WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM: COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP REPORT
NAME: DEBELA GELANA ID.No. CETE 1230/15
ADVISOR: Mr. YOHANES BEKUMA

SUBMISSION DATE: 03/09/2013

NEKEMTE, ETHIOPIA
Declaration
I, Debela Gelana, hereby declare that the internship report is prepared and completed by me
under the supervision and guidance of Mr. Yohannes Bekuma. This report has not been
previously submitted to any other university, college, or organization for an academic,
qualification, certificate, diploma, or degree.

Name of student: _______________________

Signature: ______________
ID. No.: _________________

Approved By:
Name of the Advisor: ___________________________
Signature: ____________

Head of the Department: _______________________

Signature: _________________
Abbreviations
IBTE- Imperial Board of Telecommunication of Ethiopia
ETA- Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency
NGN- Next Generation Network
 DTE-Data Terminal Equipment
PBX- Private Branch Exchange
BTS- Base Transceiver Station
MS- Mobile Station
GSM-Global System for Mobile
CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access
MSC-Mobile Switching Center
BSC- Base Station Controller
VSAT-Very Small Aperture Terminal
PSTN-Public Switching Telephone
MSAG-Multi-Service Access Gateway
LMT- Local Mean Time
CPE-Customer Premises Equipment
ODF- Optical Distribution Frame
SDH-Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
ITU-T - International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications Standards Section
Abstract
The engineering internship is about 464-480 hours (58-60 days) full time work placement
with an industrial partner conducted as an alternative pathway to an engineering thesis for
final year engineering students at Wollega University.
The purpose of internship is to provide engineering students with experience to the world of
engineering practice through a period of work place employment.
This report details the work performed during a 60 days internship placement with the
western regional telecommunication. The report features Western regional ethiotelecom
description including several telecommunication sectors to make clear communication for
subscribers by solving communication challenges of this region.
The future work required to be completed as the continuation of a work performed during
internship placement is presented.
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to express thanks to almighty God. Second, I would also like to
thank Wollega University for organizing the internship program at all for his engineering
students alike.
Again, show appreciation Western Regional Ethiotelecom for permitting the semester
internship to be train with their company.
I would like to express gratitude to Mr. Yohannes Bekuma, the Electrical and Computer
Engineering department Head, Mr. Jemal ____, the Electrical and Computer Engineering
internship student advisor. I would also like to give special thanks to my supervisor, Ato
Talaku _____ and operation and maintence manager, to Esayas ____ and other operation
and maintenance worker who assisted me by sharing their knowledge and experience
throughout their working time in my internship duration. Finally, I would like to show
gratitude to other western regional ethiotelecom workers that gave their knowledge and other
efforts to make me perfect with works.
Table of contents
Abstract…………………………………………………………......I
Acknowledgement………………………………………………. …II
Table of contents…………………………………………………....III
Introduction………………………………………………………. 1
Background of Ethiotelecom…………………………………….. 2
Company mission and values…………………………………
Company objectives, services and products …………………..
3. Management, Training and employee information……………….......
4. Specific job information……………………………………………..
4.1 Radio access network system (RANS) section………………….
4.2 Transmission, Access and Transport section……………………
4.3 Internet protocol (IP) section…………………………………...
4.4 Core network, Local switch and MSAG section………………..
4.5 CPE and Payphone section …………………………………….
4.6 Power and environment section…………………………………
5. Evaluation and Critique……………………………………………...
5.1 Recommendation………………………………………………
 1. Introduction
Western Regional Ethiotelecom is situated in the West of Ethiopia which is found at
Nekemte town 330km from Addis Ababa. This region includes ten sections, such as human
resource, finance, indirect channel, direct channel, fixed network and operation and
maintenance, transport and wireless operation and maintenance, power and environment,
fleet and facility and physical security and 12 shops in different areas.
This is final report for Electrical and Computer Engineering in communication stream
semester internship. The internship was undertaken to finalize this semester industry
internship for engineering students. This specific internship was undertaken at Ethio telecom
western regional district, where duties were assigned providing the experience as a product
specialist. Over the course of internship, a variety of activities were experienced, both
technical and process related. This provide a range of valuable job skills which would be able
to applied in future position both with Ethio telecom and western region division/district in
general.
 2. Background of Ethio Telecom
The introduction of telecommunication in Ethiopia dates back to 1894. Ethiopian
Telecommunications Corporation is the oldest public telecommunications operator in Africa.
In those years, the technological scheme contributed to the integration of the Ethiopian
society when the extensive open wire line system was laid out linking the capital with all the
important administrative cities of the country. After the end of the war against Italy, during
which telecommunication network was destroyed, Ethiopia re-organized the Telephone,
Telegraph and Postal services in 1941. In 1952 the Imperial Board of Telecommunications
Ethiopia (IBTE) was established by proclamation No. 131/52 in 1952. The Board had full
financial and administrative autonomy and was in charge of the provision and expansion of
telecommunications services in Ethiopia.
The Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia, which became the Ethiopian
Telecommunications Authority in 1981, was placed in charge of both the operation and
regulation of telecommunication services in the wake of the market reforms. In 1996, the
Government established a separate regulatory body, the Ethiopian Telecommunication
Agency (ETA) by Proclamation 49/1996, and during the same year, by regulation 10/1996,
the Council of Ministers set up the Ethiopian
Recently, the Ethiotelecom company has been organizational structured by 1 head quarter,6
zonal offices and 8 regional offices providing different services such as fixed telephone,
mobile telephone, internet, CDMA, etc. through its offices. Western region is among 8
regional office and plays vital role in Ethiotelecom on behalf of itself.

