Hitler's takeover of Czechoslovakia and the Munich Agreement

Hitler fp
Describe the takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1938–39.
4 Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g. ‘Nazis in
the Sudetenland stirred up trouble among Sudetenland Germans.’ ‘The Sudetenland Nazi Party
began to demand autonomy from Czechoslovakia.’ ‘German troops moved to the border with
Czechoslovakia.’ ‘In May 1938 Hitler said he would fight Czechoslovakia if necessary.’ ‘At a meeting
with Chamberlain in September, Hitler demanded only parts of the Sudetenland.’ ‘The Munich Pact
was signed on 30 September 1938, giving Hitler all of the Sudetenland.’ ‘At a second meeting Hitler
increased his demands to all of the Sudetenland.’ ‘In March 1939 German troops invaded the rest of
Czechoslovakia.’
Why did Britain react differently to Germany’s aggression towards Czechoslovakia and towards
Poland?
6 Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6 Level 3 Explains ONE reason 4–5 (Four marks for one explanation,
five marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Chamberlain and other British politicians felt that Germany had
a right to the Sudetenland as there were many Germans living there. He also thought that many of
them wanted to be part of Germany. After agreeing to Hitler having the Sudetenland, there was little
that could be done when Germany invaded the rest of the country. This was a completely different
situation to Poland which did not have such a large German population. Level 2 Identifies AND / OR
describes reasons 2–3 (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘Because the Sudetenland
was ethnically German.’ ‘Chamberlain thought that letting Hitler have Czechoslovakia would appease
him and he would have no other demands.’ ‘Britain had promised to defend Poland’s
independence.’ ‘Germany invading Poland was one step too far.’ Level 1 General answer lacking
specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘Britain acted differently because circumstances had changed.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was the reason why Hitler invaded Poland.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
10 Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ 10 As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of
both sides 7–9 A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the
other.) This will be worth a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An
answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than
8. Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6 More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was the main reason.
Hitler wanted to take over Poland and he felt that Britain and France would do little about it. But he
was worried about Russia. He felt that he could not move against Poland until he knew that Russia
would not intervene. The Pact with Russia meant that Russia would not attack and in a secret part of
the agreement even divided Poland up between the two powers. This made it safe for Hitler to
invade Poland. This is shown the by the fact that the Pact was signed on 24 August and Hitler
invaded Poland just a week later.’ OR e.g. ‘Hitler decided to invade Poland long before the Nazi-
Soviet Pact. It was one of his main aims in his foreign policy from the beginning and was stated in
Mein Kampf. He wanted to give Germany living space in the east and Poland was one of the areas he
targeted. He believed that Germany needed living space for its survival and planned to deport the
Poles to places like Siberia. This means that he would have invaded Poland anyway.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3 One mark for each point. e.g. ‘It meant that Russia would not attack
Germany.’ ‘Germany and Russia divided up Poland between themselves.’ ‘Germany would not have
to worry about fighting a war on two fronts.’ ‘Because of Hitler’s desire for living space for Germany
in the east.’ ‘Hitler did not think Chamberlain would keep his promise to Poland.’ ‘The Poles were
persecuting Germans who lived in Poland.’ ‘The invasion of Poland was a step towards his aim of
invading Russia.’ ‘His aim to invade Poland was in Mein Kampf.’ ‘His aim to invade Poland was always
a central part of his foreign policy.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1
e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was an important reason but there were other reasons.’
What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
4 Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g. ‘Germany
and the Soviet Union would not go to war with each other.’ ‘It was a non-aggression pact.’ ‘Neither
country would ally itself to an enemy of the other party.’ ‘The Pact had a secret protocol to divide
Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence.’ ‘Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to
divide Poland up between the two of them.’ ‘It was signed in August 1939.’ ‘It meant that Germany
would not have to fight a war on two fronts.’
Why was Mussolini’s support over Anschluss important to Hitler?
five marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Mussolini’s support was crucial because he had a big interest in
what was happening in Austria. In 1934 Hitler had tried to take over Austria but it was Mussolini who
had stopped him. Mussolini was worried that Hitler would demand the return of Italian territories
that had once been ruled by Austria. If anyone could stop Anschluss it was Mussolini, so his support
was important. If he did not object then the way was open for Hitler with no one to stop him.’ Level
2 Identifies AND / OR describes reasons 2–3 (One mark for each identification/description) e.g.
‘Mussolini had stopped Anschluss in 1934.’ ‘Only Mussolini could stop Anschluss in 1938.’
‘Mussolini’s support showed Hitler that he could get away with other aspects of his foreign policy.’
