Allen CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATIONS IOQJS

5.
CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATIONS
5.CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATIONS

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INTRODUCTION
The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond and react are called
stimuli.The response of organisms to a stimulus is usually in the form of some movement of
their body part.
• Co-ordination is the working together of the various organs in a systematic manner so as to
produce a proper reaction to the stimulus.
• All living organism show sensitivity to changes in the environment. Stimulus are of two
types
 External : Stimuli due to environmental factors, e.g. heat, light & water etc.
 Internal : It occurs within the organism. It may be due to hormones, acids & enzymes.
• The working of one system is co-ordinated with that of other systems, e.g. During eating
our body performs several kinds of co-ordinated activities. The nose differentiates the smell
of food and hands serve as the organ of ingestion. The alimentary canal and glands help in
the digestion of food. Thus various organs perform co-ordinated activities.
• Control and co-ordination also help to maintain a steady state of stability and steady state
within an organism in constantly changing environment. The mechanism of maintaining
internal steady state is called homeostasis.
• The vital activities of an organism are controlled by endocrine system and nervous system.
• There are two types of co-ordinations i.e., nervous and hormonal co-ordination.
• In animals both hormones and neurons (structural and functional unit of nervous system)
are involved in regulating and co-ordinating the various vital activities.In plants only
chemical (phytohormones) co-ordination is present.
A. COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Plants do not have nervous system as in animals. Plants use only hormones for producing reaction
to external stimulus. Thus plants react to stimuli in a very limited way.
(a) Movements in Plants :
 • The plants are fixed at a place with their roots in the ground, so they cannot move from one
place to another. That is plants do not show locomotion (movement of the entire body).
However, movements of the individual parts or organs of a plant (like shoot, root, leaves, etc.)
are possible when they are subjected to some external stimuli like light, force of gravity,
chemical substances, water and touch etc.
• The plant movements made in response to external stimuli fall into two main categories :
(i) Tropic (ii) Nastic
(i) Tropisms (Tropic movement) : A growth movement of a plant part in response to an
external stimulus in which the direction of stimulus determines the direction of response is
called tropism. Thus, tropism is a directional movement of the part of a plant caused by its
growth.
• If the growth (or movement ) of a plant is towards the stimulus, it is called Positive Tropism.
• If the growth (or movement) of a plant part is away from the stimulus, then it is called
Negative Tropism.
STIMULUS TYPE OF TROPISM
Light Phototropism
Gravity Geotropism
Chemical Chemotropism
Water Hydrotropism
Touch Thigmotropism
(I) Phototropism : The response of a plant to light is called phototropism. If the plant part moves
towards light, it is called positive phototropism. The stem (or shoot) of a growing plant bends
towards light, so the stem (or shoot) of a plant shows positive phototropism.
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5. CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATIONS
Fig.5.1 : Diagrams to show the response of a plant to light (or phototropism).

 (II) Geotropism : Response of a plant to gravity is called Geotropism. If the plant part moves in
the direction of gravity, it called Positive Geotropism. The roots of a plant move downwards
in the direction of gravity, so the roots of a plant show positive geotropism.The stem (or shoot)
of a plant moves upwards against the direction of gravity, so the stem (or shoot) of a plant
shows Negative Geotropism.
Fig.5.2 : Experiment to show the response of a plant to gravity (geotropism).