2.1. Company Missions and Values

As a continuation of the last five-year plan and after concentrating its efforts on education,
health and agriculture, the Ethiopian government has decided to focus on the improvement of
telecommunication services, considering them as a key lever in the development of Ethiopia
Ethio telecom is born from this ambition of supporting the steady growth of our country.
Ethio Telecom wishes to implement state-of-the-art processes, to develop reliable network
infrastructures and to provide the best quality of services to Customers. This is the mission of
Ethio telecom; that drives all Ethio telecoms actions.
To ensure that Ethio Telecom runs parallel with top telecom operators, the Ethiopian
government has reached an agreement with France Telecom, one of the world’s leader
telecommunication companies. This agreement will help Ethiotelecom to improve its
management capability through the transfer of world-renowned know-how and skills.

While meeting international standards, Ethio Telecom remains faithful to his values:
 Ethio Telecom commit to understand, meet and exceed the telecommunications needs
and expectations of our country at large and of customers in particular
 Ethio Telecom respect customers and recognize that their revenues allow to operate
 Ethio Telecom recognize that the company employees are the most valuable asset and
want to create an efficient corporate management environment that allows them to
develop and grow
 Ethio Telecom will commit to high-level job performance, customer service quality,
organizational excellence and continuous improvement in all areas
 Ethio Telecom will stay motivated and encouraged to meet all the challenges that will
face
 Ethio Telecom will make every effort to achieve a superior financial return
 Ethio Telecom uphold ethical standards, being honest in all assignments
 Ethio Telecom will hold employees accountable to all their stakeholders

2.2 Company Objectives, Services and Products

  In line with its ambitious mission, Ethio Telecom has ambitious goals:
 being a customer centric company
 offering the best quality of services
 meeting world-class standards
 building a financially sound company

 To reach these goals, all Ethio telecom divisions will focus on:
 developing and enhancing network and information system
 ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population
 creating a strong brand
  developing human resources management
 implementing control standard processes
 improving financial, sourcing and facilities processes
Ethio telecom offers a wide range of products and services tailored made for Enterprise
customers and non-enterprise customers. Ethio telecom offer Fixed wire line and wireless
services, mobile services, Internet and Data services as well as 3G services like WCDMA
and CDMA through the newly deployed Next Generation Network (NGN).
Owing to nationwide huge capacity Ethio telecom provide Enterprise customers a reliable
and affordable Internet and data services which facilitate their business and increase their
productivity by connecting them to local and international partners.

2.3. Management, Training and Employee Information  

Western region has many workers in different departments. It is difficult to mention all
departments on this report because of its wideness but, let me mention the main department
of this region.

