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Assignment
on

Vitamin

Course Title: Medicinal Chemistry-I

Course code: BPH 2203

Submitted to,
Submitted by, G.M. Masud Parvez
Ebny Abbus Lecturer
Roll No: 181304 Department of Pharmacy
Reg. No.: 1135170 Pabna University of Science and Technology
Session: 2017-18
2nd year 2nd semester
Department of Pharmacy

Pabna University of Science and Technology

Submission date: 5/12/2020

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Topics Page
1. Definition 02
2.General Properties of vitamins 02
3.Criteria for Vitamins 02
4. Classification of Vitamin 02
5. Sources, Function and Diseases due to Vitamins 03

• Vitamin A (Retinol) 03
• Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 03

• Vitamin D (Calciferol) 04
• Vitamin E (Tocopherol) 04
• Vitamin K (Vit k1: Phylloquinone, Vit k2: Menaquinones) 04

• Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) 05
• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 05
• Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 06

• Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) 06

• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 06
• Vitamin B7 (Biotin) 07

• Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) 07

• Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins) 07

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Vitamin

A vitamin is an organic compound or molecule that is an essential micronutrient which an

organism needs in small quantities for cell function, growth and development. They can’t be
synthesized by body except vitamin D. The term vitamin is derived from the word “vitamin”
which was coined in 1912 by polish biochemist Casimir Funk. The deficiency of a particular
vitamin causes a specific disease called avitaminosis which can only be cured by the intake
of that vitamin.

General Properties of vitamins:

1. Vitamins are widespread occurrence in nature, both plant and animal worlds.
2. The plants can synthesize all the vitamins whereas only few vitamins are synthesized in
animals.
3. Required in very tiny and balanced amounts.
4. Not made in body exceptions are: provitamins.
5. Vitamins are partly destroyed and are partly excreted.
6. All the cells of body store vitamins to some extent.
7. Vitamins are nonantigenic.
8. Vitamins are effective when taken orally.
9. Their deficiency resulted in a specific disease.

Criteria for Vitamins:

• Cannot be synthesized in ample amounts in the body.
• Chronic deficiency is likely to cause physical symptoms.
• Symptoms will disappear once the vitamin level in the body is restored.
• Deficiency can cause permanent damage.

Classification of Vitamin:
Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity;
1) Fat soluble Vitamins:
• Vitamin A.
• Vitamin D.
• Vitamin E.
• Vitamin K.
2) Water soluble vitamins:
• Vitamin B group;
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-B1 (Thiamin).
-B2 (Riboflavin)
-B3 (Niacin)
-B5 (Pantothenic acid)
-B6 (Pyridoxine)
-B7 (Biotin)
-B9 (Folic acid)
-B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

• Vitamin C.
• Vitamin H.

Sources, Function and Diseases due to Vitamins:

➢ Vitamin A (Retinol):
Sources: Cod- liver oil, milk, eggs, sweet potatoes, Tomato juice, pumpkin pie, Mango,
carrots leafy vegetables and fortified foods such as cereals.
Function:
- Essential for eye health and vision.
- Support immune system and has anti-inflammatory properties.
- It is vital for healthy bone growth and development.
- Required for both gender reproduction systems to function correctly.
- Promotes healthy skin.
- It is also involved in the electron transport chain and in oxidative phosphorylation.
Diseases due to Vitamin A:
▪ Night blindness.
▪ Xeropthalmia.
▪ Infertility.
▪ Inflamed skin.
▪ Delayed growth.
▪ Respiratory infections.

➢ Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid):

Sources: Citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, red and
green bell peppers, cabbage and spinach, guava, lemon juice, papaya.
Function:
• Promotes a healthy immune system and helps make collagen.
• It is also needed to make certain chemical messengers in the brain.
• Necessary for the absorption of iron by reducing ferric form to ferrous form.
• Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of carnitine in the liver.
Diseases due to Vitamin C:
• Scurvy.
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• Poor wound healing.

• Hair loss
• Anemia
• Bleeding gums
• Dental cavities
• Joint paint
➢ Vitamin D (Calciferol):

Sources: Egg yolks, liver, fatty fish, fortified milk, when exposed to sunlight, the skin
can make vitamin D.

Function:
• Promoting healthy bones and teeth.
• Supporting immune, brain and nervous system health.
• Regulating insulin levels and supporting diabetes management.
• Support lung function and cardiovascular health.
Diseases due to Vitamin D:
• Rickets
• Deformed bone
• Retarded growth
• Soft teeth
• Autoimmune problems
• Neurological diseases
• Pregnancy complication.