‘It showed that the Anti-Comintern Pact was working for Hitler.’ ‘If Italy did nothing then Britain and
France certainly would not do anything about it.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual
knowledge 1 e.g. ‘Mussolini’s support was very important because Hitler had few friends at this
time.’
‘The Munich Agreement made war more, not less, likely.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘It made war more likely. The agreement
showed Hitler that the European countries were not going to stand up to him. He could continue to
demand more and powers like Britain and France would give in every time. This encouraged him to
invade the rest of Czechoslovakia and then in September 1939 he invaded Poland. Britain and France
had said they would declare war on Germany if Poland was invaded. Hitler did not believe them
because of the way they gave in over the Munich Agreement. When they did declare war Hitler was
shocked. As a result of the Munich Agreement, Hitler thought he would get away with anything.’ OR
e.g. ‘I think it made war less likely. Hitler was ready to invade Czechoslovakia and take the
Sudetenland. War seemed imminent Trenches were even being dug in Hyde Park in London in
preparation for a war. The agreement meant that war was averted at this point since Hitler had got
what he wanted. Chamberlain said the agreement had brought ‘peace in our time’, and others
agreed with him. It is clear that the agreement made war less likely.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR
describes reasons 2–3 One mark for each point. e.g. ‘The Munich Agreement simply moved the start
of the war rather than making it more or less likely.’ ‘It made Hitler think he could get away with
anything and this made war more likely.’ ‘It gave Britain a chance to build up its armed forces and so
made war more likely.’ ‘It encouraged Hitler to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia and Poland, and
this made war more likely.’ ‘Hitler got the Sudetenland and so he had no reason to go to war.’
‘Chamberlain called it ‘peace for our time’.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual
knowledge 1 e.g. ‘The Munich Agreement made war less likely because the two sides had agreed
with each other.’
What was agreed at Munich in 1938?
4 Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g. ‘The
Sudetenland was given to Germany.’ ‘The transfer would take 10 days.’ ‘Czechoslovakia’s new
frontiers were guaranteed by the four powers.’ ‘Britain and Germany would settle disputes between
them by consultation.’ ‘Britain and Germany would promote peace in Europe.’ ‘An international
commission would agree the future of other disputed areas.’
Why was German and Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War important?
five marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘This was important because it gave both countries a chance to
train soldiers and test new equipment and tactics. New troops got experience so that they were
ready for a future war, this was especially important for Italy. New planes such as the
Messerschmidts and tanks were tried out by the Germans, as well as tactics for aircraft and tanks
such as carpet bombing by aircraft.’ Level 2 Identifies AND / OR describes reasons 2–3 (One mark for
each identification/description) e.g. ‘It distracted other countries from Hitler’s ambitions in central
Europe.’ ‘It created a Spanish state friendly to Germany and Italy.’ ‘It brought Italy and Germany
closer together.’ ‘Spain had iron, copper and pyrites – important for the German armaments
industry.’ ‘The Condor Legion gave the Nationalists air superiority.’ ‘New tactics such as carpet
bombing were tried.’ ‘A Fascist Spain was a threat to France.’ ‘Germany tested its new
Messerschmitt fighter aircraft.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g.
‘The Spanish Civil War was important because it helped Germany and Italy a lot.’
‘The only thing wrong with the policy of appeasement was that Britain and France persisted with it
for too long.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘I agree with the statement, because even if the
policy of appeasement had been useful early on. Britain and France should have stopped it long
before they did. At the time of the re-militarisation of the Rhineland the German army was still weak
and Hitler would have backed down if Britain and France had taken firm action. Munich was a
disaster as it made clear to Hitler that if he went on and took the rest of Czechoslovakia then Britain
and France would do nothing. This actually brought war closer because it encouraged Hitler. When
Britain and France told him they would go to war if he attacked Poland, he simply did not believe
them because of their persistence with appeasement.’ OR e.g. ‘I disagree with this. I do not think
they stayed with the policy for too long. This is because Germany had been rearming and had much
more powerful armed forces than Britain or France. In 1938, Britain was not ready for war.
Chamberlain was desperately trying to increase the strength of British armed forces. The programme
of rearmament was not completed until 1940. If appeasement had been ended earlier then it would
have been a disaster and Britain would have been defeated. Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3
One mark for each point. e.g. ‘Germany’s armed forces were stronger than Britain and France.’ ‘The
policy was the right one at first because it was a chance for peace.’ ‘It was the right policy at first
because Germany had been unfairly dealt with in the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘If Britain and France had
stood up to Hitler after the re-militarisation of the Rhineland, Hitler would have backed down.’ ‘The
policy was the right one at first because of the threat from Communist Russia.’ ‘Appeasement made
sense, especially because of the horrors of the First World War.’ ‘It was morally wrong to let
Czechoslovakia be taken by Germany.’ ‘Appeasement would have never worked with Hitler. He
would never have stopped.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘I
agree with the statement. They should have stopped the policy long before they did.’
