STATISTICS

MODULE 1: Week 1: First Quarter

Lesson 1: Statistics and Its Application

Name: _________________________Grade and Section: _______ Score: __________

Teacher: ________________________________________________ Date: ___________

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

 Define Statistics and Its’ Application

Objectives

 Define Statistics and the terminologies used

 Describe the importance and application of statistics

 Cite real-life application of Statistics

Let’s Recall (Review)

Directions: Unscramble the words to from the correct term. Write your answer inside

the box.

1. CLELCNIOT

2. OZNTGRANIAIO

3. ASLANYIS

4. INTERPRETATION

5. SATTISCTIS
 Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Statistics is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the collection,

organization or presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.

Let’s tackle each keyword one by one

Collection refers to the gathering of information or data

Organization or Presentation involves summarizing data or information in

textual, graphical, or tabular forms

Analysis involves describing the data by statistical methods and procedures

Interpretation refers to the process of making conclusions based on the

analyzed data

APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
Statistics has various application in real-life. Below are some of them.

In Business

Statistics is used to summarize and describe data that a business firm collects or gathers

such as the amount of sales, expenditures, and productions to enable the management to

understand and determine the status of the firm.

In Education

Through statistical tools, a teacher can determine the effectiveness of a teaching method

by analyzing test scores obtained by students.

In Psychology

Psychologists can interpret meaningful aptitude test, IQ tests, and other psychological

test using statistical procedure or tools.

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 In Politics and Government

Statistics is used in conducting surveys or opinions for public opinion and election polls.

In Medicine

Statistics is used to determine the effectiveness of new drug in a disease.

In Agriculture

Through statistical tools, an agriculturist can determine the effectiveness of a new fertilizer
in the growth of plants or crops.

In Entertainment

 the most favorite actress and actor can be determined by using surveys

 Ratings of the members of the board of judges in a beauty contest are statistically

analyzed

 Interviews are used to determine the most widely viewed television show

 The top grosser movie for this year is reported based on statistical records

In Everyday Life

 The number of cars passing through the streets are recorded to enable traffic enforcers to
manage efficiently.

 The number of pedestrians crossing the street, the number of people entering a
department store, the number of people engaged in video games involve the use of
statistics.

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 Let’s Apply

I. Directions. Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on
the space provided.
A B

__________ 1. The primary and most important a. analysis

step in research
__________ 2. This refers putting of data into tables, b. Interpretation
graphs or charts.

_________ 3. This refers to the appreciation and c. collection

realization of null hypothesis

_________ 4. This refers to using statistical methods d. organization or

and procedures presentation

Let’s Analyze
Directions. Identify the field wherein Statistics can be applied. Write your answer on the
space provided.

1. Public opinion and election polls are commonly used to assess the opinions or
preferences of the public for issues or candidates of interest. ____________________

2. A teacher can determine the effectiveness of a teaching method by analyzing test scores
obtained by their students. ________________________

3. Interpret meaningful aptitude tests, IQ tests, and other Psychological Tests.

_______________________

4. A famous food chain collects and gathers data or information from its everyday
operation. _______________________

5. Determining the effectiveness of new drug product in treating particular disease.

_______________________

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Name:___________________________________Grade & Section:_____________
Teacher:________________________________________Date:________________

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

I. Directions. Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided.
_________ 1. Which of these refers to the process of making conclusions based on the
analyzed data?

A. Collection C. Organization

B. Analysis D. Interpretation

_________ 2. Which of these involves summarizing data or information in textual, graphical,

or tabular forms?

A. Collection C. Organization

B. Analysis D. Interpretation

_________ 3. Which of these refers to the gathering of information or data?

A. Interpretation C. Analysis

B. Collection D. Organization

_________ 4. Which of these refers involves describing the data by statistical methods and
procedures?

A. Analysis C. Interpretation

B. Collection D. Organization

_________5. Which of these is a scientific body of knowledge that deals with the
collection, organization or presentation, analysis and interpretation of data?