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 (III) Chemotropism is due to the chemical stimulus e.g. growth of pollen tube.The response of a
plant to chemical stimulus is called chemotropism. If the plant part shows movement (or
growth) towards the chemical, it is called Positive Chemotropism.The pollen tube grows
towards the sugary substance (chemical) secreted by the ripen stigma of carpel in the flower.
Fig.5.3 : Diagram to show the response of a plant part ‘pollen’ to chemical secreted by stigma (or
chemotropism).
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(IV) Hydrotropism : The response of a plant part to water is called Hydrotropism. If the plant part
moves towards water, it is called Positive Hydrotropism.The roots of a plant always go towards
water, so roots are Positively Hydrotropic.
(V) Thigmotropism : The climbing parts of plants such as tendrils grow towards any support which
happen to touch around that support. So,tendrils of plants are Positively Thigmotropic.
Fig.5.4 : Diagrams to show the response of a plant part ‘tendril’ to the touch of an object (here a bamboo stick).
(ii) Nasties / Nastic movements : The movement of a plant part in response to an external
stimulus in which the direction of response is not determined by the direction of stimulus is
called nastic movement.
• The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) on touching.
• The opening up of the petals of dandelion flowers in morning in bright light and closing in the
evening when the light fades.
• The closing of the petals of moonflower in the morning in bright light and opening at dark
when the light fades.
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(I) Thigmonasty : The non-directional movement of a plant part in response to the touch of an
object is called Thigmonasty. The sensitive plant has pad-like swellings called ‘pulvini’ at the
base of each leaf. The folding up of the leaves of a sensitive plant on touching is due to the
sudden loss of water from pad-like swellings called ‘pulvini’ present at the base of all leaves of
the sensitive plant which make the pulvini lose their firmness causing the leaves to drop and
fall. Leaves of ‘touch-me-not’ plant (Mimosa pudica) drops rapidly when touched. It is due to
turgidity of cells at the base. Here touch response is diffused affecting the entire leaf. The
vascular strand of leaf divides the leaf into upper stable and lower sensitive part. In normal
condition both parts remain turgid and thus, leaf remains erect. After touching the leaf,
stimulus reaches the leaf. The upper half remains unaffected but cells of the lower half loose
water and become flaccid. Thus, leaf drops down due to loss of turgor pressure. After
sometime when stimulus diminishes, cells again become turgid and the leaf returns back to its
normal position. Plant movement occur due to change in turgor pressure due to efflux and
influx of k+ ions.
Fig.5.5 : Diagrams to show the nastic movements in the leaves of sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica)
caused by ‘touch’.
Fig.5.6 : The leaves of sensitive plant fold due to the loss of water from pulvinus at their base.
(II) Photonasty : The non-directional movement of a plant part (usually petals of flowers) in
response to light is called photonasty. The opening and closing of flowers in response to light
(or photonasty) are growth independent movements.
(b) Plant hormones :
  • The growth regulators are the important chemicals affecting growth.
  • The growth regulators consist of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid.
Except abscisic acid & ethylene the three are called growth hormones and ethylene & abscisic
acid are growth inhibitor.
  • Growth hormones (phytohormones) are the natural growth substances which are produced in
any part of the plant and are transferred to another part and there they influence the growth of
plant.
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(i) Auxin :
  • Auxins are the growth hormones which were first discovered by Charls Darwin.
  • Auxins are the weak organic acids which can promote elongation and growth.
  • These are produced in the apical meristem (tips of root and stem), young leaves & flower
buds.
• The first discovered plant hormone was identified as Indole Acetic Acid (I.A.A.).
Fig.5.7 : Diagrams to explain the bending of a plant stem (or shoot) towards light by the
action of ‘auxin’ hormone.
 Functions of auxins :
(I) Cell enlargement and elongation : Auxins loose the cell wall, increase membrane
permeability and synthesis of wall microfibrils.
 • All these activities result in the cell enlargement and elongation.
(II) Tissue culture : Cells divide at a rapid rate and leads to callus formation at the point of auxin
application.
• This property is particularly useful in tissue culture.
(III) Apical dominance : The presence of terminal or apical bud involves the failure of lateral bud
growth.
 • It is due to the secretion of IAA. Removal of apical bud results in the growth of lateral buds.
(IV) Root formation: Auxins can induce adventitious roots in stem cuttings.
(V) Parthenocarpy : It is the natural or artificial induced production of fruit without fertilization of
ovules.
  • Parthenocarpy is the phenomenon of development of seedless fruits without pollination and
fertilization.
 • This phenomenon is applied in seed bearing fruits like grape, banana, papaya, tomato etc.
(VI) Weedicides : The auxins play an important role in weed control 2, 4–D (2, 4
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid).
(ii) Gibberellins :
  • Gibberellins have a unique property of increasing the height of plants but they do not cause
curvature.
  • The gibberellins were first discovered in Japan by Yabuta and Sumuki. E. Kurosawa obtained
from extracts of rice plants which were infected with fungus Gibberella fujikuroi.
  • These rice plants were taller and sterile so called foolish seedling (Bakanae Disease).
 Functions of gibberellins :
(I) Cell elongation : Gibberellins cause stem elongation and expansion of leaves in intact plants.
(II) Stem elongation : These induce stem elongation in genetically dwarf varieties ( pea, maize &
Cabbage) It is called Bolting effect.
(iii) Cytokinins : The cytokinins are chemically basic growth hormones which promote cell
division in plants.
  • This group of phytohormones were discovered when Carlos Miller isolated the crystalline
substance from degraded DNA material.
  • This substance was named as kinetin.
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• Functions of cytokinins :
 (I) Cell division: One of the main functions of cytokinins is in cell division and more particular
cytokinesis.
(II) Secondary growth: Cytokinins in conjunction with auxin can promote cell division in
permanent tissues which results in the formation of secondary xylem during secondary growth
(increase in thickness).
(iv) Ethylene :
  • This is a gaseous plant hormone which is produced by almost all the fleshy fruits during
ripening.
  • Higher concentrations of auxins induce ethylene formation.
 Functions of ethylene :
(I) Fruit ripening : t is used for artificial ripening of fleshy fruits in the shops.
(II) Abscission layer : Ethylene accelerates the abscission of leaves, flowers and fruits.
(v) Abscisic Acid (A.B.A.) : Stress hormone of plants is called as abscisic acid. It is also known
as dormin.
  • Addicott and his co-workers isolated a substance from young cotton bolls and named it as
Abscisic acid. This acid is now isolated from dormant seeds, buds and other parts of the
plants.
  • Abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor. Abscisic acid has no stimulating effect on any aspect of
growth.
 Functions of abscisic acid :
I. Growth : A.B.A. has antagonistic property to growth promoting hormones (auxins, gibberellins
and cytokinins). Thus it keeps the growth under check.
II. Dormancy : A.B.A. induces dormancy in buds towards the approach of unfavourable
conditions. It causes natural dormancy in seeds and tubers.
III. Senesence : Cause aging.
IV. Abscission : t promotes abscission in leaves, flowers and fruits and causes ageing in plants.
Q.1_ Define Thigmonasty