General Director

Fixed & Transport & Power &

Human
Finance Network Wireless Environme
Resource Operation & Operation & nt
Maintenance maintenance

Indirect Physical
Direct Fleet &
channel
channel Facility security
Environme
channel
Figure2.1: Division of work in Ethiotelecom western region.

Description
A. General director
 Responsible for the Organization and direct/manage all managers of the
departments.
B. Human resource management department
 This department manages human power with the intention that, employee
appraisal is conducted once a year for employee and managers and also used
two types of standardized forms i.e., administrative and clerical, and
management and professional performance evaluation format respectively.
C. Finance. This department manages finance
D. Fixed & Network Operation & Maintenance. This department consist of: FAN,
Switching
E. Transport & Wireless Operation & maintenance. It consists: Fiber optics, RANS,
Transmission, IP & etc.
F. Power & Environment. The main job of this section is managing and facilitating
power supplies for this environment, especially for equipment, refueling.
G. Fleet & Facility. This section is related with store, house maintenance and so on.
H. Indirect channel. This section type of seller which cannot conduct with customer
directly.
I. Direct channel. This section type of seller which can conduct with customer directly
J. Physical security.
 3. Specific Job Information
3.1 Transport and Wireless Operation and Maintenance
This department deals with all operation and maintenance of RAN, core networks,
transmission, exchange, PSTN, IP, Fiber, Optimization so that, this department is back bone
at this level.
After I arrived at my internship place, I visited different Western regional Ethiotelecom
working sections and equipments used for this region.
3.2 Communication Systems
In Telecommunication, communications system or communication system is a collection of
individual communications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations,
and data terminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to
form an integrated whole.
The components of a communications system serve a common purpose, are technically
compatible, use common procedures, respond to controls, and operate in union.

Figure 3.1: Communication Systems

3.3 Types of Communication System
In ethiotelecom there are two types of communication systems to transport network.
1. Microwave communication: uses air as communication medium/media.
2. Fiber communication: uses fiber as communication medium/media

3.4 Transmission Systems

In telecommunications, a transmission system is a system that transmits a signal from one
place to another. The signal can be an electrical, optical or radio signal.
Some transmission systems contain multipliers, which amplify a signal prior to re-
transmission, or regenerators, which attempt to reconstruct and re-shape the coded message
before re-transmission.
The Ethiotelecom objective is to produce high-quality voice, video, and data Communication
between any pair of desired locations, whether the distance between locations is 1 or 10,000
km. The distance between the two locations determines the type of transmission equipment
used for setting up the connection. First, communication over a distance on the order of a few
meters, such as within a building, is done using metallic wires, optical fibers or radio. Any
routing of information within the building is done by switch on the premises, a switch known
as a private branch exchange (PBX). When the distance is extended to a neighboring building
or to span a distance within a village, town, or city, the local telephone network is usually
used. This entails making a connection to the nearest switching exchange by a pair of copper
wires or radio, routing the initiating party to the desired receiving party, and completing the
connection on the recipient’s pair of copper wires, or radio, which are also connected to the
nearest exchange. The next stage of interconnection is intercity or long-distance, connections.
The contenders to fill this role are microwave radio, optical fiber, and satellite. Fierce
competition has emerged among these three technologies. Microwave and satellite
communications are far more mature technologies. For wideband services optical fiber will
no doubt be used in the future.
There are many other instances where the choice between microwave radio and optical fiber
systems are not so clear. The decision might be in favor of satellite or microwave radio for
very rugged terrain or fiber optics for very flat terrain. When the region under consideration
contains both very flat and very mountainous areas, a combination might be suitable.
In addition to above, I have seen various transmission system used to transport information
from one place to another place. Let me see one by one.

3.4.1 Microwave
Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of
microwave towers. Microwave communication is known as a form of "line of sight"
communication, because there must be nothing obstructing the transmission of data between
these towers for signals to be properly sent and received. Additionally, I have seen different
types of microwave dishes directed to different microwave repeaters. This microwave
repeater increases the power gain which will be transmitted from BSC. So that here are
several microwave repeaters available for this region.

