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Mayorga R., Sánchez J.E., Gutiérrez R.F., Calixto-Romo M. (2017) Degradation of sodium metamizole by enzymatic extracts
from some white rot fungi. – Sydowia 69: 205–214.
White rot fungi are known for their highly efficient ability to degrade environmental pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals. We
investigated the ability of enzymatic extracts from Auricularia fuscosuccinea, Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Agrocybe
aegerita, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. djamor and P. eryngii to degrade the analgesic drug metamizole. The formation of 4-MAA and
4-AA metabolites was also monitored. Total degradation of 50 mg l-1 of the drug was achieved with the extract obtained from A.
fuscosuccinea ECS-210 within three days. Under the best conditions (pH 5.6, 35 °C and 110 rpm), the degradation profile followed
the behavior of pseudo-first order kinetics with a coefficient k = 0.0779 L mg-1h-1. The enzymatic activity tests showed evidence
for the presence of laccases, lignin peroxidases and phenoloxidases.
Keywords: pharmaceutical products, metabolites, ligninolytic enzymes, enzymatic activity, bioremediation, dipyrone.
The manufacture of a wide range of pharmaceu- There is evidence that these pollutants produce
ticals, such as analgesics, antidepressants, anti-in- impacts such as: molting errors, hatching, anatomi-
flammatories and antibiotics, to meet the health cal deformities, sub-lethal changes in plant growth,
needs of our society is steadily increasing (Yongjun changes in the sexual ratio of higher organisms,
et al. 2008, Miceli et al. 2014, He et al. 2016). In differ- changes in biogeochemical cycles and transmission
ent countries of Europe and North America, ibupro- of resistance genes to antibiotics, variation in the
fen, clofibric acid and carbamazepine are just some rhythm of life, reduction in fertility, change of sex
of the drugs most commonly consumed (Marco et al. condition by hormones, toxic reproductive effects
2009). About 50000 drugs were registered in Germa- and death (Stuart et al. 2012).
ny for human consumption, 2700 of which accounted Sodium metamizole [sodium; [(1,5-dimethyl-
for 90 % of total consumption and contained about 3-oxo-2-phenylpyrazol-4-yl)-methylamino] meth-
900 different active substances (Glaeske 1998, Küm- anesulfonate] is an analgesic and antipyretic used
merer 2001). After application, many of them are ex- in hospitals as a post-operative treatment. Once
creted non-metabolised by the patients and enter consumed, it is hydrolyzed into its main metabolite,
into wastewater and eventually reach drinking wa- 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) (Ergün et al.
ter if they are not biodegraded or eliminated during 2004), which then results in other metabolites, such
sewage treatment (Kümmerer 2001, 2010). The main as 4-amino antipyrine (4-AA), 4-acetylamino anti-
wastewater sources where they are found are phar- pyrin and 4-formyl amino antipyrin (4-FAA) (Küm-
maceutical industrial areas, hospitals and domestic merer 2004, Szabó et al. 2013), via enzymatic reac-
areas (Ternes et al. 2006, Gomez et al. 2007, Kosjek et tions.
al. 2007, Quesada et al. 2009). Depending on the Different studies show the presence of dipy-
physicochemical properties of the drugs, these sub- rone metabolites 4-MAA, 4-FAA and 4-AAA at
stances can reach and contaminate the groundwater concentrations of 1486–4304, 3.40–10.1 and 7.30–
or be retained in the soil and accumulate, which may 25.00 μg l-1, respectively, in various residual and
affect aquatic life and humans through the food superficial water discharges (Martínez et al. 2007,
chain (Andreozzi et al. 2002, Nash et al. 2004, Fent et Feldmann et al. 2008, Pérez 2008). Advanced oxi-
al. 2006, Barceló & López 2007, Schäfers et al. 2007, dation processes (AOPs), such as electro-fenton,
Gómez 2011, Watanabe et al. 2012). photo-fenton and photocatalysis with TiO2, have
Auricularia fuscosuccinea ECS-0210 Isolated from the region of Tapachula, Chiapas Castillejos-Puón et al. 1996, Yanez
,Mexico (Also ATCC 200735) et al. 2015, 2016
Lentinula edodes ECS-0401 Instituto de Ecología IE-40, Xalapa, Mexico/ Mata et al. 1990, Gaitán- Hernán-
Hong Kong dez et al. 2014.
Ganoderma lucidum ECS-0502 Guatemala Sánchez et al. 2000.
Agrocybe aegerita ECS-1009 INRA, Bordeaux, France (SM-51) Morales and Sánchez 2017.