➢ Vitamin E (Tocopherol):
Sources: Fortified milks, cheese, cereals, egg yolks, salmon and cod liver oil, sunflower
Seeds, olives, blue berries, most nuts, most seeds etc.
Function:

• Prevent of oxidative stress

• Protection of cell membranes
• Regulation of platelet aggregation.
• It helps to prevent some disease, as like cardiovascular disease, cancer,
alzheimer’s disease.
Diseases due to Vitamin E:
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Cholestasis
• Cystic fibrosis
• Crohn`s disease

➢ Vitamin K (Vit k1: Phylloquinone, Vit k2: Menaquinones):

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Sources: Leafy green vegetables like parsley, chard and kale broccoli, green beans,
cabbage; fruits such as avocado, grapes.
Function:
• Helps blood clot.
• Maintains bone health.
Diseases due to Vitamin K:

• Bleeding
• Poor bone development.
• Anemia.
• Osteoporosis.
• Increased cardiovascular disease.

➢ Vitamin B1 (Thiamin):
Sources: Sunflower seeds, asparagus, lettuce, mushrooms, black beans, peas, eggplant,
tuna, whole wheat, soybeans etc.
Function:
• Carbohydrate metabolism and energy production.
• Nervous system development as well as functioning.
• Maintains good eye sight and boosts immunity.
• Promotes healthy kidney functioning.
Diseases due to Vitamin B1:
• Beriberi
• Wernike-korsakoff syndrome
• Reduce mental alertness
• Headache, Weakness, irritability, depression, abdominal discomfort.

➢ Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin):
Sources: Milks, breads, fortified cereals, asparagus, dark meat chicken and cooked beef,
dairy products.
Function:
• It is important for body growth.
• Helps to produce red blood cell
• It also aids in the release of energy from proteins.
Diseases due to Vitamin B2:
• Cheilosis.
• Corneal opacity.
• Hyperemia.
• Edema of the mouth and throat.
• Angular stomatitis.
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• Hair loss.

➢ Vitamin B3 (Niacin):

Sources: Mushrooms, pea nuts, brown rice, poultry, fish, meat, whole grains and
fortified cereals.
Function:

• Helps with digestion and changing food into energy.

• Helps to make cholesterol.
Diseases due to Vitamin B3:
• Pellagra
• Gastrointestinal problem
• Reduce glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.
• Constipation

➢ Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid):

Sources: Kale, cabbage, beans, peas, lentils, meats, poultry, dairy products, broccoli,
whole grain cereals, nuts, dairy products, eggs.
Function:
• Playing a role in the breakdown of fats and carbohydrates.
• Critical to the manufacture of red blood cells.
• Helps to produce sex and stress related hormones.
Diseases due to Vitamin B5:
• Fatigue.
• Insomnia.
• Stomach pains.
• Burning feet.
• Upper respiratory infections.

➢ Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine):
Sources: Fortified cereals, fortified soy-based meat substitutes, baked potatoes with
skin, bananas, light-meat chicken and turkey, eggs, peas, spinach.
Function:
• Helps to metabolism of protein, fats and carbohydrates.
• Creation of red blood cells and neurotransmitters.
Diseases due to Vitamin B6:
• Dermatitis in rats
• Microcytic anemia.
• Electroencephalographic
• Abnormalities glossitis.
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• weakened immune function.

➢ Vitamin B7 (Biotin):
Sources: Walnuts, peanuts, cereals, milk, egg yolk, whole meal bread, salmon,
mushrooms, cauliflowers, avocados, bananas, raspberries.
Function:
• Vital for the normal growth of fetuses.
• Helps to increase the health of skin, hair.
• Helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fat and amino acids.
Diseases due to Vitamin B7:
• Metabolism disorders
• Loss of hair across the body.
• Red rash around the body.

➢ Vitamin B9 (Folic acid):

Sources: Dark green leafy vegetable, beans, peanuts, sunflower seeds, fresh fruits, fruit
juices, whole grains, liver, seafood.
Function:

• Help the body convert food into fuel which produce energy
• Help the body use fats and protein.
Diseases due to Vitamin B9:
• Poor growth.
• Tongue inflammation.
• Gingivitis.
• Forgetfulness.

➢ Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins):

Sources: Beef, clams, mussels, crabs, salmon, poultry and fortified foods.
Function:

• Helps keep the body’s nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA
• Helps prevent a type of anemia
Diseases due to Vitamin B12:
• Pernicious anemia.
• Neurological disorders.
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