Q.2 Define Apical Dominance.
Q.3 Who discovered Auxins?
Q.4 What is bolting effect and which hormone causes it ?
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B. CHEMICAL CO-ORDINATION IN HUMANS
The control and coordination in higher animals called vertebrates (including human beings) takes
place through nervous system as well as hormonal system called endocrine system.
  • Any chemical substance which is formed in the tissues of endocrine glands are carried by the
blood to other parts of the body for its specific actions is termed as hormone. All the
receptors in the sense organs receive stimuli from the surrounding environment and send
the message conveyed by them to the spinal cord and brain in the form of electrical impulses
through the sensory nerves.An effector is a part of the body which can respond to a stimulus
according to the instructions sent from the nervous system (spinal cord and brain).
 Characteristics of hormones :
• They are the secretions of endocrine glands.
• They are produced at a place and act on target organs which are mainly away from their
source.
• They are poured directly into the blood stream.
• They are required in very small quantities.
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 Control and coordination in Humans occurs by 2 ways
(a) Endocrine system (or Hormonal system).
(b) Nervous system.
 Endocrine system : A group of endocrine glands which produces various hormones is called
as endocrine system.The endocrine glands present in the human body are :
 (a) Hypothalamus gland (b) Pituitary gland
(c) Pineal gland (d) Thyroid gland
(e) Parathyroid glands (f) Thymus
(g) Adrenal glands (h) Pancreas
(i) Ovaries (only in females) (j) Testes (only in males)
The hormones produced by endocrine glands act as messengers between the nervous system and
the organs of our body.
Fig.5.8 : The positions endocrine glands in the human body.

(a) Hypothalamus :
Hypothalamus gland is present in the brain. The function of hypothalamus is to regulate the
secretions of hormones from pituitary gland.
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(b) Pituitary Gland (or Hypophysis) : 

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  • It is a small ovoid structure attached to the base of brain (hypothalamus) by a short stalk
called infundibulum.
  • Pituitary gland is also known as the master gland as it controls other endocrine glands.
  • This gland consists of three lobes-anterior, middle and posterior.
  • Each lobe of the pituitary gland secretes different sets of hormones.
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(i) Hormones of anterior lobe of pituitary :

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(I) Growth hormone (GH) : This hormone promotes and regulates the process of growth in the
body.
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  • It’s deficiency during childhood leads to dwarfism and over secretion leads to gigantism and
acromegaly in adult.
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(II) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) : As is clear from its name it controls the functioning of
thyroid gland.
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  • It stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.

