloride (NaCl) and water
then bury the plate.

CHAPTER FIVE
Benefits Gained From Internship
Internships provide opportunities to experiment and pursue careers that match academic and
personal interests. There are many benefits completing an internship including the
development of strong teamwork skills balanced with the exercise of individual
responsibility, the opportunity to experiment with jobs that match academic and personal
interests, the chance to develop industry-specific abilities while enjoying the advantages of
administrational systems. Internships also increase the likelihood of building professional
networking, contacts and mentoring relationships. Internships help students become viable,
experienced job applicants when seeking employment after graduation. In fact, many
employers consider internship experience in the hiring process, and often look to their own
interns as the best potential candidates for full-time positions.
In general, I able to implement my theoretical knowledge on the real world and also I able to
understand what the real world looks like. I had the opportunity to improve my practical
skills, theoretical knowledge, my interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills,
leadership skills and etc. I also had the opportunity to understand about the work ethics and
gain a great knowledge in entrepreneurship skills.
Generally, what I have learnt in the different aspects of practice were mention below briefly
as follows.
5.1 In Terms of Improving My Practical Skills

On this two month of internship I able to get and develop different aspects of practical skill.
These are: -
• I get the chance to introduce our selves to some engineering equipment used for
telecommunication such as:-
 BTS
 BSC
 Microwave antennas
 Generators

 Rectifiers
 Transformers
5.2. In Terms of Upgrading My Theoretical Knowledge

I have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship experience.
Among them I will try to mention some of them.
In addition to the practical skills this program helped us to strengthen my theoretical
knowledge and gain meaningful engineering experience to complement my academic
studies. These are:
 The communication between mobile equipment, BTS, BSC and MSC.
 How mobile equipment communicates every time with around BTS.
 Wavelength used in DWDM and CWDM.
 Understood the Architecture of GSM.
 What is transmission?
 What type of power we are using in telecom?
5.3 In Terms Of Improving Our Interpersonal Communication Skills

During my stay at this site work and office in the past two months I had been able to know
different kinds of people from all walks of life.During the internship experience I had
improved our communication skills in very good manner which we could talk to any person
at the staff with confidence and as easily as possible.
During this time, I have gained confidence on how: -
 to tolerate with each other’s students
 to make discussions as not to harm others
 to accept the ideas of the others
 To respond superior and etc.
As we are working at different parts of the company work, I got the chance to contact
with different people including administrator and labourer. I got a chance to contact
and share ideas and experience with them on their working time.

5.4. In Terms of Improving Our Team Working Skills
It is known that one hand cannot wash itself alone but the two of them can do that. So that
team work is so much important than doing some work alone because this can simplifies the
tediousness of the work and save the time. Teams need people who speak up and express
their thoughts and ideas clearly, directly, honestly and with respect for others and for the
work of the team. That's what it means to communicate constructively. Such a team member
does not shy away from making a point but makes it in the best way possible in a positive,
confident, and respectful manner.
Teamwork has a dramatic effect on organizational performance. An effective team can help
an organization achieve incredible results. A team that is not working can cause unnecessary
disruption, failed delivery and strategic failure. Nowadays it is almost impossible to avoid
being a member of team. If you're not on an official team at work, chances are you function
within one in one way or another. So it's important for my personal and career development
to know our team working strengths and weaknesses. This implies that team work skill is the
backbone of team playing skills. And I completed my tasks on time and without any
complexity of the work. So that we developed our team playing skills by working every
works as a team.
5.5. In Terms of Improving Leadership Skills

The modern view is that through patience, persistence and hard work, I can be a highly
effective leader. At the site I have been able to see different engineers in hierarchy work and
lead the site workers and the engineers under them. During this time I have been able to
observe that one should have great skills to be a leader.
Among them: -
 Good speaking ability.
 To have the ability to listen to others.
 To be decisive.
 Good management skills.
 To know the subject one is working on thoroughly and etc.

I have observed that leadership is a great responsibility that one has to make the team he is
leading initiated and encouraged. This will enable you to get a good result, so that your work
is as perfect as or more than the expected.
5.6. In Terms of Understanding Work Ethics Related Issues

Work ethics are very important part of our personal as well as professional life. With the
proper work ethics, a person become more responsible and focused towards his/her job. The
person also cultivates a sense of achievement around his work. This definitely has some
positive effects on his/her career growth as well as on the progress of the company.
Work ethics means: -
 How one looks at his job,
 What he expects from his job and
 How would he/she go ahead with his/her professions?
 Respecting and accepting others opinion
Ethics at the work place means the positive aspect that makes the work force companion,
like Honesty, integrity, dedication, determination, commitment etc.
On my stay on the site I have very punctual, daily attendant of the work & responsible to my
profession. During this program I had been developed my work ethics.
5.7. Entrepreneurship Skill

After this internship program I strongly believe in entrepreneurship; that means learning
technology without entrepreneurship is nothing.
I understood that being an entrepreneur is not as simple as I have imaged before, rather it is
difficult to run because so many problems are expected to be faced. But it is also profitable,
if you are strong enough to face those problems, and a well-mannered and experienced
managers and human resource are assigned. The great thing that I have learned in terms of
entrepreneurship skill is to be bold to set up any kind of business and become profitable from
it, after you understand the concept of the business and get yourself familiarized with it.