Figure 3.2: Microwave repeater link

Figure 3.2 shows a simplified microwave link incorporating just one regenerative repeater
and two end terminal stations. The terminal stations house switching equipment that connects
the customers to the long-distance paths. In this illustration, a large number of customer
signals (around 2000) are multiplexed together into a single signal, ready for transmission
over the microwave link. The signal is converted to the microwave frequency (around6 GHz)
and transmitted over a path of typically 30 to 60 km from station A to the receiving antenna
at the repeater station. The repeater either (1) simply amplifies the signal and sends it off on
its journey using a different microwave frequency to minimize interference, or (2) it
completely regenerates the individual pulses of the bit stream before reconverting the signal
back to a microwave beam for onward transmission. Station B receives the microwave
signal, processes it, and unravels the individual channels ready for distribution to the
appropriate customers at these end users.

3.4.2 Fiber Optic

Fiber-optic communication is now the dominant data transmission method. However,
microwave communication equipment is still in use at many remote sites where fiber-optic
cabling cannot be economically installed.
At present ciscoboarder backbone network is microwave transmission system, as
telecommunication service is becoming in Ethiopia. The existing back bone transmission
system cannot meet the needs of the people. Therefore, ETC confirmed eight optic fiber lines
throughout the country to be built; its main aim is to resolve communication problem of
communication between country capital and states. This Nekemte branch includes eleven
stations (Addis Ababa, Holota, Adis Alem, Welenkomi, Ginchi, Ambo, Guder, Gedo, Ijaji,
Bako, Sire and Nekemte). This Nekemte branch also extended up to Asosa regions by
branching to different western regional towns. Here one SDH 2.5G and one SDH 155M
system is equipped in the route.
All optical fiber out from or into all stations terminated at the termination box on the Optical
Distribution Frame (ODF). An optical distribution frame (ODF) is a frame used to provide
cable interconnections between communication facilities, which can integrate fiber splicing,
fiber termination, fiber optic adapters & connectors and cable connections together in a
single unit.
The termination box connected to flange; using single ended pigtail fibers, and connected to
SDH equipment using dual ended pigtail fibers with FC/PC. The 34Mbits/s (E 3) or 2Mbits/s
(E1) port of SDH equipment connected to ODF in the equipment rooms. Using coaxial RF
cables. The155M outlet fibers of the branches terminated on ODF in the transmission rooms,
using dual ended pigtail fibers with FC/PC. In this transmission system communication
cables includes trunk cables, pigtail fibers, clocking wire and alarm wires and network wires.
All these cables run in cable trays and placed in order and bound fitly.

3.5 Radio Access Network System (RANS) Section

In this section I have seen different types of BTS, BSC different vendors’ equipments. That
equipment plays their own role for mobile communication. Let us discuss in short and brief.

3.5.1 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): -

BTSs- houses the radio transceiver of the cell and handles the radio links protocols with the
mobile.
-connects to a number of mobile stations (MSs) and each MS establishes connection
through the user interface um where um is the ISDN U interface for mobile.
-A BTS is also connected to a BSC at through the A bis interface which transmits and receives
data. With four multiplexed channels of 16 kbps or with a 64-kbps channel. BSC is
connected to an MSC in the networking and switching layer using an interface A.
Broadly there are two mobile communication technologies this is categorized as CDMA and
GSM. Let us see in short.
GSM: - Is global system for mobile where each channel is divided into timeslots and each
conversation uses one time slots. In GSM many conversations are multiplexed into a single
channel.
CDMA: -Is code division multiple accesses and all users share the same frequency all the
time. To pick out the signal of specific users this signal is modulated with a unique code
sequence.
To understand easily the architecture of GSM is as shown below. Remember that the
architecture of GSM and CDMA is similar.
Figure: Base Transceiver Station
In this section I seen two BTSs. one BTSs operate to 900MHZ which is corresponds to
outside Nekemte town for rural areas of Nekemte town. The other BTS is operates to
1800MHZ which is used for Nekemte town. These BTSs is corresponds to GSM.
Similarly, two CDMA’s BTSs is found in this section which is operates to frequency of
800MHZ and 450 MHZ which is used to cover town and rural area of Nekemte respectively.
Each part of the architecture plays his vital role.
MSC: -Mobile switching center which is used for switch plus everything for mobile
subscribers like registration, authentication, handovers, call routing, connection to fixed
networks.