A. Mathematics C. Statistics

B. Collection D. Organization

(Cut this portion to be submitted to your adviser)

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II. Directions. Give one application of Statistics in

A. Business

B. Psychology

C. Education

D. Politics and Government

E. Medicine

(Cut this portion to be submitted to your adviser)

6
References:

https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Data-Analysis-and-

Interpretation/154

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 MODULE 1: Week 1: First Quarter

Lesson 2: Background and the Development of Statistics

Name: _________________________Grade and Section: _______ Score: __________

Teacher: ________________________________________________ Date: ___________

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

 Discuss the Background and the Development of Statistics

Objectives

 Determine the History of Statistics

 Name the people who contributed to the Development of Statistics

 Arrange the chronological order of events in the History of Statistics

Let’s Recall (Review)

Directions: Arrange the sequence of the History of the Philippines. Write numbers 1-5 on
the line.

___________About 30,000 years ago the earliest inhabitants had arrived from the
Asian mainland, perhaps over land bridges built during the ice ages.
___________ By the tenth century A.D. coastal villagers welcomed Chinese
commerce and settlers, followed by Muslim traders from Borneo.
___________Some 50 million years ago, the archipelago was formed by volcanic
eruptions
___________ The early inhabitants of the Philippines were Mongoloid descent
which are predominant today.
___________ The gradual spread of Islam from Borneo into the central and
northern islands was interrupted by the arrival of the Spanish
Christians.

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 Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

HISTORY OF STATISTICS
In this lesson, the learner will be able to trace the History and Development of Statistics and how
it was used in the previous years.
In Ancient Egypt
The government prepared registration list of all the heads of the families.

In Ancient Judea
A census of the population was taken on several occasions, such as in 2030 B.C. when the
population was estimated at 3 800 000.

435 B.C.
The first Roman census was taken in the presence of the censors. Such census was repeated
sixty-nine times in the following 470 years of the Roman history.

Luke 2: 1-4
Now in those days was a degree went forth from Ceasar Augustus for all the inhabited
earth to be registered. This registration took place when Quirinus was a governor of Syria
and all people went travelling to be registered, each one to his own city. Of course,
Joseph also went up from Galilee out of the city of Nazareth into Judea to David’s city
which is called Bethlehem, because of his being a member of the house and the family of
David.

MIDDLE AGES
When William the Conqueror took possession of England, he ordered that a survey be made of
the lands of England for purposes of taxation and military services. Taxes, military services and
custom duties were also recorded.

BEGINNING OF 16TH CENTURY

A large number of Statistical handbooks were published. This type of descriptive statistics was
referred to as Die Tabellen Statistik.

Captain John Graunt worked on the scientific analysis of publicly recorded data

The registration of deaths was started by Henry VIII in 1532 and weekly bills mortality were
instituted during the period of plague.

CONTRIBUTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS

Abraham De Moivre (1667-1754) discovered the equation of the normal curve

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Karl Pearson, Marqauis de Laplace and Carl Freidrich Gauss independently worked on the
methods of finding correlation among several variables.

Karl Pearson, Marqauis de Laplace and Carl Freidrich Gauss

Sir Ronald Fisher discovered a unified theory for drawing conclusions from
statistical data and contributed to the theory of design experiments which provided
a technique of collecting primary data.

Let’s Apply

Directions. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not. In addition to,
UNDERLINE the word that makes the statement false.

1. A survey was made of the lands of England for purposes of taxation and
military services during Middle Ages.
2. The registration of deaths was started during 435 B.C.

3. Die Tabellen Statistik is one of the Statistical books published in the

Beginning of the 16th Century.

4. In Ancient Judea, the government prepared registration list of all the

heads of the families.

5. Karl Pearson, Margauis de Laplace and Sir Ronald Fisher independently

worked on the methods of finding correlation among several variables.