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(III) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) : t stimulates the production of gametes.

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(IV) Leuteinizing hormone : t stimulates the production of hormones.

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(ii) Hormones of mid lobe of pituitary :

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(I) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) : This is the only hormone secreted by middle
pituitary which controls the growth and development of melanocytes responsible for skin
colour.
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 (iii) Hormones of posterior lobe of pituitary :

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(I) Vasopressin or Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) : This causes the reabsorption of water into
the blood from the collecting tubules of the kidneys, thereby concentrating the urine and
reducing its volume.
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(II) Oxytocin : This hormone stimulates uterus contractions at the time of child birth and causes
release of milk from mammary glands.
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  • It is also known as birth hormone or milk ejecting hormone.

(c) Pineal Gland :
  • It is a small gland reddish-grey in colour, about the size of a pea, attached to the roof of the
third ventricle of the brain.
  • It regulates the biological clock (circadian rhythm).
  • It contributes in regulating gonadal development. It controls development & concentration of
melanin. It secretes melatonin hormone.
(d) Thyroid Gland :
The thyroid gland consists of two lobes joined together by an isthmus.
 • It is situated in the lower part of the neck and when enlarged it forms goitre. Two hormones
secreted by the thyroid gland are :
(i) Thyroxine: It is the principal hormone secreted by the thyroid gland.

 • Its main role is to increase the metabolic rate of the organs and tissues of the whole body.
  • The basal metabolic rate (B.M.R.) is increased in hyperthyroidism and reduced in
hypothyroidism.
   Hypothyroidism : Myxoedema is the condition caused by thyroid hormone deficiency in
adults.
  • Cretinism affects children and is due to congenital defect of either absence or defect of the
gland.
  • Iodine deficiency causes simple goitre.
   Hyperthyroidism : Excessive amount of thyroxine is poured into the blood this condition
being known as toxic goitre or exophthalamic goitre (grave’s disease).
(ii) Calcitonin: This hormone lowers the blood calcium level in two ways :
• By inhibiting renal tubular calcium reabsorption.
• By raising calcium reabsorption by bones.
(e) Parathyroid Gland :
  • These are small ovoid pea shaped glands. They lie on the posterior surface of the thyroid
gland.
  • The parathyroid secretion, parathormone (Collip’s hormone) has two main functions :
• t regulates the balance between the calcium in bones and in extracellular tissue fluid, thus
affecting the amount of calcium in the blood.
• It increases the blood calcium level.
• t also controls the excretion of phosphates in the urine, probably by reducing tubular
reabsorption of phosphorus by the kidney tubule.
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(f) Thymus Gland :
  • This gland is situated in the thorax in midline under the sternum in front of trachea.
 • It secretes a hormone namely thymosin.It helps in producing T-lymphocytes.
(g) Adrenal Gland :
  • These are two small semilunar structures lying one each on upper pole of the kidneys. That is
why they are also known as supra renal glands.
  • Each gland consists of two structurally & physiologically separate parts known as cortex and
medulla.
  • Cortex secretes three different kinds of hormones known as corticosteroids. They are :
(I) Mineralocorticoids : These regulate sodium and potassium balance in the body.
(II) Glucocorticoids : These derive their name from their influence on carbohydrate metabolism.
e.g. Glycogenesis is promoted in liver.
(III) Sex hormones : Small quantities of sex hormones as androgens and oestrogen are
produced by adrenal glands which influence sexual development and growth.
   Adrenal medulla : It secretes two hormones.
(I) Adrenaline : t is a stress hormone causes increase in systolic blood pressure, dilation of
coronary blood vessels, increased sweating and increase in metabolic rate.
   It brings restlessness, muscle fatigue and anxiety.
(II) Noradrenaline : It is a general vasoconstrictor, increases both systolic and diastolic
pressures.
 • Both of these hormones are helpful in emergency conditions. Thus are called as “fight or
flight response” or 3F’s.
(h) Ovary :
Secretes progesteron (pragnancy hormone) and estrogen that develop secondary sexual
characters of female.
(i) Testis :
Secretes Testosterone (spermatogenesis & secondary sexual characters).
GLANDS AND
HYPERSECRETION HYPOSECRETION
HORMONES
1. Pituitary
(i) GH Gigantism In child; Dwarfism in child.
Acromegaly in adulthood
(ii) ADH Diabetes insipidus
2. Thyroid Exophthalmic goitre or Cretinism in young, Myxoedema in adults.
Thyroxine Grave's diseases
3. Parathyroid Osteitis fibrosa cystica or Tetany; low calcium and high phosphate
PTH osteoporosis. levels.
4. Adrenal
(i) Mineralocorticoid Conn's disease. Hypotension
(aldosterone)
(ii) Glucocorticoid Cushings' disease Addison's disease.
(cortisone)
(iii) Adrenaline Hypertension Increases blood pressure.
(iv) Noradrenaline
5. Pancreas Decrease in blood glucose Increase in blood glucose level -