A wide range of skills are seen as entrepreneurial and useful to entrepreneurs, these include
both personal traits and skills:
 Management skills - the ability to manage time and people (both yourself and
others) successfully
 Communication skills and the ability to share ideas and persuade or The
ability to work both as part of a team and independently
 Able to plan, coordinate and organise effectively
 Financial literacy
 Able to research effectively, for example available markets, suppliers,
customers and the competition
 Self-motivated and disciplined
 Adaptable
 Innovative thinking and creative
 The ability to multi-task
 Able to take responsibility and make decisions
 The ability to work under pressure
 Perseverance
 Competitiveness
 Willingness to take risks

CHAPTER SIX
Conclusion
In My intern ship program, I have tried to experience how the working method they use with
respect to the theoretical knowledge I have. It is great to join the Ethiotelecom and get
experienced for the last two months of this year. From this intern I learnt a lot of things
relating with practical works which I know only theoretically on my academic course. Above
all, the main and crucial thing I noticed in this intern is the ways of management.
Coordinating the entire above thing is not an easy thing; it needs special leadership or
capability of management to handle over all possible difficulties that could encounter on
progress of Electric Power Corporation. So, being an engineer, one is expected to have the
following qualities
 Sociable (have good communication skill )

 Actionable(fast responding)
 Problem solving
 work focused
 reliable and responsible for his work
 Reasonable for any fault encountered and Active at any time.
The purpose of this Internship program was to introduce students with working condition and
mostly it helps students to grasp knowledge from practicing the theory which they have been
learning in the class. I have been working in Host Company. This program gave me a good
practical skills and made me familiar to the outside real construction world.
In this paper, I have listed out the major benefits I gained during my internship practice.
Internship is very interesting and gives a lesson on how work is practically flowing and a
way of developing intrapersonal skills with co-workers.

6.1 RECOMMENDATION
Now I would like to recommend the internship to be improved as internship student from
what I face when I am on intern.
 First of all the university must have facilitate the place of internship for his student
strictly that is favorable to follow them while on work. There was a problem with my
university concerning this in fact. Most of intern students are searching company by
themselves with some challenges I know.
 The internship students must have followed in related by the University advisors at
least once per month. The problem I mentioned above favorable is here useful for my
advisors to perform this actions easily.
 The internship student must be evaluated or have a report what they have been
working every months in the form of hard copy or through e-mail to university
advisors. Also there must be a neat communication between the Organization and
University advisors to do this type of evaluation.
 Every help and supports are throughout the duration of internship placement is strictly
required from every department internship concerning body.

REFERENCES
[1]."Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation: Historical Background" Archived 2010-03-08
at the Way back (accessed 30 April 2010)
[2]. "Mobile technologies GSM". Archived from original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 7

November 2013
[3].Toni Janevski, Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks, Artech House
Boston, London, 2003
[4] "Recommendation ITU-T G.992.3 - Asymmetric digital subscriber line transceivers 2

(ADSL2)". Series G: transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks Digital
sections and digital line system Access networks. Telecommunication standardization sector
of ITU. April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2012

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INTERNSHIP REPORT ON WESTERN REGION ETHIOTELECOM 2021G.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

HOSTING COMPANY: ETHIO TELECOM WESTERN REGION DISTRICT

ASTER TAKELE CETE/1223/15

ADVISOR: MR. YOHANNIS BEKUMA

Name ID No Signature Date

Aster Takele CETE/ 1223/15 --------------- --------------

Name of Advisor Signature Date

Mr. Yohannis Bekuma --------------- --------------

Name of Department Head Signature Date

Mr. Yohannis Bekuma --------------- -------------

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page I

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page II

CDMA--------------------------------------------Coarse Division Multiplexing Access

DRMAS------------------------------------------Digital Radio Multi Access System

DWDM- -----------------------------------------Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

ETA- ---------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority

ETC--- -------------------------------------------Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation

EEPCO-------------------------------------------Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

FWA----------------------------------------------Fixed Wireless Access

GPRS---------------------------------------------General Packet Radio Service

GMSC--------------------------------------------Gateway Mobile Switching Center

GSM----------------------------------------------Global System for Mobile Access

ITU -----------------------------------------------International Telecommunication

ISDN----------------------------------------------Integrate Service Digital Network

MSC-----------------------------------------------Mobile Switching Control

NGN-- ---------------------------------------------Next Generation Networking

NOC- ----------------------------------------------Network Operation Center

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page III

PTO------------------------------------------------Public Telecommunications Operator

SDCCH--------------------------------------------Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel

SDH-------------------------------------------------Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SPM------------------------------------------------Service Processing Module

TSM------------------------------------------------Trunk Switching Module

TTS------------------------------------------------Trouble Ticket System

UHF- ---------------------------------------------Ultra High Frequency

USM -------------------------------------------- User Switching Module

ZTE----------------------------------------------Zhengozian Telecommunication Equipment

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page IV

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page V

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page VI

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page VII

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page VIII

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page IX

1.1 Background of Ethio Telecom

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page 1

1.2 Mission, Vision and Value of Western Region Ethio Telecom

 Ethiotelecom shall be an internationally recognized, moving quickly, strong and

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page 2

1.2.3 Values and Principles

1.3 Objective of Ethio Telecom

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page 3

A revolution in telecommunications began in the 19 century with pioneering developments in

 Transmitter: is that takes information and converts it to a signal.

1.5 Main Products or Services of Ethio Telecom

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page 4

Ethio-telecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of high

Fixed line telephony

1.5.1 Mobile Services

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page 5

GOTA SERVICE (Global Open Trucking Architecture)

WU DEPARTMENT OF ECE; COMMUNICATION STREAM Page 6

Wireless broadband internet