Describe Hitler’s policy towards Czechoslovakia in 1938–39.
4 Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g. ‘Hitler
wanted to bring the Germans who lived in the Sudetenland into the Reich.’ ‘Hitler encouraged the
German-speaking Czechs to protest against the government.’ ‘In May 1938 Hitler considered seizing
Czechoslovakia.’ ‘In March 1939 he invaded the whole of Czechoslovakia.’
Why was there an increase in militarism in Italy under Mussolini?
6 Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6 Level 3 Explains ONE reason 4–5 Four marks for one explanation,
five marks for full explanation. e.g. ‘One reason for the increase in militarism was that Mussolini
adopted aggressive policies. He wanted to make Italy great again, especially after their poor
treatment at the end of WWI. This was popular with Italians.’ OR e.g. ‘To carry out his policy
required rearmament, and this increased job opportunities. This was also popular, particularly in the
Depression when unemployment was high. This encouraged him to make policy even more
aggressive, eventually invading Abyssinia in 1936.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3
One mark for each identification/description. e.g. ‘Aggression was a response to the Depression.’
‘Mussolini invaded Abyssinia.’ ‘Italy sent troops to support the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War.’
‘Italy signed the Rome-Berlin Axis.’ ‘Italy joined the Anti-Comintern Pact.’ ‘The Pact of Steel was
signed with Germany.’ ‘Italy rearmed.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
1 e.g. ‘The Italians liked Mussolini’s policies.
How far was Hitler’s determination to overturn the Treaty of Versailles to blame for war in 1939?
other). This will be worth a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An
8. Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6 More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘Hitler’s policy wasn’t the only thing to blame
for the outbreak of war. Chamberlain and Daladier assumed that if they followed appeasement it
would reduce the chances of war. They gave in to Hitler’s demands. This encouraged Hitler to
demand more. It showed them as weak – giving in to a bully.’ OR e.g. ‘It was Hitler’s determination
to overturn Versailles which caused the war. He destroyed the Treaty by re-arming and introducing
conscription. He then re-occupied the Rhineland which was also against the Treaty. He went on to
reunite with Austria and to try to unite all German-speaking people.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR
describes 2–3 One mark for each point. e.g. ‘Hitler wanted Germany to be strong and to unite all
German-speaking people who had been separated after the Treaty.’ ‘He wanted Anschluss with
Austria, forbidden under the Treaty.’ ‘Hitler wanted to militarise the Rhineland.’ ‘Hitler wanted
lebensraum.’ ‘The Allies miscalculated and thought they could appease Hitler’s demands.’ Level 1
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘Hitler hated the Treaty of Versailles.’
Describe how Hitler’s policies between 1935 and 1938 broke the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
4 Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g. ‘Germany
re-armed .’ ‘Hitler created the Luftwaffe in 1935.’ ‘Hitler introduced conscription in 1935.’ ‘Hitler
sent troops into the Rhineland in 1936.’ ‘Anschluss with Austria in 1938 .’ ‘The signing of the Anglo-
German Naval Treaty in 1935.’
Why did Germany become involved in the Spanish Civil War?
five marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Germany became involved because Hitler’s real plans were to do
with expansion in central and eastern Europe such as in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and even
Russia. However, he wanted to distract countries such as Britain from these plans and the Spanish
Civil War was a good distraction. Hitler was not yet ready for a European war and so did not want to
draw attention to what he planned in Europe.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3 (One
mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘To fight against communism.’ ‘To try out his new
armed forces.’ ‘Hitler sent planes and soldiers to help Franco.’ ‘Hitler wanted to distract other
countries from his plans in central Europe.’ ‘Germany wanted a friendly government in Spain.’
‘Franco was a Fascist.’ ‘Hitler wanted a Fascist ally.’ ‘To train his soldiers.’ ‘To draw Mussolini closer
to him.’ ‘It strengthened German industry.’ ‘Hitler gained confidence after the re-militarisation of the
Rhineland.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘Germany did this to
fight against its enemies and make itself stronger.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was responsible for war breaking out in Europe in 1939.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer.
10 Level 5 Explains with evaluation 10 As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of both sides
7–9 A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will
be worth a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only
has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8. Level 3 One-sided
explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6 More detailed explanation of one
issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was mainly responsible. After Czechoslovakia,
Hitler wanted to invade Poland but he was worried that Russia would intervene. This was why he
signed the Pact with Stalin in August 1939. In it, the two countries agreed not to attack each other.
