Chapter 9 Solutions

Solutions =

• a homogeneous mixture

• Solute – gets dissolved

• Lesser amount
• Usually a solid, can be liquid or gas
• “changes phase”
• Solvent – does the dissolving
• Greater amount
• H2O is almost always
Solutions . . . All States of Matter

Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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Water

Water
• is the most
common solvent.
• is a polar molecule.
• forms hydrogen
bonds

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Formation of a Solution

Na+ and Cl- ions

• on the surface of a NaCl

crystal are attracted to polar
water molecules.

• are hydrated in solution with

many H2O molecules
surrounding each ion.

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Equations for Solution Formation

When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the reaction can

be written as
H2O
NaCl(s)
solid separation of ions

Write the equation for each dissolving in water.

CaCl2

Fe(NO3)3

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Like Dissolves Like
polar solvents
such as water
dissolve polar
solutes (sugar,
ionic solutes
like NaCl)
Solvents Solutes
Water (polar)
nonpolar Ni(NO3)2
solvents, CH2Cl2(nonpolar) (polar)
hexane (C6H14)
or gasoline
dissolves
nonpolar
solutes (oil or I2 (nonpolar)
grease)

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Which of the following solutes will
dissolve in water?

Na2SO4

Methane, CH4

I2

HCl

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Strong Electrolytes

Strong electrolytes
• dissociate in water, producing positive and negative ions.
• conduct an electric current in water.
• in equations show the formation of ions in aqueous(aq)
solutions.
H2O 100% ions
NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

H 2O
CaBr2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Br−(aq)

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Weak Electrolytes

A weak electrolyte
• dissociates only slightly in water.
• in water forms a solution of a few ions and mostly
undissociated molecules.

HF(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

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Nonelectrolytes

Nonelectrolytes
• dissolve as molecules in
water.
• do not produce ions in
water.
• do not conduct an
electric current.

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Equivalents

An equivalent (Eq) is the amount of an electrolyte or an

ion that provides 1 mole of electrical charge (+ or -).

1 mole of Na+ = 1 equivalent

1 mole of Cl− = 1 equivalent
1 mole of Ca2+ = 2 equivalents
1 mole of Fe3+ = 3 equivalents

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Electrolytes in Body Fluids
In replacement solutions for body fluids, the electrolytes
are given in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

Ringer’s Solution
Na+ 147 mEq/L Cl− 155 mEq/L
K+ 4 mEq/L
Ca2+ 4 mEq/L

The milliequivalents per liter of cations must equal the

milliequivalents per liter of anions.

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Electrolytes in Body Fluids

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Moles to Equivalents

A. In 1 mole of Fe3+ = ? Eq

B. In 2.5 moles of SO42−, there are

C. An IV bottle contains Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- .

Na+ is 34 mmol/L
Ca2+ is 6 mmol/L
Cl− is ????

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Solubility

the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a

specific amount of solvent.

• expressed as grams of solute in 100 grams of

solvent, usually water.
g of solute
100 g water

Saturated Unsaturated

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Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Solubility
• depends on
temperature.
• of most solids
increases as
temperature
increases.

• of gases decreases
as temperature
increases.

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Heat it up . . . Let it cool

 More dissolves at higher KI: 140 g/100 g at 20 0C

temperature 170 g/100 g at 60 0C

 What happens when it

cools?

 What if it doesn’t
precipitate?

 Supersaturated

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Solubility and Pressure

Henry’s law
• the solubility of a gas
in a liquid is directly
related to the
pressure of that gas
above the liquid.
• at higher pressures,
more gas molecules
dissolve in the liquid.

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Soluble vs. Insoluble Salts

Not all ionic compounds (salts) are soluble in water.

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Soluble vs. Insoluble Salts

Mixing certain aqueous solutions produces insoluble

salts.

Barium sulfate, BaSO4, an insoluble salt,

is used to enhance X-rays.

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Using Solubility Rules

Soluble: Which of the following are

NH4+ soluble?
Li+, Na+, K+ NH4NO3
NO3-
Cl-, Br-, I- (except: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+)
SO42- (except: Ca2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) AgCl

Insoluble: CaCO3
PO43-. CO32-. OH-, S2-, O2-
(except: NH4+, Group IA)
NaOH

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Percent

1. Mass percent (% m/m) is the

• concentration by mass of solute in a solution.

mass percent = x 100

2. Volume percent (% v/v) is

• percent volume (mL) of solute in a solution.

volume % (v/v) = x 100

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Percent

3. Mass/volume percent (% m/v) is

percent mass (g) of solute to volume (mL) of solution.

mass/volume % (m/v) = x 100

What is the %(m/m) when 10 g of NaCl are dissolved in

100 g of H2O?

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This is how it is used more often. . .

How many grams of NaOH are needed to prepare

125 mL of a 8.80% (m/v) NaOH solution?

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Molarity (M)

moles of solute =
liter of solution

What is the molarity of 500. mL of

NaOH solution if it contains 6.00 g of
NaOH?

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Calculations Using Molarity

How many grams of HCl are needed to prepare 125 mL

of a 0.72 M HCl solution?

How many grams of NaOH are needed to prepare

1500 mL of a 0.10 M solution?

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Dilution
In a dilution
• water is added.
• volume
increases.
• concentration
decreases.
For percent concentration:
C1V1 = C2V2
initial diluted
For molarity:
M1V1 = M2V2
initial diluted

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Calculating Dilutions
What is the percent (% m/v) of a solution prepared
by diluting 10.0 mL of 9.00% NaOH to 60.0 mL?

I need to make 750 mL of a 0.10 M KNO3 solution. How

many milliliters of a 5.0 M KNO3 solution do I dilute to
make it?

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Solutions vs Suspensions
Solutions (homogeneous)
• contain small particles (ions or molecules).
• are transparent (clear)
• do not separate and cannot be filtered.
Suspensions (heterogeneous)
• have very large particles.
• settle out.
• can be filtered and must be stirred to stay suspended.

Examples include: blood platelets, muddy water, and calamine lotion.

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Colloids
• have medium-size particles.
• cannot be filtered.
• can be separated by semipermeable membranes.

•Fog (clouds) whipped cream

•Milk cheese
•blood plasma
•Pearls jello (gel)

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 Osmosis
SOLVENT moves
- from the area of higher solvent
concentration (low solute conc.)
-
- to the area of lower solvent
concentration (high solute conc.)
Isotonic Solutions

• exerts the same osmotic

pressure as red blood cells.

• of 5.0% glucose or 0.90%

NaCl is used medically
because each has a solute
concentration equal to the
osmotic pressure equal to
red blood cells. H 2O

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Hypotonic Solutions

• has a lower osmotic

pressure than red blood
cells.
• has a lower concentration
than physiological
solutions.
• causes water to flow into
red blood cells.
• causes hemolysis: RBCs H2O
swell and may burst.

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Hypertonic Solutions
• has a higher osmotic pressure
than RBCs.

• has a higher concentration

than physiological solutions.
• causes water to flow out of
RBCs.
• cause crenation: RBCs shrink
in size. H 2O

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Dialysis

In dialysis,
• solvent and small solute particles pass through an
artificial membrane.

• large particles are retained inside.

• waste particles such as urea from blood are removed

using hemodialysis (artificial kidney).

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