Chapter 6

Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Valence electrons control
reactivity!

Lose or gain valence

electrons = Ionic bonds

Share valence electron =

covalent bonds

1
Ionic Compounds

positive ions =

negative ions =

• The attractive force is called an ionic bond;

opposites attract.

• They are neutral compounds

PLUS charges = MINUS charges
• Most are solid at room temperature

2
Formation of a Chloride, Cl-

Chlorine adds an electron to achieve an octet:

3
Formation of Oxide, O2-

Oxygen adds electrons to achieve an octet:

4
Formation of Negative Ions
In ionic compounds, nonmetals in Groups 5A (15),
6A (16) and 7A (17)
• achieve an octet arrangement by gaining
electrons.
• form negatively charged ions with 3-, 2-, or 1-
charges.

What is the charge on the following atoms when forming

an anion?
F O

N S

5
Formation of a Sodium Ion, Na+

6
Formation of Mg2+
Magnesium achieves an octet by losing its two valence
electrons.

7
Predict Ion Charges
What are the charges on the following atoms?

K Br
Ba Se

Ga P

8
Salt Is An Ionic Compound

Sodium chloride or “table salt” is an example of an

ionic compound.

What is its formula?

9
How About Magnesium Chloride?

• a Mg atom loses 2
valence electrons.
• two Cl atoms each
gain 1 electron.
• subscripts indicate
the number of ions
needed to give
charge balance.

10
Writing Formulas

Write the chemical formula for each of the following ionic

compounds. (Use the Periodic Table to predict charges)

Na and O

Al and F

Mg and N

11
Naming Ionic Compounds with Two
Elements
Identify the cation and
anion.

Name the cation first.

Name of the anion with

an –ide ending.

12
Name the Ionic Compounds

CaO ___________

KBr ___________

Al2S3 ___________

MgCl2 ___________

13
Transition Metals Form Positive Ions

Most transition metals and Group 4 (14) metals form 2

or more positive ions.
Use Roman numerals:
What is the correct formula?

Iron (II) nitride

Tin(IV) chloride

15
Ionic Compounds with Transition
Metal Cations
RuBr2 CuO

Cu2O Fe2S3

16
Polyatomic Ions

A polyatomic ion poly =

• more than one atom with ionic charge

The polyatomic ions you need to know:

ammonium hydroxide
nitrate
carbonate phosphate
hydrogen carbonate sulfate
(bicarbonate) chlorate
cyanide hypochlorite

17
More Names of Polyatomic Ions

The names of common polyatomic anions

• end in ate.
NO3− nitrate PO43− phosphate
• with one oxygen less end in ite.
NO2− nitrite PO33− phosphite

• with hydrogen attached use the prefix hydrogen (or bi).

HCO3− hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
HSO3− hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)

18
Write the correct formula

Potassium sulfate

Calcium carbonate

Iron(III) nitrate

Cobalt (II) hydroxide

19
Name the following

NH4NO3

Cu(ClO3)2

Fe2(SO4)3

20
Molecular Compounds = Nonmetals

A hydrogen molecule

• is stable with 2 electrons (helium).

• has a shared pair of electrons.

21
Naming Molecular Compounds

In the names of covalent compounds, prefixes are

used to indicate the number of atoms (subscript) of
each element. (mono is usually omitted)

22
Name the Molecular Compound

NO _____________________

SO2 _____________________

PCl5 _____________________

NI3 _____________________

23
Write the formula

arsenic trichloride

dinitrogen monoxide

sulfur hexafluoride

24
Molecular or Ionic?
Identify each compound as ionic or molecular, and give
its correct name or formula.

SO3

BaCl2

Ammonium phosphate

Diphosphorus pentaoxide

25
Forming Octets in Molecules

In a fluorine, F2,, molecule, each F atom

• shares 1 electron.

• attains an octet.