They also secretly agreed to carve up Poland between them. This led to the Second World War
because Hitler was now confident enough to invade Poland on 1 September 1939. However, Britain
and France had agreed to defend Poland if attacked and so a few days later they declared war on
Germany and the war started. Without the Pact, this might not have happened.’ OR e.g. ‘I do not
think the Pact caused the war because I think it would have happened anyway, although it might
have started on a different date and in a different way. Hitler was determined to win Lebensraum in
eastern Europe and Russia, defeat communism and eventually to dominate the whole of Europe. He
had been rearming massively and his intentions had been clear since he stated them in Mein Kampf.
Every move he had made including Anschluss and Czechoslovakia was aimed at these goals. Without
the Nazi-Soviet Pact it might have taken Hitler a little longer to act but a war was inevitable because
of his aims.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3 One mark for each point. e.g. ‘It made Hitler
confident enough to invade Poland.’ ‘It meant Hitler did not have to worry about Russia.’ ‘Germany
and Russia agreed to divide Poland up between them.’ ‘Hitler’s long term aim was to find living
space in eastern Europe.’ ‘Hitler was determined to re-unite all Germans.’ ‘Hitler was determined to
conquer Europe.’ ‘Hitler did not think Britain and France would intervene once Russia was not going
to.’ ‘Britain and France were allied with Poland and had promised to support it.’ ‘British and French
policy of appeasement.’ ‘The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were too harsh.’ ‘The League of
Nations failed.’ ‘The effects of the Great Depression.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific
contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘I think the Pact was the main cause of the war because it sparked off
the fighting.’
Describe what happened in the Rhineland in 1936.
4 Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g. ‘The
Rhineland was remilitarised by Germany.’ ‘German troops marched into the Rhineland.’ ‘Germany
broke the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘They broke the Treaty by sending troops into the
Rhineland.’ ‘Hitler took a gamble.’ ‘The German generals begged Hitler to withdraw the German
forces.’ ‘Hitler refused to withdraw his forces.’ ‘Large crowds stood in the streets and welcomed the
German soldiers.’ ‘France and Britain failed to do anything apart from protesting.’ ‘A referendum in
Germany overwhelmingly supported German actions in the Rhineland.’
Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact important to Hitler?
6 Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6 Level 3 Explains ONE reason 4–5 (One mark for each
identification/description) e.g. ‘The Pact was important to Hitler because it meant that he could now
go ahead and attack Poland. Hitler’s greatest worry in invading Poland was that Russia would attack.
The Pact was a non-aggression Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in which the two
countries agreed not to attack each other. It also divided up Poland and other parts of eastern
Europe between the two countries. This all meant that Germany could invade Poland knowing that
Russia would not attack. This is why it was important to Hitler. His plan to move eastwards was not
possible.’ Level 2 Identifies AND / OR describes reasons 2–3 (One mark for each
identification/description) e.g. ‘Hitler could now attack Poland.’ ‘Hitler knew that Britain and France
could do little to help Poland now.’ ‘Defeating the Slavs was an important part of Hitler’s plan to rule
the world.’ ‘Russia would not act when Germany invaded Poland.’ ‘It meant that Hitler could avoid
war on two fronts.’ ‘It was important for Hitler to achieve the ‘living space’ he wanted in eastern
Europe.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘The Pact was
important to Hitler because it gave him a free hand to carry out his plans.’
‘How far were Britain and France responsible for the outbreak of war in 1939? Explain your answer.
10 Level 5 Explains with evaluation 10 As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of both sides
7–9 A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will
be worth a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only
has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8. Level 3 One sided
explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6 More detailed explanation of one
issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘Britain and France were to blame. They declared war in September
because Germany invaded Poland. However, Hitler only did this because he thought he would get
away with it. Britain and France had been following a policy of appeasement. This meant that every
time Germany took aggressive actions such as the Anschluss with Austria, taking over the
Sudetenland and invading Czechoslovakia, they did nothing. This meant that Hitler thought they
would do nothing if he invaded Poland. Although Britain and France promised to help Poland if it
was attacked, Hitler thought, based on their policy of appeasement, that they would do nothing. So
they could be blamed for Germany invading Poland and the start of the Second World War.’ OR e.g.
‘I do not think they were responsible. Hitler was determined to achieve domination of Europe and
this meant that sooner or later there would be a war. He had broken the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles in many ways, had built up German armed forces and had taken over Czechoslovakia by
force. He aimed at winning ‘living space’ in eastern Europe so Germans could replace the inferior
races such as the Slavs and settle there and increase the German population. The invasion of Poland
in 1939 was part of this plan and led to war breaking out in that year. So it was Hitler who was to
blame.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3 One mark for each point. e.g. ‘Britain and France
were to blame because of appeasement.’ ‘They were to blame because of the Munich Agreement.’
