For the exclusive use of Chem 86L class in Xavier-Ateneo

Name: Bantug, Athaliah Jenine T. Locker No.:

Co-Workers: Bullan, Florence C. Section: CHEM 86L - E1B2
Dequeros, Grachielle Edrea S.
A. Date Performed:
Attendance:

Expt. 1 Calorimetry: Specific Heat Capacities of Metals

I. Objectives: Pre-lab data:

The objectives of this experiment were to teach the students Observations:
(observers) that they may be able to use the principles of Analysis:
calorimetry to determine the specific heat of a metal and explain
Conclusion:
the first law of thermodynamics in relation to chemistry.
TOTAL:

II. Apparatus: III. Symbols of Chemicals:

Ring stand, Thermometer, Clamp, 400mL Beaker, Small Water: H2O
Beaker, Large test tube, Wire gauze, Ring, Bunsen
Burner, Metal sample, Graduated Cylinder, Styrofoam, Lead: Pb
Cardboard

IV. Procedure: (Note: Write schematic diagram at the back.)

V.Observations
A.
Part 1 Part 2

Mass of metal sample 11.690 g 11.689 g

Mass of calorimeter (styrofoam cups) 4.250 g 4.248 g

Mass of calorimeter + water 23.512 g 28.123 g

Mass of water, mw 19.262 g 23.875 g

Initial water temperature 32 C 23 C

Temperature of heated metal sample 90 C 90 C

5

Final temperature of water and metal sample 33 C 24 C

Page

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 For the exclusive use of Chem 86L class in Xavier-Ateneo

B. Complete the table based from the Observation data. Show sample calculations at the back of data
sheet.
Part 1 Part 2

Change of temperature of water in calorimeter, ΔTw 1 C 1 C

Change of temperature of metal sample, ΔTx -57 C -66 C

Specific heat capacity of water, cw 4.184 J/g C 4.184 J/g C

Heat gained by water, qw 80.59 J 99.89 J

Heat lost by metal sample, qx -80.59 J -99.89 J

Calculated specific heat of the metal sample, cx 0.1209 J/g C 0.1295 J/g C

Average specific heat capacity of metal 0.1252 J/g C

Name of metal sample: __________________ Lead

Known specific heat capacity of metal 0.128 J/g C

% error 2.3%

VI. Analysis

POST-LAB QUESTIONS: Limit your answers to 3-5 sentences only.

1. What is specific heat capacity? Briefly discuss how the specific heat capacity of a metal is calculated.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Specific
Specific heat
heat capacity
capacity isis an
an intensive
intensive variable
variable that
that describes
describes how
how much
much heat
heat energy
energy itit takes
takes toto raise
raise the
__________________________________________________________________________________________
temperature of a of
the temperature given system;
a given the heat
system; required
the heat raising
required unit mass
raising of substance
unit mass by one
of substance by onedegree
degree of
__________________________________________________________________________________________
of temperature.
temperature. With the With
giventhe given
data data of
of mass of the
mass of the
metal, metal,
mass mass
of the of the
water, water,
heat heat capacity
capacity of the waterof the
__________________________________________________________________________________________
water which is a4.184
which is a constant constant
J/g°C,4.184 J/g°C,
initial initial temperature
temperature and final temperature.
and final temperature. The value ofThe thevalue
heatof the
__________________________________________________________________________________________
heat capacity
capacity ofmetal
of the the metal can then
can then be calculated.
be calculated. The The equation
equation can becanused
be used to divide
to divide the heat
the heat
surrounding
surrounding to
to the
the massmass
timestimes the change
the change in temperature
in temperature ofsystem
of the the system or metal.
or metal.

2. With your results as basis, relate the 1st law of thermodynamics to the amount of heat gained and lost
by the system. Is the heat gained greater, less, or equal to the heat lost? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________________
The First
The First Law
Law ofof Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics states states that
that heat
heat isis aa form
form of
of energy,
energy, and and thermodynamic
thermodynamic processes
processes
__________________________________________________________________________________________
are therefore
are therefore subject
subject to
to the
the principle
principle of
of conservation
conservation of of energy.
energy. This
This means
means that that heat
heat energy
energy cannot
cannot
__________________________________________________________________________________________
be created
be createdorordestroyed.
destroyed.During
Duringan aninteraction
interactionbetween
betweenaasystem systemand anditsitssurroundings,
surroundings,the theamount
amountof
__________________________________________________________________________________________
of
energy energyby
gained gained by the must
the system system
bemust
exactlybe equal
exactly toequal to the amount
the amount of energy of lost
energy lostsurroundings.
by the by the
6