3.5.1.1 Main Function Performed by the BTS

 Formation of cells using appropriately directed antenna
 Processing of signals
 Amplification of signals to acceptable strength so that they can be transmitted without
loss of data.
 Channel coding and decoding (for example, coding voice into bits so that it can be
transmitted at 13kbps and decoding received coded signals back to voice).
 Frequency hopping/springing so that multiple channels for various mobile stations
can operate simultaneously using different channel band frequencies
3.5.2 Base Station Controller (BSC)
In this room there are four racks/two BSCs/ which are used to control western & Asosa
region Ethiotelecom BTSs and it manages radio resources (channel set up, hand over) for one
or more BTSs.
3.5.2.1 Important Functions Performed by the BSC
 Processing of signals
 Controlling signals to the connected BTSs and control of handover of signals from
one BTS to another with in a BSS
 Control of handover of the signals from BSC to MSC (Mobile switching center)
 Mapping a signal of a channel at a given instant receives signals from a BTS at 16
kbps through and interface to MSC at 16 kbps
 Alternatively, may have to interface to a PSTN switching center at 64 kbps through a
fixed line network.
 Reserving radio frequencies and frequency hopping (For example, multiple BTSs
operate simultaneously by using the different frequencies at a given instant)
 Location registry for the MSs
 Authentication, encryption, and decryption of data

3.5.3 BSC and BTS Maintenance System

Daily Routine Maintenance. This includes:
1. Equipment environment: -This includes temperature requirement 15oc_30oc.
2. Equipment running status: -This can be:
A. querying the alarm information
B. running status of boards: -It is required to check whether the indicators for each board in
the rack are normal. If any alarm indicator is on, it is required to maintain and eliminate the
fault. By the different flashing meaning of the indicators’ I can determine the running status
of the equipment.
Regular routine maintenance: -This can be considered as:
1. Checking BTSs and BSC rack modules: -checking the amount, model and version of the
spare modules once a week.
2. Hardware checking: - This includes cleaning the rack, checking power cables and ground
cables
Typical maintenance method: -In daily maintenance, several typical maintenance methods
can be used as follows:
1. Observation method: -Locating the fault by viewing the alarm information of the Local
Mean Time (LMT) of the BTS. The observation method is the first method the maintenance
personnel should use in case of fault occurrence. Making a correct judgment on the
observation result is a key step for correct analysis and handling of the Fault. Therefore, the
maintenance personnel must be very familiar with the indicator statuses of the boards, and
fully aware of the meanings of the alarm information of different levels on the LMT of the
BTS.
2. Plugging/unplugging method: - When a circuit board is initially found faulty,
plug/unplug the circuit board and the external interface connector to eliminate such faults as
poor contact or processor abnormality. Make sure that the board must be hot-swappable
when this method is applied.
3. Replacing method: -The replacing method is to check the fault by replacing the circuit
board in question with a normal circuit board. When the plugging/unplugging method fails,
the replacing method can be applied.
4. Isolation method: -When a part of the system is faulty, the involved circuit board or racks
can be isolated to check whether the fault comes from mutual impact. For example, a typical
application of the isolation method is to self-loop the I/O interface of a circuit board so as to
isolate and solve the problem of the related system.
5. Self-test method: -When the system or circuit board is powered on again judge if there is
any fault by way of self-test.
Usually, when a circuit board is re-powered on for self-test, the indicators on its panel will
flash regularly, so that I can check whether the circuit board itself is faulty.
6. Pressing method: -Such faults as poor contact can be removed by pressing the chips and
cable connectors.
3.6 VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to
use conventional means. The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their
communication. One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called an
Uplink. The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth
station. This is called a Downlink.
The Broadband VSAT is a satellite system especially applied to the remote areas of the
country. The country uses the Broadband VSAT network for the provision of triple play
services for high schools, universities, research centers, Woredas and Non-Governmental
organizations.
School Net: with the aim of providing similar standard education to high schools
throughout the nation, the program was launched in February 2004. At this time 1093
high schools and preparatory are getting the service with the help of 12 channels; in
addition to this the 197 of the high schools have got access to internet service with a
capacity of 256kbps.
Woreda Net: The Woreda Net Network has enabled woreda centers of the country
with the opportunity to use voice, data and multimedia services. At this point in time
631 woredas are getting data, internet and Video conferencing service with a
maximum capacity of 512kbps.
Agri Net: This Agri Net Network has a total of 35 VSAT stations which are
agricultural institutions connected with each other and the federal government for
Internet service.
The advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication are:
 The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center of the
coverage area.
 Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
 Higher Bandwidths are available for use
The disadvantages of satellite communication:
 Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
 Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
  There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than in terrestrial
communication