‘They were to blame because they gave Hitler the impression he could get away with anything.’
‘They were to blame because they declared war on Germany on 1 September 1939.’ ‘Russia was to
blame because by signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact they allowed Hitler to invade Poland.’ ‘Germany was
to blame for invading Poland.’ ‘Germany was to blame because Hitler wanted to win ‘living space’ in
Eastern Europe.’ ‘Germany was to blame because Hitler wanted world domination and had to be
stopped.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘They were not to
blame, it was Germany and all its aggression.’
What was meant by the ‘lebensraum’ proposed by Hitler in his foreign policy? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g.
‘Lebensraum meant ‘living space’ for Germans.’ ‘It meant expansion eastwards.’ ‘It meant Germany’s
growing population would have a place to settle.’ ‘It meant Germany would take over Poland and
Soviet Russia.’ ‘It meant more land for Germans to cultivate.’ ‘Lebensraum meant there would be
more food and resources for Germans.’ ‘It was a way of helping to expand the German empire.’
Why was Hitler able to ignore the League of Nations? 6
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6 Level 3 Explains ONE reason 4–5 (Four marks for one explanation,
five marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Hitler was able to ignore the League because he, and many other
countries, viewed the League as being weak when faced with great powers. The League had failed to
stop the aggression of Japan’s invasion of Manchuria and Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia. In Hitler’s
view, the League members would not join forces to stop him in his actions. This view proved correct
in the Rhineland.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3 (One mark for each
identification/description) e.g. ‘Hitler took Germany out of the League in 1933.’ ‘The League was
seen as weak because it had failed in Manchuria.’ ‘Hitler did not believe the League was strong
enough to stand up to him.’ ‘Britain and France were preoccupied with Mussolini and Abyssinia.’
‘Germany had formed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Italy and Japan.’ ‘The League could not deal with
bigger countries.’ ‘The USA wasn’t in the League.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual
knowledge 1 e.g. ‘He didn’t think he had to listen to them.’ ‘The League was weak.’
‘Hitler’s aggression was more responsible for war in 1939 than was the British policy of
appeasement.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ 10 As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of
8. Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6 More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘Hitler’s aggression was more responsible. He
occupied Czechoslovakia and then moved on to invade Poland; neither of these actions could be
justified. Britain had guaranteed to preserve the independence of Poland, so when Hitler invaded
Britain had to act. Hitler’s aggression had pushed them into declaring war.’ OR ‘Appeasement was
more responsible. The appeasers believed that Hitler could be trusted and they totally misjudged his
ruthlessness. Had resistance been shown to Hitler in the Rhineland he may well have withdrawn his
troops. Britain and France lost the opportunity to be firm with Hitler while they still had the military
advantage. Their lack of action meant Hitler thought he could do what he liked.’ Level 2 Identifies
AND/OR describes 2–3 One mark for each point. e.g. ‘Hitler made it clear he wanted revenge for the
Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia.’ ‘Hitler invaded Poland.’ ‘Appeasement
allowed Hitler to break international agreements.’ ‘Appeasement alienated the USSR.’
‘Appeasement meant Hitler thought no-one would ever stop him.’ Level 1 General answer lacking
specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘They both contributed greatly to the outbreak of war in 1939.’
What were the terms of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement signed in 1935? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g. ‘The
Agreement allowed Germany to increase its fleet.’ ‘It allowed Germany to build submarines.’ ‘It
allowed Germany to have a fleet that was 35% the size of Britain’s.’ ‘It allowed Germany to have
submarines up to 45% of Britain’s numbers.’ ‘It allowed the Germans to break the Treaty of
Versailles.’ ‘This Agreement was allowed despite French and Italian protests.’
Why did some countries in the 1930s remain dissatisfied by the peace treaties of 1919–23? 6
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6 Level 3 Explains ONE reason 4–5 (Four marks for one explanation,
five marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Hitler considered his vision of a Greater Germany was restricted
by the Treaty of Versailles. He wanted conscription and to build up his armed forces. He wanted to
remilitarise the Rhineland so that he could strengthen his western border. Hitler wanted to regain
lost territory and unite with Austria. He wanted a strong economy but this was restricted by
reparation payments.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3 (One mark for each
identification/description) e.g. ‘Hitler thought the Treaty was too restrictive.’ ‘He thought the terms
restricted German economic growth.’ ‘Hitler wanted to break the terms to rebuild the German
armed forces.’ ‘Austria was unhappy with the Treaty of St.Germain because it ruined its economy.’