surroundings.
on the Based
results, weon the
can results,
relate thisthe
lawlaw
of of thermodynamics
thermodynamics is
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Based since related
there to
is the
an experiment,
equal amount since
of
Page

theregained
heat is an equal
and lostamount of heat and
by the system gained and lost by
surrounding. theamount
The systemofand surrounding.
heat The a
that flows from amount
warm of
heat that
water flows
is the from
same as athe amount
warm water is the
of heat thatsame
flowsas thethe
into amount of heatTherefore,
cold water. that flowswith
into the
the first
coldlaw
water.
of
Therefore, with the
thermodynamics, firstis conserved.
heat law of thermodynamics, heat is conserved.

PROPERTY OF XAVIER-ATENEO CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

 For the exclusive use of Chem 86L class in Xavier-Ateneo

3. Discuss the precision and accuracy of your specific heat determination. Use your calculated standard
deviation and % error in your discussion. (An average deviation of 0.02 J/g°C and a % error of less than
10% are considered good in this experiment.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
In this experiment, we expected
a much lessera percentage
much lessererror
percentage error than
was expected what was
compared calculated.
to what There was
was calculated.
______________________________________________________________________________________
preciseness in measuring
There was preciseness in the materials
measuring thethat is needed
materials thattois conduct
needed the experiment
to conduct and come up
the experiment andwith
______________________________________________________________________________________
the
come required
up withcalculations.
the requiredCalculating theCalculating
calculations. percentage theerror, we subtract
percentage the
error, experimental
the experimental value
valueto the
______________________________________________________________________________________
known value then
was subtracted to divide it by value
the known the known or accepted
then divided it by value and multiply
the known to 100 tovalue
or the accepted get what
and is required.
multiplied
______________________________________________________________________________________
In this experiment, we were able to acquire a percentage error of 2.3% which is acceptable
it to 100 to get what is required. In this experiment, a percentage error of 2.3% was acquired, which since the
accepted
is percentage
acceptable sinceerror would range
the accepted from 0 toerror
percentage 10 percent.
would range from 0 to 10 percent.

4. What are the possible sources of error for this experiment?

______________________________________________________________________________________
Random errors are possible source of errors in this experiment. Random errors causes one
______________________________________________________________________________________
one
measurement to measurement
differ slightly totothe
differ slightly
next, to the next,
it is caused it is caused
by unknown andby unknown and
unpredictable changes in the
______________________________________________________________________________________
unpredictable
experiment andchanges in thewhyexperiment
that explains and that explains
there is a difference betweenwhy the there is ameasurement
part one difference between
for thethe
______________________________________________________________________________________
part
mass one
of measurement
the metal and for
the the
part two mass
measurementof the metal
for theand
massthe part
of thetwo measurement
metal including for
the the
mass mass
of water
of the metal including the mass of water in part one and part two.
______________________________________________________________________________________
in part one and part two. Random errors causes measurements to deviateRandom
by errors
varying cause
amounts either
measurements
higher to deviate
or lower than by varying
their true values. amounts either higher or lower than their true values.

VII. Conclusion
______________________________________________________________________________________
Heat is a form of energy that cannot be destroyed nor created, as stated in the 1st law of
______________________________________________________________________________________
thermodynamics. With the use of the calorimetry (the science of measuring a quantity of heat)
______________________________________________________________________________________
from the given experiment, it was observed that the heat was not gone rather it was balanced
______________________________________________________________________________________
between the system and its surrounding.
______________________________________________________________________________________

7
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PROPERTY OF XAVIER-ATENEO CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

 Schematic Diagram Part 1
Lab Apparatuses
Prepare ring stand
Place bunsen burner (b.b) below the ring
Place wire gauze on ring and the 400 mL beaker

Metal Sample 2 Styrofoam Cups

Graduated Cylinder
Nest together Measure 20 mL
Weigh water
Weigh
Record mass
Pour into the
Record mass nested cups
Slide in t.t
2 Nested Cups With
T.T With Metal Sample Water
Attach to ring stand with Weigh again
the clamp
Record new mass
Place into empty 400mL
beaker Take cardboard with
hole for cover
Place thermometer beside
sample Insert thermometer
through the hole
Ensure half inch distance
from bottom of beaker Place inside a small
beaker to stabilize
400 mL Beaker
Make sure the cover
Place above b.b
rests on top of cups
not on beaker
Adjust ; hottest part of
flame is at bottom