26
Draw Lewis Structures
1. Total the valence electrons NH3
2. Arrange atoms, with a center
atom and similar atoms
surrounding (think symmetry)

3. Create single bonds

4. Add remaining electrons to

CO2
make octets.

5. If short, make double / triple

bonds

27
A few more

O2

N2

H2O

28
Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds

29
Electronegativity

What about H?

30
Comparing Nonpolar and Polar
Covalent Bonds
A polar covalent bond
• occurs between nonmetal atoms. C–C
• is an unequal sharing of electrons.

A nonpolar covalent bond

• occurs between nonmetals. C–O
• is an equal sharing of electrons.

Cl – Cl
N–O
K – Br

31
Molecular Shapes

In a molecule of CH4,

4 atoms around C (C in the center).

there are ZERO lone pairs on C

• the shape with four bonded

atoms is tetrahedral.

32
Three Bonding Atoms and One Lone
Pair
In a molecule of NH3,
• 3 electron groups bond to H atoms, and the fourth one
is a lone (nonbonding) pair.

3 bonded atoms,
1 lone pair,
the shape is trigonal pyramidal.

33
Two Bonding Atoms and Two Lone
Pairs
In a molecule of H2O,
• 2 electron groups are bonded to H atoms and 2 are lone
pairs (4 electron groups).
• 4 electron groups minimize repulsion in a tetrahedral
arrangement.
• the shape with 2 bonded atoms is bent.

34
Three Bonding Atoms and Zero Lone Pairs

BF3 formaldehyde
CH2O

35
Two Bonding Atoms and One Lone Pair

Ozone sulfur dioxide

36
Two Bonding Atoms and Zero Lone Pairs

CO2

37
38
Polar Molecules

A polar molecule
• contains polar bonds.
• has a separation of positive and negative charge
called a dipole, indicated with + and -.
• has dipoles that do not cancel.
+ - ••
H–Cl H—N—H
dipole
H
dipoles do not cancel

39
Nonpolar Molecules

A nonpolar molecule
• contains nonpolar bonds.
Cl–Cl H–H

• or has a symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds.

O=C=O

dipoles cancel

40
Determining Molecular Polarity

STEP 1: Write the electron-dot formula.

STEP 2: Determine the shape.
STEP 3: Determine if dipoles cancel or not.
Example: H2O

H2O is polar

dipoles do not cancel

41
Which are polar? Nonpolar?

Identify each of the following molecules as

1) polar or 2) nonpolar. Explain.

A. PBr3
B. HBr
C. Br2
D. SiCl4

42
Intermolecular Forces

Forces between molecules

Stronger force = higher
Stronger force = higher

Four types

43
Ionic Bonds

In ionic compounds, ionic bonds

• are strong attractive forces.
• hold positive and negative ions together.

44
Dispersion Forces

Dispersion forces are

• weak attractions between nonpolar molecules.

b pt (oC)
m pt (0C) (0C)
b pt
F2 -220 -188
CH4 -164
Cl2 -101 -35 O2 -183
Br2 -7 +59 N2 -196
I2 114 +184

45
Dipole-Dipole Attractions

In covalent compounds, polar molecules exert

attractive forces called dipole-dipole attractions.

stronger than Dispersion forces

46
Hydrogen Bonding More than just dipole
forces.

H bonded to 3 elements:

m pt (0C) b pt (0C)
HF -83 +20
HCl -115 -85
HBr -89 -67
HI -51 -35

NH3 -78 -33

PH3 -133 -88
AsH3 -113 -55
Melting Points of
Some Substances
•Ionic compounds have the
highest melting points.

•Hydrogen bonds are the

strongest type of dipole-dipole
attractions.

•Dipole-dipole attractions are

next

•Dispersion forces are the

weakest interactions.

48
What Type of Force?

Identify the main type of attractive forces for each:

1) ionic 2) dipole-dipole
3) hydrogen bonds 4) dispersion

A. NCl3
B. H 2O
C. Br-Br
D. KCl
E. CH4

49