Pleurotus ostreatus ECS-0152 Colegio de Posgraduados, Mexico (CP-50) Morales et al. 1995.
P. djamor ECS-0123 Isolated from the region of Tapachula, Chiapas, Moreno-Ruiz et al. 2014.
Mexico
P. eryngii ECS-1258 INRA Bordeaux, France (961006) -
Degradation of sodium metamizole with crude en- ríguez et al. 1999). A reaction mixture containing
zymatic extract 0.01 % phenol red, 0.1 M sodium succinate (pH 4.5),
100 mM MnSO4, 0.2 mM H2O2 and crude enzymatic
Each of the strains under study was inoculated
extract was used to determine the manganese per-
in 20 g of their respective substrate. When coloniza-
oxidase activity. The reaction was stopped after ten
tion of the substrate was completed, 50 mL of 0.1 M
minutes by adding 5 N NaOH. The increase in ab-
acetate buffer solution (pH 4.6) was added. Subse-
quently, each of the substrates of the studied strains sorbance at 610 nm was monitored (ε610 = 22000 M–1
was macerated, filtered using Whatman No. 2 filter cm–1, Wariishi et al. 1992). The lignin peroxidase ac-
paper, and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min. Then, tivity was measured using a reaction medium con-
15 ml of the recovered supernatant (crude enzymat- sisting of 2 mM H2O2, 2 mM veratryl alcohol
ic extract) was taken and sterilized with 0.22 μm (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) in 4 M sodium tartrate buff-
pore size syringe filters, and were subsequently er (pH 3.0) and crude enzymatic extract. The reac-
poured into a flask together with a solution of meta- tion was started by adding hydrogen peroxide. The
mizole sodium (100 mg l–1) to adjust the mixture to absorbance change was read at 310 nm (ε310 = 9300
a final concentration of 50 mg l–1. The flasks were mol l–1 cm–1, Tien & Kirk 1984).
placed on an orbital shaker (Labconco) at 110 rpm To determine the phenol oxidase activity, the re-
at 25 °C for 6 days in the dark. action medium contained 0.1 M catechol prepared
The effects of temperature and pH on the remov- in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and enzyme ex-
al of the drug were evaluated for the strain extract tract. The absorbance change was read at 420 nm
that presented the highest degradation (A. fusco- (ε420 = 3450 mol l-1 cm-1, Ögel et al. 2006). To measure
succinea). For this purpose, a factorial design was the aryl alcohol oxidase activity, the reaction mix-
used (32), where the first factor, pH, was evaluated at ture consisted of 1 mM veratryl alcohol, 50 mM po-
the levels of 4.6, 5.6 and 6.6, and the second factor, tassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and the crude
temperature, was studied at the levels of 35, 45 and enzyme extract. The formation of veratraldehyde
55 °C. Determination of residual metamizole con- was read at 310 nm (ε310 = 9300 mol l–1 cm–1, Oka-
centration was performed every third day, unless moto & Yanase 2002). A unit of enzyme activity is
indicated differently, using HPLC. All tests were defined as the amount of enzyme required to trans-
performed in triplicate. form 1 μmol of substrate per minute under the test
conditions (μmol min-1).
Enzymatic activity
Determination of proteins
The laccase activity was determined in a reac-
tion mixture in a buffer solution containing 0.1 M Total protein determination was performed
sodium acetate (pH 5.0), 1 mM 2,2’-azino-di (3-eth- based on the Bradford method (1976). For this pur-
ylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and crude en- pose, a calibration curve was prepared using known
zymatic extract. The increase in absorbance was dilutions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the
monitored at 436 nm (ε436 = 29300 M–1 cm–1, Rod- standard. The absorbance reading was performed at
Fig. 2. Degradation profile of sodium metamizole using the enzyme extract from strains previously cultured in the presence of the
drug (A) and without the drug (B). Bioassay conditions: pH = 4.6, T = 25 °C, agitation = 110 rpm, time = 6 days in the dark.