‘Austria was no longer a leading European power.’ ‘Italy still considered it deserved more land for
being on the winning side.’ ‘Some in Britain thought the treaties were too harsh, especially on
Germany.’ ‘France thought the Treaty was not harsh enough as Germany was recovering in the ’30s.’
Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘The treaties had been too
harsh.’
‘Chamberlain was wrong to sign the Munich Agreement of 1938.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ 10 As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of
8. Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6 More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘It was morally wrong to sign the Agreement.
Hitler was a bully and by appeasing him Chamberlain was giving in to a bully. They allowed Hitler to
go unchallenged and abandoned Czechoslovakia to its fate. If Britain and France had resisted Hitler’s
demands and war broke out in October 1938, they would have had the support of 36 divisions of the
Czech army behind well prepared defences. It was a cowardly decision.’ OR ‘Chamberlain and
western politicians feared communism more than Nazism. One way to reduce the potential threat of
Soviet Russia was to ensure that there was a strong anti-communist state in central Europe
committed to its destruction. Germany fitted the bill perfectly. This was worth sacrificing
Czechoslovakia for.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3 One mark for each point. e.g. Wrong –
‘It was morally wrong to desert an ally.’ ‘Czechoslovakia had a large army and good defences.’ ‘Hitler
was not a rational politician and he could not be trusted.’ ‘Germany had time to grow even more
powerful.’ ‘Britain and France lost the possible support of the USSR.’ Right – ‘The Treaty of Versailles
was unfair and too harsh.’ ‘Soviet Russia was seen as a greater threat than Germany.’ ‘Both Britain
and France needed time to re-arm.’ ‘Memories of the horror of the First World War were still vivid.’
‘Dominion/Empire/Commonwealth countries might not give support if war was declared.’ ‘It was
unlikely that the USA would give its support.’ ‘Public opinion supported Chamberlain.’ Level 1
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘The Munich Agreement showed the
failure of appeasement.’
What did Hitler hope his foreign policy would achieve? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4 e.g. ‘Hitler
hoped to destroy the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler hoped to create a Greater Germany.’ ‘Hitler hoped
to bring all German speaking people into his Reich.’ ‘Hitler hoped to destroy communism.’ ‘Hitler
wanted to gain Lebensraum (living space).’ ‘Hitler hoped to control a central European empire.’
Why did Britain not act to stop Hitler breaking the Treaty of Versailles? 6
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6 Level 3 Explains ONE reason 4–5 (Four marks for one explanation;
five marks for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Many British politicians thought the Treaty of Versailles had
been far too harsh on Germany, and that Hitler was only addressing genuine grievances when he
broke the terms of the Treaty. When Hitler broke the terms of Versailles by marching into the
Rhineland in 1936 he was not stopped because many people in Britain believed he had every right to
station German troops there. The Rhineland was, after all, part of Germany.’ Level 2 Identifies
AND/OR describes reasons 2–3 (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘Many British
politicians thought the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh on Germany.’ ‘It was thought that
Hitler was just addressing genuine grievances.’ ‘Britain wanted to avoid war.’ ‘Britain and France
were not militarily ready for another war.’ ‘Britain thought communism was a far greater threat than
Hitler.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g. ‘Britain thought it was
reasonable for him to do so.’
‘The Munich Conference was a turning point for Hitler’s foreign policy.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation 10 As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of both sides 7–9
• A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be
worth a mark of 7. • Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. • An answer which only
has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8. Level 3 One-sided
explanation OR one explanation of both sides 4–6 • More detailed explanation of one issue to be
given two marks. e.g. ‘The Munich Conference was a turning point because it made him even more
convinced that he could demand and take whatever he liked and no-one would stop him. He had
gained the Sudetenland without having to use force and he now thought other powers were too
scared to stand up to him. He therefore went ahead and took all of Czechoslovakia and then invaded
Poland.’ OR e.g. ‘The Munich Conference was not a turning point for Hitler’s foreign policy because
his overall foreign policy aims were largely the same, and Munich did not change that. He had always
made it clear he hated the very existence of Czechoslovakia and wanted to gain Lebensraum in the
east. This is why he took over all of Czechoslovakia and then invaded Poland.’ Level 2 Identifies
AND/OR describes 2–3 (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Hitler had gained the Sudetenland without
having to use force.’ ‘Hitler now thought he could take all of Czechoslovakia unopposed.’ ‘Hitler now
had access to the manufacturing and natural resources of Czechoslovakia.’ ‘Hitler’s foreign policy
was unaffected; his plans had been set out in Mein Kampf.’ ‘Hitler had always disliked the very
existence of Czechoslovakia.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 e.g.
‘Munich enabled Hitler to gain even more land.’