Let’s Analyze
Directions. Arrange the following events in the History of Statistics. Write 1-5 on the line.
_________ In the twentieth century, Sir Ronald made contributions to the Science of
Statistics.
_________ In ancient Egypt, the government prepared registration of all the heads of the
families.
_________ In the middle ages, taxes, military service and custom duties were also
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 recorded.
_________ The registration of deaths was started by Henry VIII in 1532 and weekly bills
mortality were instituted during the period of plague.
_________ In the beginning of the sixteenth century, a large number of Statistical
handbooks were published.

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Name:___________________________________Grade & Section:_____________
Teacher:________________________________________Date:________________

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

I. Directions. Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided.
_________ 1. Which of these was the Statistical handbook published during the beginning of
16th Century?

A. Statistik C. Die Tabellen Statistik

B. Life Tabellen Statistik D. Tabularaza

________ 2. Who discovered the equation of the normal curve?

A. Abraham De Moivre C. Margauis de Laplace

B. Karl Pearson D. Sir Ronald Fish

________ 3. Who contributed to the theory of design experiments which provided a

technique of collecting primary data?

A. Abraham De Moivre C. Margauis de Laplace

B. Karl Pearson D. Sir Ronald Fish

________ 4. The following independently worked on the methods of finding correlation

among several variables, except

A. Karl Pearson C. Margauis de Laplace

B. Abraham De Moivre D. Carl Freidrich Gauss

______ 5. Who among these contributors took possession of England and ordered
that a survey be made of the lands of England for purposes of taxation and

military services?
A. Henry VIII C. William the Conqueror

B. Captain John Graunt D. Carl Freidrich Gauss

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(Cut this portion to be submitted to your adviser

II. Directions. Match column the name of contributor in the Development of Statistics

with column B.

A B

 Marqauis de Laplace

 Carl Freidrich Gauss

 Abraham De Moivre

 Sir Ronald Fisher

 Karl Pearson

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(Cut this portion to be submitted to your adviser)

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References:

1. http://www.bridgestravel.com/philippines/philippines.htm
2. http://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/
3. https://www.csub.edu/pacificrim/countryprospectus/history.htm

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 MODULE 1: Week 1: First Quarter

Lesson 3: The Two Categories of Statistics and its Scales of Measurement

Name: _________________________Grade and Section: _______ Score: __________

Teacher: ________________________________________________ Date: ___________

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

 Name the two categories of Statistics and its Scales of Measurement

Objectives

 Determine the two Categories of Statistics

 Classify the measurement as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio
 Give examples of Scales of Measurement

Let’s Recall (Review)

Directions: Describe the following in one word: Use appropriate adjectives

1. Mathematics -

2. New Normal -

3. Philippines -

4. NCOV-19 -

5. Front liners -

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

The study of Statistics is divided into two categories: descriptive statistics and inferential

statistics.

 Descriptive Statistics summarizes or describes the important characteristics

of a known set of data.

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17
Descriptive statistics is concerned with collecting, organizing, presenting and analyzing
numerical data.
Examples:

1. According to the Census Bureau, 20% of all Filipino workers get to work via carpool.

2. According to the Court Administration of the Philippines, 14% of trial-ready civil actions

and equity cases in Metro Manila during 1993 were decided in less than six months (May 14,

1995)

3. Cigarettes were associated with 29% of the 4, 470 civilian fire deaths in 1989

 Inferential Statistics uses sample data to make inferences about population.

It consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing
hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables and making
predictions.

Inferential Statistics is also called Inductive Statistics – it is used to analyzed and organized

data leading to prediction or inferences.

Examples:

1. Predicting the life span of a mechanical toy gun is based on the performance of several

similar toy guns.

2. The National Eye Institute has halted a clinical trial on a type of eye surgery calling it

ineffective and possibly harmful to a person’s vision.