Insulin level. hyperglycemia; diabetes mellitus.

  Nervous system : The function of nervous system is to coordinate the activities of our body.
The nervous system helps all the systems of our body to work together. The human nervous
system receives information from the surroundings, processes it, interprets it and then
responds accordingly.
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Q.1 Write 4 common features of hormones.

Q.2 Write name and functions of hormones of anterior pituitary.
Q.3 Which hormone regulates the biological clock ?
Q.4 Which disorder does hyper and hyposecretion of glucocorticoids cause ?
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C. NERVOUS COORDINATION IN HUMAN
  • Neurons are the structural & functional unit of nervous system.
  • It is the longest cell found in the human body.

(a) Structure of neuron :

  • Each neuron consists of a cell body called cyton and a number of branches (nerve fibres)
arising from the cyton. Neuron does not divide.
(i) Dendrites : These are short, several, much branched & contain granules. They carry impulse
towards the cyton.
 (ii) Cyton : It contains a nucleus within the cytoplasm & Nissl’s granules (formed of RER with
ribosomes) and fine thread like fibres, called neurofibrils.
Fig.5.9 : Neuron
(iii) Axon : It is a large, single and unbranched structure.
  • It has no nissl’s granules. 
  • It carries impulses from cyton to the effector organs like glands, muscles etc. or to the other
nerve. 
  • Axis cylinder is enclosed in a thin permeable membrane called axolemma or nerve
membrane.
  • A layer of fatty material called myelin or medullary sheath is found outside the axolemma.
  • Such fibres are called myelinated (medullated) fibres.
  • They seems to be white. Nerve fibres lacking myelin sheath are called non-myelinated &
appear grey in colour.
  • Myelin is interrupted at intervals by circular constrictions called Nodes of Ranvier.
  