The tests performed to evaluate the degradation To study the performance of the crude enzymatic
of sodium metamizole using crude enzymatic ex- extract from A. fuscosuccinea, additional tests were
tract were carried out under two different condi- performed with a degradation time of 6 h. The re-
tions: In the first group, all the strains under study sidual concentration of metamizole was monitored
previously colonized the substrate in the presence in these tests, as well as the concentration of its two
of 50 mg l-1 sodium metamizole. In the second group, metabolites, 4-MAA and 4-AA (Fig. 3). A control
colonization of the substrate was carried out in the test was also performed to discriminate the reduc-
absence of the drug. Fig. 2 shows that in both test tion of the residual drug concentration due to fac-
groups, only Auricularia fuscosuccinea extract de- tors other than those evaluated. In the ANOVA per-
graded metamizole sodium to levels below the limit formed on the data obtained in the control tests, the
of detection during the first three days of degrada- concentration remained unchanged during treat-
tion. Pleurotus eryngii extract achieved a degrada- ment (d.f. = 4, F = 0.445, p = 0.774).
tion rate of 96 % in 6 days, while the decrease in the Tests carried out with advanced oxidation pro-
initial drug concentration remained in the range of cesses, such as homogeneous photocatalysis with
50–75 % for the other extracts. The ANOVA per- photo-Fenton (Pérez et al. 2007), photocatalysis
formed on the results obtained in these tests high- with TiO2 (Pérez 2008), fenton and photo-fenton
lighted the existence of a significant interaction be- (sekhar & kumar 2014) and the electro-fenton pro-
tween the strains under study and the time of deg- cess (Barros et al. 2014), have been applied for the
radation (Tab. 2), and this was observed in two degradation of dipyrone and 4-MAA with a degra-
batches of the tests (p <0.001 in both cases). dation rate of approximately 95 % in a reaction
From the obtained results, it was observed that a time of 0.5 h. However, no biological treatments are
decrease in the initial concentration of the drug was reported for this molecule or any of its metabolites
influenced not only by the strain used but also by generated. Regarding the time of biodegradation
the conditions of the substrate (with and without for these types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
metamizole). This can be attributed to the fact that drugs (NSAIDs), similar results have been reported
the enzyme system possessed by each strain differs using the strain Trametes versicolor. Marco et al.
in the affinity for the substrate or the ability of the (2010a) achieved a degradation rate of 94 % for di-
fungi to produce one or more enzymes responsible clofenac in the first hour of the reaction, and it was
for degradation (Wesenberg et al. 2003, Dávila & not detected in the liquid medium after 4 h. Tram-
Vázquez 2006). It is probable that the presence of etes versicolor has also demonstrated its ability to
metamizole in the preculture substrate influenced biodegrade naproxen by achieving 95 % removal in
less production of ligninolytic enzymes. Rodríguez 5 h, and it completely eliminated ketoprofen after
et al. (1999) observed that an increase in enzymatic 24 h (Marco et al. 2010b,c).
activities in the crude extract of the genera Bjer- Figure 3 shows that in the first 15 min, a decrease
kandera, Pleurotus, Phanerochaete, Sporotrichum of more than 20 % of metamizole content is ob-
and Trametes was correlated to their ability to de- served, and 4-MAA and 4-AA are formed as prod-
colorize the extracellular medium. In contrast, Yan- ucts of that degradation at the same time (Bocca et
ez et al. (2016) demonstrated a decrease in the lac- al. 2007, Feldmann et al. 2008). Afterward, metami-
case and phenoloxidase activities in A. fuscosuc- zole decreases steadily for up to 4 h of contact, while
cinea after eight days in extracts with endosulfan the metabolites produced stabilize. The fact that
compared to those that did not contain it. 4-AA does not accumulate further suggests it is
Tab.2. ANOVA of repeated measures of degradation test data using crude enzyme extract.
* SCPM: substrate colonized in presence of metamizole. **SCWM: Substrate colonized without metamizole.
Fig. 4. Effect of pH and temperature on the degradation of sodium metamizole by an enzymatic extract of A. fuscosuccinea. Box:
Degradation rate. Bioassay conditions: agitation = 110 rpm, time = 6 h in the dark, pH (4.6, 5.6, 6.6), temperature A) 35 °C, B) 45
°C and C) 55 °C
Fig. 5. Enzymatic activity and specific activity in the crude extract from A. fuscosuccinea under varying pH conditions. Laccase
(Lac), Lignin peroxidase (LiP), Manganese peroxidase (MnP), Phenol oxidase (FO) and Aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO). Columns with
the same capital letter are not statistically different, according to Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).
ing at pH 5.6 at a temperature of 35 °C. The results wastewater. Journal of Enviromental Management 92:
of enzymatic activity suggest the probable partici- 948–952.
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pation of laccases, phenoloxidases and lignin per- cas para fines ambientales. Mensaje Bioquímico 30: 29–55.
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acyt) for grant No. 623870 used to obtain her Mas- 1754–1764.
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