3.7 Power and Environment Section

This section is one of the important parts of the Ethiotelecom division section. The
main job of this section is managing and facilitating power supplies for this
environment, especially for equipment. To do this in a best condition this section uses
different equipment and limit power specification of equipment. This equipment
includes: -
1. HF- switch:
 380v triple-phase with five lines and 220v single phase with three lines can be
accessed.
 frequency: 50HZ
 lighting protection added
 warning of high voltage and AC failure; marking civil power and generator.
2. AC power supply:
 This includes generators and hydroelectric power
3. Rectifier: -
 AC 220V input; DC 48V out put
 function of floating charge, averaging current, converting
 warning of high and low voltage
 Adjusting scope of DC voltage output: -50V--59V
 Adjusting scope of equalize voltage: -50V-60V
4. DC power supply system:
 warning of DC high voltage output, low voltage output and without
 Two times discharging and battery low voltage protected.
5. Non maintenance storage battery:
 low self-discharge
 flow and equalize charge of battery is in constant voltage
 the steel anti-seismic rack or stand rack is used to fix the storage batteries.
3.8 Transmissions Equipment’s and Their Functions
3.8.1 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
for a high capacity telecom network.
a synchronous digital transport system, aim to provide a simple, economical and
flexible telecom infrastructure.
This is the information structure used to support information payload and overhead
information organized in a block frame structure which repeats every 125 micro
seconds.
The basis of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is synchronous multiplexing -
data from multiple tributary sources is byte interleaved.

1.8.2 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)

The wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) multiplexes several or dozens of optical
signals with different wavelength and transmits them in a same fiber

1.8.2.1 Two Types of WDM:

1. CWDM (Course wavelength division multiplexing).
2. DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing).
1. What is CWDM?
Course wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) is a method of combining
multiple signals at various wavelengths (nm) for transmission along fiber optic cables. A
wavelength is a measure of distance between two identical peaks (high points) or troughs
(low points) in a wave -- a repeating pattern of traveling energy like light or sound.
2. What is DWDM?
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-optic transmission technique
that employs light wavelengths to transmit data parallel-by-bit or serial-by-character.
DWDM Operating wavelength: C - band & L - band
 C - band coverage: 1528-1561nm
 L - band coverage: 1577-1603nm
The working wavelength of DWDM system is:
 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm)
  Frequency range: 192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz
 Channel interval: 100 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±20 GHz (at rate lower than 2.5 Gbit/s); ±12.5 GHz (at rate
10 Gbit/s)
1.8.3 Optical Transport Network (OTN)
 Is the latest TXN technology & is 100G.
 DWDM are replaced by one OTN.
 OTN is better than DWDM by the following improvements:
i. Increase transport capacity
ii. Decreases number of service cards.
iii. Gives up to 100G capacity at once, Where for DWDM is 10G.
1.8.3.1 Function Units for OTN
I. OPU（Optical Channel Payload Unit）：
 client signal mapping
II. ODU（Optical Channel Data Unit）：
 Encapsulation for client signal, protection for OTN, trace supervision, communication
III. OTU（Optical Channel Transport Unit）
 OTN framing, FEC, communication
 4. Internet protocol (IP) and IT section
Ethio telecom’s IP Network is constructed in such a way that it can provide NGN (including
GSM, Fixed NGN, CDMA, IP/Broadband Access Network services including Value Added
Services) at regional cities, major cities, sub cities, and towns. To understand easily this IP
network let us show you its topology.