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  (iv) Telodendria : Terminal branches of axon are called telodendria.
  • Each telodendron ends in a swollen knob called synaptic knob or terminal button.
  • Synaptic knob of one nerve fibre (axon) forms synapse with the dendrites of another neuron.
 • Synapse cleft is a very fine gap between these two neurons. Thus, in the entire nervous
system neurons are linked together.
  • Synapses is a junction that ensure the nerve impulses to travel in only one direction.
  • Neurotransmitter are those chemical substances which transmit impulse from one neuron to
another neuron. Acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine act as a neurotransmitter.
(b) Types of neurons or nerve fibres :
(i) Sensory :t transmits impulse from sensory organs to central nervous system.
(ii) Motor : t carries impulses from brain and spinal cord to effector organs.
(iii) Mixed : It contains both sensory and motor neuron.
(c) Types of nervous system :
Human nervous system consists of three parts :
(i) Central nervous system (CNS) :t consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
 (I) Brain : The brain is covered by cranium & spinal cord is covered by vertebral column.
  • The brain can be differentiated into three main regions : Fore brain, Mid brain & Hind brain.
1. Fore brain : t consists of olfactory lobes, cerebrum and diencephalon.
   Olfactory lobes : These are a pair of small, solid, cube shaped bodies. They are fully
covered by cerebrum. They receive impulse for smell.
   Cerebrum : It is the largest part of the brain. 
  • It consists of two cerebral hemispheres joined by a band of nerve fibres called corpus
callosum.
  • Surface of cerebral hemisphere is made up of grey matter, called cerebral cortex.
  • It becomes highly folded to increase area for accommodation of more neurons.
   Each cerebral hemisphere into four lobes
• Occipital lobe : Region for visual perception
• Frontal lobe : For muscular activities
• Parietal lobe  : For touch, smell, temperature and conscious association.
• Temporal lobe : For auditory reception.
   Cerebrum has sensory areas where impulses are received from sense organs (receptors).
Similarly it has a general motor area from where impulses are sent to effector organs
(Muscles & glands).
   Diencephalon :t encloses a cavity called third ventricle.
  It consists of thalamus and hypothalamus.
  • Thalamus serves as a relay centre for sensory and motor impulses from spinal cord & medulla
oblongata to cerebrum.
  • It recognizes sensory impulses of heat, cold, pain, light & pressure.
  • Floor of third ventricle is called hypothalamus.
  • It possesses control centres for hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, sleep, sex, stress etc.
2. Mid brain : It consists of two parts :
 Cerebral peduncles :
  • It consists of two heavy fibre tracts called Crura cerebri.
  • These tracts connect fore brain to the hind brain.
 Optic lobes :
 • These are the centres for control of eye movement and hearing responses.
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3. Hind brain : It is divided into three parts.
 Cerebellum : Very large & well developed.t controls coordination and adjustment of
movements (equilibrium) and posture.
 Pons varolii : t lies above the medulla oblongata. It controls some aspects of respiration.
 Medulla oblongata : It is the posterior most part of the brain and continues into the spinal
cord.t controls involuntary functions of the body such as heart beat, rate of breathing,
secretion of saliva, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting etc.
  (II)Spinal cord : Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure. The spinal cord begins in continuation with
medulla and extends downwards. It is enclosed in a bony cage called vertebral column. Spinal
cord is also surrounded by membranes called meninges.As many as 31 pairs of nerves arise
from the spinal cord .The spinal cord is concerned with spinal reflex actions and the
conductions of nerve impulses to and from the brain.
(III) Reflex Action :
Fig.5.10 Diagram to show the reflex action and its path (which is called reflex arc)
Fig. 5.11 : A reflex arc (This is actually a spinal reflex arc.)

  • Reflex action is the name given to the response which is at the level of spinal cord itself.
  • It is a rapid automatic response to a stimulus by an organ or a system of organs, which does
not involve the brain for its initiation.
  • A reflex action is an unconscious (without will) and involuntary response of effectors (muscles
or glands) to a stimulus. The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called the
reflex arc.
• Examples of reflex actions :
(i) Withdrawal of hand when pricked with a needle.
(ii) Closing of eyes when flashed with strong light.
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(IV) Reflexes are of Two Types : Simple or unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
1. Simple reflex : t is an inborn response to a stimulus.
  • Where learning is not required.
 • These are mostly protective in function e.g. knee jerk occurred immediately when patella
tendon of leg is sharply tapped, quick closing of eyelid when an object suddenly comes in
front of eyes (corneal reflex), etc.
2 Conditioned reflex : These are not inborn. They are acquired by experience, training &
learning. e.g. Learning of cycling or driving of scooter etc.
(ii) Peripheral nervous system(PNS) : t includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
  • It mainly controls the voluntary activities of the body.
  • Cranial nerves also called cerebral nerves arise from brain.
  • There are 12 pair of cranial nerves in man and 31 pair of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord.
(iii) Autonomic nervous system (ANS): ‘autonomic nervous system’ means ‘self governing
nervous system’. It controls and regulates the functions of the internal organs of our body
involuntarily such as heart, blood vessels, glands & smooth muscles of alimentary canal &
uterus. It is subdivided into
• Sympathetic & Parasympathetic system : Organs receive nerves from both sympathetic
and parasympathetic nerve fibres. They have opposite effects on the organs if one is
stimulatory, the other is inhibitory.
TABLE :- MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
AREA STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Forebrain Olfactory lobe Senses of smell.

