PABNA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Pharmacy

Assignment on

VITAMINS

Course Title: Medicinal Chemistry-I

Course Code: BPH 2203

Submitted to:
Submitted by G.M. Masud Parvez
Lecturer
Mehadi Hasan Evan Department of Pharmacy
Roll: 181308 Pabna University of Science and Technology
Reg.: 1135174
Session: 2017-18
Year Semester
Department of Pharmacy
Pabna University of Science and Technology

Submitted date: 05/12/2020

 Index

01 Definition 01
02 Sources & Diseases of Vitamin 01-03
03 Functions of Vitamins 04-05
 Vitamin
Definition of vitamin:
Vitamins are any of various organic substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of
most animals and some plants, act especially as coenzymes and precursors of coenzymes in the
regulation of metabolic processes but do not provide energy or serve as building units, and are present
in natural foodstuffs or sometimes produced within the body.

There are 13 essential vitamins, which are grouped into two categories:

1) Fat-soluble vitamins:
i. Vitamin A
ii. Vitamin D
iii. Vitamin E
iv. Vitamin K
2) Water-soluble vitamins:
i. Vitamin C
ii. Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
iii. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
iv. Vitamin B3 (niacin)
v. Pantothenic acid (B5)
vi. Biotin (B7)
vii. Vitamin B6
viii. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
ix. Folate (folic acid and B9)

Sources & Diseases of Vitamin:

Here are the different types of vitamins with their Chemical names, diseases due to deficiency and
sources:

1. Vitamin A

 Chemical names: Retinol, retinal, and four carotenoids, including beta carotene.
 Deficiency may cause night-blindness and keratomalacia, an eye disorder that result in a dry
cornea.
 Sources: Liver, cod liver oil, carrots, broccoli, sweet potato, butter, kale, spinach, pumpkin,
collard greens, some cheeses, egg, apricot, cantaloupe melon, and milk.
2. Vitamin B

 Chemical name: Thiamine.

 Deficiency may cause beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
 Sources: yeast, pork, cereal grains, sunflower seeds, brown rice, whole-grain rye, asparagus, kale,
cauliflower, potatoes, oranges, liver, and eggs.

3. Vitamin B2

 Chemical name: Riboflavin

 Deficiency may cause ariboflavinosis, retarded growth, bad skin.
 Sources: asparagus, bananas, persimmons, okra, chard, cottage cheese, milk, yogurt, meat, eggs,
fish, and green beans

4. Vitamin B3

 Chemical names: Niacin, niacinamide

 Deficiency may cause pellagra, with symptoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, and mental disturbance.
 Sources: liver, heart, kidney, chicken, beef, fish (tuna, salmon), milk, eggs, avocados, dates,
tomatoes, leafy vegetables, broccoli, carrots, sweet potatoes, asparagus, nuts, whole-grains,
legumes, mushrooms, and brewer’s yeast.

5. Vitamin B5

 Chemical name: Pantothenic acid

 Deficiency may cause paresthesia, or “pins and needles.”
 Sources: meats, whole-grains (milling may remove it), broccoli, avocados, royal jelly, and fish
ovaries.

6. Vitamin B6

 Chemical names: Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal

 Deficiency may cause anemia, peripheral neuropathy, or damage to parts of the nervous system
other than the brain and spinal cord.
 Sources: meats, bananas, whole-grains, vegetables, and nuts. When milk is dried, it loses about
half of its B6. Freezing and canning can also reduce content.

7. Vitamin B7

 Chemical name: Biotin

 Deficiency may cause dermatitis or enteritis, or inflammation of the intestine.
 Sources: egg yolk, liver, some vegetables.

8. Vitamin B9

 Chemical names: Folic acid, folinic acid

 Deficiency during pregnancy is linked to birth defects. Pregnant women are encouraged to
supplement folic acid for the entire year before becoming pregnant.
  Sources: leafy vegetables, legumes, liver, baker’s yeast, some fortified grain products, and
sunflower seeds. Several fruits have moderate amounts, as does beer.

9. Vitamin B12

 Chemical names: Cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin

 Deficiency may cause megaloblastic anemia, a condition where bone marrow produces unusually
large, abnormal, immature red blood cells.
 Sources: fish, shellfish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk and dairy products, some fortified cereals and
soy products, as well as fortified nutritional yeast.

10. Vitamin C

 Chemical name: Ascorbic acid

 Deficiency may cause scurvy, megaloblastic anemia.
 Sources: fruit and vegetables. The Kakadu plum and the camu camu fruit have the highest
vitamin C contents of all foods. Liver also has high levels. Cooking destroys vitamin C.

11. Vitamin D

 Chemical names: Ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol.

 Deficiency may cause rickets and osteomalacia, or softening of the bones.
 Sources: Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) through sunlight or other sources causes vitamin D to
be produced in the skin. Also found in fatty fish, eggs, beef liver, and mushrooms.

12. Vitamin E

 Chemical names: Tocopherols, tocotrienols

 Deficiency is uncommon, but it may cause hemolytic anemia in newborns. This is a condition
where blood cells are destroyed and removed from the blood too early.
 Sources: Kiwi fruit, almonds, avocado, eggs, milk, nuts, leafy green vegetables, unheated
vegetable oils, wheat germ, and whole-grains.

13. Vitamin K

 Chemical names: Phylloquinone, menaquinones

 Deficiency may cause bleeding diathesis, an unusual susceptibility to bleeding.
 Sources: leafy green vegetables, avocado, kiwi fruit. Parsley contains a lot of vitamin K.
Functions of Vitamin:
Each of the vitamins listed below has an important job in the body. Such as:

1. Vitamin A helps form and maintains:

 Healthy teeth,
 Bones,
 Soft tissue,
 Mucous membranes, and
 Skin.

2. Vitamin B6:

 Helps form red blood cells,

 Maintain brain function,
 And also plays an important role in the proteins that are part of many chemical reactions
in the body.

3. Vitamin B12:

 Important for metabolism,

 Helps form red blood cells and
 Maintain the central nervous system.

4. Vitamin C:

 Is an antioxidant that promotes healthy teeth and gums,

 It helps the body absorb iron and maintain healthy tissue,
 It is also essential for wound healing.

5. Vitamin D:

 It helps the body absorb calcium. You need calcium for the normal development and
maintenance of healthy teeth and bones.
 It also helps maintain proper blood levels of calcium and phosphorus.

6. Vitamin E:

 It helps the body form red blood cells and use vitamin K.

7. Vitamin K:

 It is important for bone health.

8. Biotin (vitamin B7):

 It is essential for the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, and in the production of
hormones and cholesterol.

9. Niacin (vitamin B3):

 It helps maintain healthy skin and nerves.

 It also has cholesterol-lowering effects at higher doses.

10. Folate (vitamin B9):

 It works with vitamin B12 to help form red blood cells.

 It is needed for the production of DNA, which controls tissue growth and cell function.

11. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5):

 It is essential for the metabolism of food.

 It also plays a role in the production of hormones and cholesterol.

12. Riboflavin (vitamin B2):

 It is important for body growth and the production of red blood cells.

13. Thiamine (vitamin B1):

 It helps the body cells change carbohydrates into energy.

 It is also essential for heart function and healthy nerve cells.