3. “Allergy Therapy may make bees go away.” (April 1995)

4. The Gallup Poll says 1 out of 10 Filipinos is a member of a health club or fitness

center.

5. Drinking decaffeinated coffee can raise cholesterol levels by 7%. (Philippine Health

Association)

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Scales of Measurement

Why Is Level of Measurement Important?

 Helps you decide what statistical analysis is appropriate on the values that were assigned

 Helps you decide how to interpret the data from that variable

1. Nominal Scale

- data that cannot be ordered nor can it be used in calculations

 The values “name” the attribute uniquely.

 The value does not imply any ordering of the cases

Examples:

 jersey numbers in football

 Categories

 Colors

 names

 labels

 favorite foods

 yes or no responses

2. Ordinal Scale

- data that can be ordered; the differences cannot be measured

 When attributes can be rank-ordered

 Distances between attributes do not have any meaning

Examples:
finishing position in a race

Educational Attainment as 0=less than H.S.; 1=some H.S.; 2=H.S. degree; 3=some

college; 4=college degree; 5=post college

3. Ratio Scale

- data with a starting point that can be ordered; the differences have meaning, and

ratios can be calculated.

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 Has an absolute zero that is meaningful

 Can construct a meaningful ratio (fraction), for example, number of clients in past six

months

 It is meaningful to say that “...we had twice as many clients in this period as we did in the

previous six months

Examples:

 Weight of 200 cancer patients in the past 5 months

 Height of 549 newborn babies

 Diameter of 150 donuts

 Four multiple choice statistics final exam scores are 80, 68, 20 and 92 (out of a

possible 100 points) (given that the exams are machine-graded) The data can be

put in order from lowest to highest: 20, 68, 80, 92. There is no negative point in the

final exam scores as the lowest score is 0 point.

4. Interval Scale

- data with a definite ordering but no starting point; the

differences can be measured, but there is no such thing as a ratio.

 When distance between attributes has meaning

Example:

Temperature scales like Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F) ,distance from 30-40 is same as

distance from 70-80

Note that ratios don’t make any sense -- 80 degrees is not twice as hot as 40 degrees

(although the attribute values are).

Remember:

The four levels of measurement.

o Nominal scale level: data that cannot be ordered nor can it be used in

calculations

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 o Ordinal scale level: data that can be ordered; the differences cannot be

measured

o Ratio scale level: data with a starting point that can be ordered; the differences

have meaning, and ratios can be calculated.

o Interval scale level: data with a definite ordering but no starting point; the

differences can be measured, but there is no such thing as a

ratio.

Let’s Apply

Directions. Tell whether the following situations will make use of descriptive statistics or

inferential statistics. Write the statement on the proper column.

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

 According to the Census Bureau, 20% of all Filipino workers get to work via carpool.

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  According to the Court Administration of the Philippines, 14% of trial-ready civil actions

and equity cases in Metro Manila during 1993 were decided in less than six months (May

14, 1995)

 Cigarettes were associated with 29% of the 4, 470 civilian fire deaths in 1989

 Predicting the life span of a mechanical toy gun is based on the performance of several

similar toy guns.

 The National Eye Institute has halted a clinical trial on a type of eye surgery calling it

ineffective and possibly harmful to a person’s vision.

 “Allergy Therapy may make bees go away.” (April 1995)

 The Gallup Poll says 1 out of 10 Filipinos is a member of a health club or fitness

center.

 Drinking decaffeinated coffee can raise cholesterol levels by 7%. (Philippine Health

Association)

II. Directions. Write your own experience where you encounter to use the Four Scales of

Measurements.

1. Nominal Scale

2. Ordinal Scale

3. Ratio Scale

4. Interval Scale

Let’s Analyze

Directions. Tell whether the following situations will make use of descriptive statistics or
inferential statistics. Write your answer on the space provided.

__________________1. Over-all average of student grades in his seven subjects.

__________________2. Effect of music in the production of corn

__________________3. To find the more effective method between the lecture type and

cooperative learning.