Fill with tap water Calorimeter

Water height must be 2 Measure temp of water

inches above metal
sample
400 mL Beaker with water
Turn on b.b to heat water
inside and record
Remove cardboard cover
and thermometer when
ready to transfer metal

Turn down heat when water

starts to boil

Keep water gently boiling

for 10 mins

Record temp after it has

been stable for 5 mins

Set aside thermometer

T.T With Heated Metal
Loosen the clamp from the r.s

Lift out from beaker

slide metal in the calorimeter

Heated Metal + Calorimeter
Put cover back with
thermometer on calorimeter
Gently stir for 2-3 mins
Record temp after being
constant for 1 min
Unless instructed, perform a
2nd trial.
End
 Schematic Diagram Part 21
Lab Apparatuses
Prepare ring stand
Place bunsen burner (b.b) below the ring
Place wire gauze on ring and the 400 mL beaker

Metal Sample 2 Styrofoam Cups

Graduated Cylinder
Nest together Measure 20 mL
Weigh cold distilled
Weigh water
Record mass
Record mass Pour into the
Slide in t.t nested cups
2 Nested Cups With
T.T With Metal Sample Water
Attach to ring stand with Weigh again
the clamp
Record new mass
Place into empty 400mL
beaker Take cardboard with
hole for cover
Place thermometer beside
sample Insert thermometer
through the hole
Ensure half inch distance
from bottom of beaker Place inside a small
beaker to stabilize
400 mL Beaker
Make sure the cover
Place above b.b
rests on top of cups
not on beaker
Adjust ; hottest part of
flame is at bottom

Fill with tap water Calorimeter

Water height must be 2 Measure temperature of

inches above metal
sample
400 mL Beaker with water
Turn on b.b to heat water
Turn down heat when water
starts to boil
water inside right before
placing the hot metal and
record
Remove cardboard cover
and thermometer when
ready to transfer metal

Keep water gently boiling

for 10 mins

Record temp after it has

been stable for 5 mins

Set aside thermometer

T.T With Heated Metal
Loosen the clamp from the r.s

Lift out from beaker

slide metal in the calorimeter

Heated Metal + Calorimeter
Put cover back with
thermometer on calorimeter
Gently stir for 2-3 mins
Record temp after being
constant for 1 min
Unless instructed, perform a
2nd trial.
End
 Analysis

The purpose of the experiment is to be able to use the principles of calorimetry in

determining the specific heat capacity of the metal and be able to relate the first law of
thermodynamics in the process and the calculated values of heat. The idea of this
experiment is to calculate the specific heat capacity of the material and identify the
possible identity of the metal. The first thing that was done was to measure the materials,
which are the Styrofoam cups, the metal, and the hot and cold water added in the cups,
to provide the calculations, and the initial and final temperatures of the metal and water.
The change in temperature in the first part and second part are similar and the specific
heat capacity of water is constant. Then, the equation used for getting the heat is mass
multiplied to the specific heat capacity and the change in temperature. The specific heat
capacity of the material acquired is 0.1209 J/g°C. Based on the table given from the
handout, the nearest value of heat capacity of the experiment is lead. Therefore, the
material being used in the experiment is concluded to be lead.

Within the experiment, it was observed that the temperature was balance between
the system (metal) and the surrounding (water) after some time, therefore agreeing with
the first law of thermodynamics, which states that heat is a form of energy that cannot be
created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one object to the other. There are
several factors which could affect the experiment and that is what we call as errors of the
experiment, these errors may be random or systematic. There are uncertainties in this
experiment in terms of the measurements of the materials and the temperatures and we
could relate random errors with this. There were differences in terms of the precision of
the measurements and that explains the measurements from part one which clearly
differed from part two, this could be possible source of error that is how we are able to
come up with a 2.3% of error which was calculated using the known and experimental
values converted to percentage. As an overall summary of this experience, we have
acquired a great knowledge of heat, heat transfer, conservation of energy and how will it
relate to the theory of thermodynamics, and identifying specific heat capacity that leads
to the identity of the metal used.