MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

BACTERIAL AND VIRAL INFECTION

Submitted by
T.Lakshanaa- cb18s379258
B.sc.,- 3rd Microbiology " A"

BACTERIAL INFECTION

Bacteria introduction:

● Bacteria is a simple one- celled microorganisms that classified according to their shape
and arrangements.Cause disease such as strep throat , pneumonia, meningitis and
tuberculosis
● Bacteria are living cells ,under a microscope they look like balls, rodsor spirals.They are
so small that a line of 1,00 could fit across a pencil eraser
● Most of the bacteria won't hurt you - less than one percent of the different types make
people sick.Many are helpful .Some bacteria help to digest food , destroy disease
causing cells,and give the body needed vitamins . Bacteria are also used in making
healthy foods like yoghurt and cheese.
Types of bacteria :

● Streptococci- chains
● Staphylococci- clusters
● Diplococci- pairs
● Micrococci- tiny
● Flagellated forms- tail
● Bacilli- rod shaped
● Vibrios
● Spirullum - spiral
● Spirochaetes- comma.
Bacteria as infectious agent:

● Bacteria can make you ill.They reproduce quickly in your body.Many give off chemicals
called toxins which can damage tissue and make you sick . Examples of bacteria that
cause infection include streptococcus, staphylococcus and E.col
● Infectious bacteria can grow, divide and spread in the body, leading to infectious
disease. Some infectious bacteria give off toxins which can make some diseases more
severe. Bacteria are spread in many ways including: Spread by aerosols (through
coughing and sneezing).
 ● A bacterial infection is a proliferation of a harmful strain of bacteria on or inside the body.
Bacteria can infect any area of the body. Pneumonia, meningitis, and food poisoning are
just a few illnesses that may be caused by harmful bacteria.
● Children and adults of any age can develop a bacterial infection. Bacteria can infect any
area of the body, including the skin, bladder, lungs, intestines, brain, and more. A
bacterial infection can also spread throughout the blood, causing a condition described
as sepsis.
Some of the examples for bacterial infections include

● strep throat.
● bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs), often caused by coliform bacteria.
● bacterial food poisoning, often caused by E.coli
● bacterial cellulitis, such as due to Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
● bacterial vaginosis.
● gonorrhea.
● chlamydia.
● syphilis.
STREP THROAT:
● Viruses are the most common cause of a sore throat. However, strep throat is an
infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus
(group A strep).
BACTERIAL URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS:
● Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) can involve the urethra, prostate, bladder, or
kidneys. Symptoms may be absent or include urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, lower
abdominal pain, and flank pain. Systemic symptoms and even sepsis may occur with
kidney infection.
BACTERIAL FOOD POISONING:
● Food poisoning is an illness caused by eating contaminated food. It's not usually serious
and most people get better within a few days without treatment. In most cases of food
poisoning, the food is contaminated by bacteria, such as salmonella or Escherichia coli
(E. coli), or a virus, such as the norovirus
BACTERIAL CELLULITIS:
● Cellulitis (sel-u-LIE-tis) is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection. The
affected skin appears swollen and red and is typically painful and warm to the touch.
● Cellulitis usually affects the skin on the lower legs, but it can occur in the face, arms and
other areas. It occurs when a crack or break in your skin allows bacteria to enter.
BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS:
● Bacterial vaginosis tends to affect women of childbearing age. Activities such as
unprotected sexual intercourse or frequent douching can increase a person's risk.
GONORRHOEA:
● A sexually transmitted bacterial infection that, if untreated, may cause infertility.
● Regular screening can help detect instances when an infection is present despite having
no symptoms
CHLAMYDIA:
● A common, sexually transmitted infection that may not cause symptoms.
● Chlamydia affects people of all ages but is most common in young women.
SYPHILIS:
● A bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact that starts as a painless sore.
● Syphilis develops in stages and symptoms vary with each stage.

VIRAL INFECTIONS

Virus introduction:

● Smallest of all organisms visible only using an electron microscope.

● Cannot reproduce unless they are inside other living cells.
● Spread by contact with blood and other body fluids.
● Difficult to destroy.not affected by antibiotics.
Most common virus :
● smallpox.
● the common cold and different types of flu.
● measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, and shingles.
● hepatitis.
● herpes and cold sores.
● polio.
● rabies.
● Ebola and Hanta fever.
SMALL POX:
● Before smallpox was eradicated, it was a serious infectious disease caused by the
variola virus. It was contagious—meaning, it spread from one person to another. People
who had smallpox had a fever and a distinctive, progressive skin rash.
● Most people with smallpox recovered, but about 3 out of every 10 people with the
disease died. Many smallpox survivors have permanent scars over large areas of their
body, especially their faces. Some are left blind.
COMMON COLD:
● The common cold is an upper respiratory tract infection caused by many different
viruses.
● The common cold is transmitted by virus-infected airborne droplets or by direct contact
with infected secretions.
● Symptoms of the common cold include
● cough,
● sore throat,
● coughing,
● sneezing, and
● a runny nose.
 ● Being in cold weather does not cause the common cold, but cold weather promotes
close contact.
● Over-the-counter medications may be used for treatment of the common cold.
● Antibiotics are not necessary for the common cold.
● The common cold is a self-limited disease that can generally be managed at home.
● The common cold has no cure, and there is no available vaccine.
MEASLES:
● Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and it is normally passed
through direct contact and through the air. The virus infects the respiratory tract, then
spreads throughout the body. Measles is a human disease and is not known to occur in
animals.
● Measles is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus. Before the
introduction of measles vaccine in 1963 and widespread vaccination, major epidemics
occurred approximately every 2–3 years and measles caused an estimated 2.6 million
deaths each year.
● More than 140 000 people died from measles in 2018 – mostly children under the age of
5 years, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine.
MUMPS:
● Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects saliva-producing (salivary) glands that are
located near your ears. Mumps can cause swelling in one or both of these glands.
● Mumps was common in the United States until mumps vaccination became routine.
Since then, the number of cases has dropped dramatically.
RUBELLA:
● A contagious viral infection preventable by vaccine and best known by its distinctive red
rash.
● The disease can spread through direct contact with the saliva or mucus of an infected
person or through the air by respiratory droplets produced from coughing or sneezing.
● Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused
by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild with half of people not realizing that they
are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.
● Other names: German measles, three-day-measles
● Causes: Rubella virus (spread through the air)
● Symptoms: Rash, swollen lymph nodes, fever, sore throat, feeling tired
● Complications: Testicular swelling, inflammation of nerves, congenital rubella syndrome.
CHICKEN POX
● Chickenpox is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash
with small, fluid-filled blisters. Chickenpox is highly contagious to people who haven't
had the disease or been vaccinated against it. Today, a vaccine is available that protects
children against chickenpox. Routine vaccination is recommended by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
SHINGLES:
● Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Although shingles can occur
anywhere on your body, it most often appears as a single stripe of blisters that wraps
around either the left or the right side of your torso. Shingles is caused by the
varicella-zoster virus — the same virus that causes chickenpox.