__________________4. Median sale for the month of January.

__________________5. Atleast 5% of the crops were destroyed by insects.

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__________________6. Assuming that 10% of the crops were destroyed by rain this rainy

season (June-August), we would expect an increase in the prices

of rice by the end of year.

__________________7. Fifty percent of patients reported to have effects in the use of a

certain drug

II. Directions. Identify the Scale of measurement used in the following situation. Choose from the

pool of words below.

Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale

Ratio Scale Interval Scale

1. To classify people according to their favorite food, like pizza, spaghetti, and sushi.

2. Smartphone companies such as Sony, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung and Apple.

3. A list of the top five national parks in the United States.

4. A cruise survey where the responses to questions about the cruise are “excellent,” “good,”
“satisfactory,” and “unsatisfactory.”

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Name:___________________________________Grade & Section:_____________
Teacher:________________________________________Date:________________

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

Directions. Determine the following example as Descriptive Statistics or Inferential

Statistics.

1. A recent study showed that eating garlic can lower blood pressure.

2. The average number of students in a class at the University of the Philippines is 22.6

3. It is predicted that the average number of automobiles each household owns will increase

next year.

4. Last year’s total attendance at Ateneo de Manila’s basketball games was 8,345.

5. The chance that a person will be robbed in a certain city is 15%.

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 (Cut this portion to be submitted to your adviser)

II. Directions. Identify the Scale of Measurement that can be used in the following:

________________1. jersey numbers in football

________________ 2. Diameter

________________ 3. Categories

________________ 4. Colors

________________ 5. Fahrenheit

________________ 6. names

________________ 7. Labels

________________ 8. Educational Attainment

________________ 9. favorite foods

________________ 10. Weight

________________ 11. yes or no responses

________________ 12. Eye color

________________ 13. finishing position in a race

________________ 14. Celsius

________________ 15. Height

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(Cut this portion to be submitted to your adviser)

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References:

https://www.google.com/search?q=Abraham+De+Moivre&lr=&hl=fil&tbs=sur:f&sxsrf=ALeKk00z

DrzO7KTQ_ZTyoyJSGUfvg1d-

rg:1594645899552&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9oIrzpsrqAhVDPHAKHVAsB

EIQ_AUoAXoECAsQAw&biw=535&bih=584

https://www.google.com/search?as_st=y&tbm=isch&hl=fil&as_q=Karl+Pearson&as_epq=&as_o
q=&as_eq=&imgsz=&imgar=&imgc=&imgcolor=&imgtype=&cr=&as_sitesearch=&safe=images&
as_filetype=&tbs=sur%3Af
https://www.google.com/search?as_st=y&tbm=isch&hl=fil&as_q=Margauis+de+Laplace&as_epq

=&as_oq=&as_eq=&imgsz=&imgar=&imgc=&imgcolor=&imgtype=&cr=&as_sitesearch=&safe=i

mages&as_filetype=&tbs=sur%3Af

https://www.google.com/search?as_st=y&tbm=isch&hl=fil&as_q=Carl+Freidrich+gauss&as_epq

=&as_oq=&as_eq=&imgsz=&imgar=&imgc=&imgcolor=&imgtype=&cr=&as_sitesearch=&safe=i

mages&as_filetype=&tbs=sur%3Af

https://www.google.com/search?q=ronald+fisher+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwicrMK7qMrqAhXLB

aYKHeaHBv0Q2-

cCegQIABAA&oq=ronald+fisher+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECCMQJzIECAAQEzIECAAQEzIECA

AQEzIECAAQEzIECAAQEzIECAAQEzIECAAQEzIECAAQEzIECAAQE1DsowFYh6kBYPexAW

gAcAB4AIABmQGIAeEBkgEDMS4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=L18M

X9zYNsuLmAXmj5roDw&safe=images&tbs=sur%3Af&hl=fil

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