Figure 4.1: Over all ETC IP NGN network Topology

4.1 IP Network Layers and Their Functions

1. Gateway layer: This layer deployed in four sites and contains routers mainly functions to
connect to an external network /internet/
The Ethio Telecom has built extensively Ethiopia’s internet infrastructure to give better and
quality internet service. Currently; we have fifteen international internet links from Bole,
Bahirdar, Diredawa and Shashemene gateways. The Total Upstream /downstream
bandwidth is 6475.5/6775.5 in Mbps
2. Back bone layer: Totally 10 sets of BRs (T8000), distributed to five cities and each city
deploys two sets of BRs, full meshed connection. This layer is mainly responsible for service
traffic forwarding and high capacity communication facilities.
3. Core layer: This layer is mainly responsible for service traffic forwarding, convergence
and high capacity communication facilities.
4. Edge layer: Provides information exchange b/n the access and core network. It is an entry
point in to carrier/service provider core backbone networks and used for aggregation of core
switches

Fig 4.3 Configuration of Edge layer

5. Access layer: Access layer is where broadband access devices and ethio telecom’s other
networks (GSM, CDMA, FL-NGN) are connected.

4.2 Core Network, Local Switch and MSAG Section

Core network: A core networks the central part of a telecommunication network that
provides various services to customers who are connected by the access network. One of the
main functions is to route telephone calls across the PSTN. Typically, the term refers to the
high capacity communication facilities that connect primary nodes. Core/backbone network
provides paths for the exchange of information between different sub-networks
Core network includes three parts: -
1. Soft switch: A soft switch has revolutionized telecom industry. Gone are the days of
conventional voice switches. These days, a soft switch can work with voice, fax and video,
contributing much to the recent telecommunication revolution. As a matter of fact, a soft
switch is a virtual device/software that connects calls from one line to another. Since this is a
virtual tool, it is entirely managed via computer.
2. Media gateway: A Media Gateway acts as a translation unit between disparate
telecommunications networks such as PSTN; Next Generation Networks; 2G, 2.5G and 3G
radio access networks or PBX. As the Media Gateway connects different types of networks,
one of its main functions is to convert between the different transmission and coding
techniques.
3. Public switching telephone (PSTN): -The basic service of PSTN refers to the basic call
connection functions provided by the switch, inter office call, local call, national toll call,
international toll call, tendem call and others.
4. MSAG:-MSAG (Multi-Service Access Gateway), a reliable device of medium capacity
and carrier class rolled out by ZTE, mainly develops VOIP services and broadband data
services over the IP MAN or backbone network, and is primarily based on the accessing of
ADSL or VDSL to realize the voice and data services simultaneously. Also, it can access the
corporate users like enterprises by deploying the inner LAN to provide IP phone services.
5. Local switch: -Is the telephone exchange in the PSTN directly serving subscribers. This
serves includes dial tone, calling, features and additional digital and data services to
subscribers using the local loop.
 5. The skill I acquired during the internship
During this internship I gained different skills some of this are: -
Listening skills: These skills enable me to recognize what another person is saying.  They
comprise new ways of responding so that the other person feels his troubles and feelings
have been understood. And I respond immediate thing to the speaker man.
Speaking skill: in this skill I can speak to every person for my or his want to fill.
Conflict-resolution skills: These skills enable me to resolve or manage conflicts effectively.
Especial in my work section during project execution the difference of idea is obvious so that
to overcome such idea overlap as a team a used to different mechanism of conflict resolution.
for the future I will enter into different organization in that organization different employee is
their they may be occurred conflict so I can resolve the problem as I learn during two-month
intern ship.
Asking skill: I ask questions so I am sure of the objectives of the team.
Communication skill: I have improved formal communication skill, with the help of my
associates; I have found many options to develop these skills.

5.1 My Responsibility in the organization.

The responsibility I had obeying during my internship is respecting working ethics like:
arriving on time(punctuality),
cooperation with coworker,
accepting and respecting daily duties given by my supervisor and the like.
During my internship period the other responsibility given for me is covering all operation
and maintenance department sections and I have successfully seen all these sections
accordingly which is crucial for my stream.
I was trouble when I was working in operation and Maintenance section while
telecommunication networks, data communication and fiber optics and telecommunication,
course is a base for these sections. Therefore, to be successful in my practice I decided to
read manual and soft copy after that I continued practical work.
The other course I advanced while I on intern is Antenna system and design. It is also the
basic in some of antenna related like MSAG, BTS, BSCs and the like configurations.
The other one is Electromagnetic wave and propagation is also the basic one for such alike
work, every wave can move from one any type of antenna to another in the form of Radio
wave, microwaves and fiber optics to transmissions and receiving.
5.2 Data gathering methodology
Primary source
Interview:-I have used this technique by directly contacting the organization employees
such as ICT head and network administrator.
Observation: -by using this technique I observed really what the situation and the general
interconnection of the network is look like.
Secondary source
Document analysis: - I have tried to refer several documents which are related to my
document and tried to analyze them.