What happened in the Saar in 1935? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail e.g. ‘In January 1935,
a plebiscite was held. This was in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Voters were
asked whether they wanted the Saar to remain under the League of Nations. The alternatives were
to return to Germany or become part of France.’ ‘The League provided an international force of over
3000 troops to maintain the peace. The troops came from Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands and
Italy.’ ‘There were accusations of intimidation on the part of Germany.’ ‘People voted to return to
Germany. Over 90% were in favour.’ ‘Just under 9% wanted to stay under the League of Nations.’
‘Less than half of one per cent wanted to join France.’ ‘Germany had regained its first piece of lost
territory by legal and peaceful means.’ ‘It was a tremendous propaganda success for Hitler.’ ‘It gave
Hitler confidence to continue with his plans.’
Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland a risk for Hitler? 6
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6 Level 3 Explains ONE reason (Four marks for one explanation, five
marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Hitler realised that marching into the Rhineland was a huge risk
because he lacked military force. He had only two divisions, but the French alone could easily
outnumber this force and with better equipment and air support. Hitler admitted that if the French
had marched into the Rhineland ‘we would have to withdraw with our tail between our legs’. This
would have been humiliating for Hitler.’ 4–5 Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons (One mark
for each identification/description) e.g. ‘It was against the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Germany had
accepted the demilitarisation in the Locarno Treaties.’ ‘It was against the advice of Hitler’s generals.’
‘The French army was stronger than Hitler’s forces.’ ‘The League could have used military
intervention.’ ‘If he failed, Hitler’s position could have been in danger.’ ‘If he failed, he faced
personal humiliation.’ ‘If he failed, Hitler would have lost the support of the Army.’ 2–3 Level 1
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘It was a big gamble.’
‘Germany was more responsible for war in 1939 than any other country.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation As Level 4 plus evaluation. 10 Level 4 Explanation of both sides A L4
answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth
a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer which only has one
explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8. 7–9 Level 3 One-sided
explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks More detailed explanation of one issue to
be given two marks. e.g. ‘Hitler went too far with his aggressive foreign policy. He could not justify
the occupation of Czechoslovakia or Poland. Britain had guaranteed to preserve the independence of
Poland. Hitler had pushed them to war.’ OR ‘The British felt that Germany had been harshly treated
at Versailles and began to make concessions. Desperate to avoid war, Britain and France responded
to Hitler’s demands with a policy of appeasement, which led to Hitler taking advantage of the
policy.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Hitler’s aim was to
destroy the Treaty of Versailles, which inevitably meant war.’ ‘Britain and France failed to act over
Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy.’ ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact meant that Russia was partly responsible for
the start of war.’ ‘Mussolini supported Hitler with the Rome-Berlin Axis.’ ‘The isolationist policy of
the USA helped Hitler’s policy decisions.’ 2–3 Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual
knowledge e.g. ‘The main countries failed to act.’
In what ways did Hitler undermine the Treaty of Versailles between 1933 and 1936?
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail [1–4] e.g. ‘Hitler
walked out of the Disarmament Conference.’ (1933) ‘Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations.’
(1933) ‘Hitler began to re-arm.’ (1933) ‘Hitler attempted union with Austria.’ (1933) ‘He stopped
paying reparations.’ (1933) ‘Hitler announced that conscription would be re-introduced.’ (1935) ‘He
created a military air force.’ (1935) ‘A massive rearmament rally was held in Germany in 1935.’
‘Germany signed a naval agreement with Britain allowing Germany to have a navy up to 35% of the
size of the British navy.’ (1935) ‘In 1936, Germany re-militarised the Rhineland.’ (1936)
Why did some people argue that the policy of appeasement was a good idea?
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons [6] Level 3 Explains ONE reason [4–5] (Four marks for one
explanation, five marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Some people feared communism more than
Nazism. One way to reduce the potential threat of Soviet Russia was to ensure that there was a
strong, anti-communist state in central Europe committed to its destruction. Germany fitted the bill
perfectly. Anti-communists found it convenient to support appeasement.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR
describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘Many people thought
the Treaty of Versailles was unfair to Germany.’ ‘They believed Hitler should be allowed to get back
what was rightfully Germany’s.’ ‘The British hoped that a strong Germany would stop the spread of
communism.’ ‘Britain and France were militarily weak and not ready to fight.’ ‘Appeasement would
give time to rearm adequately.’ ‘Memories of the First World War were still vivid.’ ‘Britain thought
Commonwealth countries would not give support.’ ‘It was thought support from the USA would not
be forthcoming.’ ‘It delayed a war.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1]
e.g. ‘It made sense at the time to many people.’