Parietal Cerebrum
Frontal lobe
lobe
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Occipital
gland Thalamus lobe
Hypothalamus
Midbrain Optic lobe Serves to connect the hindbrain and forebrain;

contributes to coordination and consciousness
Hindbrain Cerebellum Coordinates complex muscular movements;

maintains a sense of balance.
Pons Conducts impulses between different parts of

the brain; regulates breathing activities.
Medulla oblongata Regulates several autonomic functions such as

Cerebellum
breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, and digestion
Pons
Medulla
Q.1 Define Nodes of Ranvier.

Q.2 What is a neurotransmitter ?
Q.3 Name 4 lobes of cerebrum along with their functions.
Q.4 What is crura cerebri ?

Class_X - 74
Some Additional Points


 The effect of photoperiods or daily duration of light hours (and dark
periods) on the growth and development of plants, especially flowering, is
called photoperiodism.
 Cytokinin is a antiageing plant hormones.
 Contraceptive Pills. Contraceptive pills contain oestrogen and
progesterone.
 “Four S” stands one each for ‘salt’ ‘sugar’ , ‘sex’ and ‘stress’ refer to
adrenal glands. It means adrenal gland control salt and sugar metabolism,
development of sex and stress reactions.
 Adrenal glands are also referred to as gland of triple 'F' Flight, Fight and
Fright.
 Thymus is considered “the throne of immunity”.
 The chemical which perceives the photoperiodic stimulus in leaves is
phytochrome.
 Brain Stem : Mid brain, Pons varoli, Medulla oblongata.
TOPIC NAME : CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION

TYPE (I) : VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : [01 MARK EACH]
1. Name various plant hormones.
2. What are the major parts of the brain ?
TYPE (II) : SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : [02 MARKS EACH]
3. What is a tropic movement ? Explain with an example.
4. What will happen if intake of iodine in our diet is low ?
TYPE (III) : LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: [04 MARK EACH]
5. Answer the following :
(a) Which hormone is responsible for the changes noticed in females at puberty?
(b) Dwarfism results due to deficiency of which hormone?
(c) Blood sugar level rises due to deficiency of which hormone?
(d) Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which hormone?
TYPE (IV) : VERY LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [05 MARK EACH]
6. Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function
7. How does chemical coordination take place in animals ?
8. What are reflex actions ? Give two examples. Explain a reflex arc.
9. What happens at the synapse between two neurons
10. Answer the following :
(a) Name the endocrine gland associated with brain ?
(b) Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones ?
(c) Name the endocrine gland associated with kidneys ?
(d) Which endocrine gland is present in males but not in females.
11. What constitutes the central and peripheral nervous systems ? How are the components of central
nervous system protected ?
12. Mention one function for each of these hormones :
(a) Thyroxine (b) Insulin (c) Adrenaline (d) Growth hormone (e) Testosterone.
13. “Nervous and hormonal systems together perform the function of control and coordination in human
beings.” Justify the statement

Class_X - 75

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5.

CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATIONS

5.CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATIONS

Fig.5.1 : Diagrams to show the response of a plant to light (or phototropism).

Fig.5.2 : Experiment to show the response of a plant to gravity (geotropism).

Q.1_ Define Thigmonasty

Fig.5.8 : The positions endocrine glands in the human body.

(b) Pituitary Gland (or Hypophysis) : 

(i) Hormones of anterior lobe of pituitary :

  • It stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.

(III) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) : t stimulates the production of gametes.

(IV) Leuteinizing hormone : t stimulates the production of hormones.

(ii) Hormones of mid lobe of pituitary :

 (iii) Hormones of posterior lobe of pituitary :

  • It is also known as birth hormone or milk ejecting hormone.

5. Pancreas Decrease in blood glucose Increase in blood glucose level -

Q.1 Write 4 common features of hormones.

(a) Structure of neuron :

Fig. 5.11 : A reflex arc (This is actually a spinal reflex arc.)

Forebrain Olfactory lobe Senses of smell.

Midbrain Optic lobe Serves to connect the hindbrain and forebrain;

Hindbrain Cerebellum Coordinates complex muscular movements;

Pons Conducts impulses between different parts of

Medulla oblongata Regulates several autonomic functions such as

Q.1 Define Nodes of Ranvier.

Some Additional Points

TOPIC NAME : CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION

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