5.3. Evaluation and Critique

Today all of the worlds are becoming to one neighbor district through globalization and
technology development in high speed, if you need any things from this world there is a
competition beside of you. Therefore, to become a competent of as such you have to know in
every direction around that you are focusing for. Internship is the basic knowledge full for
every student living in this globalized world. There is knowledge at every work industry the
same as that of at school, even if there is a problem with some industries to give you a chance
for more working accessibility intern students can get more knowledge more. So, I am one
of that! I got more knowledge related to my field from this company and I also know the
working behavior, in general as I already explain it so far what I got from this intern. Any
like explained above problem can be solved by the Universities or collages internship
committee or other concerning parts for his trainees benefit to get productive human from
this career, unless it is just merely losing a country resource and human mind. I extremely
blame especially electrical department Intern holder. I never ever visited whether I on
working or not. Every intern owner must have to follow and communicate to help his trainees
at every time needed. As such is so worthy!
Finally, since modern technologies are dynamic to go with recent technologies any education
should be supported by education tour for each related course. To do so, the university
should facilitate education trip in addition to internship.

6 Recommendation and Conclusion

6.1 Recommendation
Now, I would like to recommend the internship to be improved as internship student from
what I face when I am on intern.
 First of all, the university must have facilitated the place of internship for his student
strictly that is favorable to follow them while on work. There was a problem with our
university concerning this in fact. Most of intern students are searching company by
themselves with some challenges I know.
 The internship students must have followed in related by the University advisors at
least once per month. The problem I mentioned above favorable is here useful for my
advisors to perform this action easily.
 The internship student must be evaluated or have a report what they have been
working every month in the form of hard copy or through e-mail to university
advisors. Also, there must be a neat communication between the Organization and
University advisors to do this type of evaluation.
 Every help and supports are throughout the duration of internship placement is strictly
required from every department internship concerning body.
 Finally; in my report I wanted to describe the topology of Nekemte BSC but because
of shortage of available space I haven’t described on this report.
6.2Conclusion
During my internship program I have got a lot of knowledge in terms of improving my
practical skill. The various types of orientation programs, tasks and trainings that I have
been undertaking during this past two months on the site enhanced my knowledge in
telecommunication. I am very glad to see that what I have learnt in the university can be a
repeated in the working world. I was able to apply my theoretical knowledge of designing
and construction works in the real life situation.
This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works can
be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in
operation and maintenance department of west region telecommunication . I was able to
acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise in an operation and
maintenance.
During these past two months, I have been able to see the different theoretical aspects,
methodologies. I have been fulfilling my curiosity in learning practically operation and
maintenance of transmission devices well in this internship program.

References
1. Pond, Norman H (2008). The Tube Guys. Russ Cochran. p. 170. ISBN 9-780-9816-
9230-2
2. Umberto Casiraghi (May 21, 2010). "A vintage document: Reference Radio Link
Telettra on the Red Sea, 360km and world record". Telettra. Retrieved 2012-10-02 –
via Facebook.
3. Slyusar, Vadym. (2015). First Antennas for Relay Stations (PDF). International
Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 21–24 April 2015, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
pp.  254–255.
4. Mattausch, J. (16 January 1898). "Telegraphie ohne Draht. Eine Studie" [Telegraph
without wire. A study] (PDF). Zeitschrift für Elektrotechnik (in German).
Electrotechnics Vereines in Wien. XVI (3): 35–36 – via www.slyusar.kiev.ua.
HLR:-database of all users plus current location
VLR:-database of users plus roamers and catches the HLR.
EIR:-database of valid equipment.
AuC:-database of users’ secret keys