‘Decisions taken at Munich in 1938 were more important in bringing about war than Hitler’s
aggression against Poland.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [10] As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of
both sides [7–9] A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the
8. Level 3 One-sided explanation [4–6] OR One explanation of both sides 5–6 marks More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘The decisions at Munich meant Britain and
France had abandoned Czechoslovakia. In October 1938, German troops marched into the
Sudetenland. In March 1939, Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia. There was no resistance from
the Czechs, Britain or France. Hitler now thought he could take part of Poland without going to war.’
OR e.g. ‘Hitler ignored Britain’s warning that, if he invaded Poland, Britain would declare war. Britain
had signed a formal alliance with Poland in August 1939. Hitler assumed that Britain’s and France’s
opposition would be similar to that shown over Czechoslovakia.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
[2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. Munich ‘Hitler threatened war if he did not get the whole of the
Sudetenland.’ ‘The four powers effectively abandoned Czechoslovakia to its fate.’ ‘Appeasement had
failed.’ ‘It allowed Hitler to gain confidence.’ ‘It allowed Germany to increase its military strength.’ ‘It
allowed Hitler to take new territory.’ Poland ‘Hitler demanded the return of Danzig.’ ‘Britain (and
France) promised Poland it would guarantee its independence.’ ‘Hitler did not believe Britain and
France would go to war over Poland.’ ‘Hitler was helped by the Nazi-Soviet Pact.’ ‘Poland was
invaded.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Both were steps to
war.’
What benefits did uniting with Austria offer Hitler? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail e.g. ‘Hitler gained
Austria’s army.’ ‘He gained Austria’s weapons.’ ‘He gained Austria’s mineral deposits.’ ‘These
included gold, iron ore, coal, magnesite, copper, zinc, oil, silver and tungsten.’ (max 2 marks for
listing) ‘Hitler gained Austria’s salt mines.’ ‘He gained Austria’s productive timber industry.’ ‘Hitler
showed Germans he was keeping his promise by breaking the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler thought
Britain and France might be willing to give him more land where there were German-speaking
people.’ ‘It helped Hitler form part of his Greater Germany.’ ‘It helped Hitler encircle northern
Czechoslovakia.’ ‘Hitler gained the country of his birth.’ ‘Hitler’s confidence in his plans increased,
especially as he had the support of Mussolini.’
Why was Hitler able to unite with Austria? 6
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6 Level 3 Explains ONE reason (Four marks for one explanation, five
marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Since the First World War, Italy had regarded Austria as within its
sphere of influence. When Hitler attempted a union between Germany and Austria in 1934,
Mussolini authorised military manoeuvres to prevent the union. Hitler’s relationship with Mussolini
had improved since 1934 and in 1938 he had Mussolini’s support for the Anschluss.’ 4–5 Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘Many in
Austria supported union with Germany.’ ‘Mussolini did not stop him.’ ‘There was a strong Nazi Party
in Austria.’ ‘The Austrian Nazis staged demonstrations and caused riots.’ ‘Britain and France did not
support Schuschnigg.’ ‘Seyss-Inquart asked Germany to send troops to restore law and order.’
‘Chamberlain felt the Treaty of Versailles was wrong to stop the Anschluss.’ 2–3 Level 1 General
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘Most Austrians were German-speaking.’
‘The Munich Agreement of 1938 ensured that war would happen.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ As Level 4 plus evaluation. 10 Level 4 Explanation of
both sides A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other).
This will be worth a mark of 7. Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. An answer
which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8. 7–9
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘Chamberlain may have genuinely believed that
he had secured peace for the foreseeable future. It was thought by many that Germany had been
harshly treated by the Treaty of Versailles and that all of Hitler’s acquisitions had been justified, but
with Munich this would be his last request. So, war was not inevitable.’ OR ‘If Britain and France had
worked with the Czechs and Russians, Hitler could have been halted and war avoided. By giving away
the Sudetenland, it made it easy for Hitler to take the rest of Czechoslovakia and leave Poland
vulnerable. Churchill warned ‘this is only the beginning’. So, war was likely.’ 4–6 Level 2 Identifies
AND/OR describes (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘The Sudetenland contained much of
Czechoslovakia’s defences.’ ‘Once absorbed into Germany, the rest of Czechoslovakia was
vulnerable.’ ‘Chamberlain returned home and gave the order to re-arm.’ ‘Most of the British public
believed Chamberlain that it would bring peace.’ ‘It was thought Hitler would keep his word.’ ‘It was
thought Germany had got back from the Treaty what it wanted.’ ‘There was still time to make an
agreement with Russia.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘War was
likely, but with Russian support, it could be difficult for Hitler.’
Describe the crisis over Austria in 1934.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail [1–4] e.g. ‘In 1934,
Hitler attempted to take over Austria.’ ‘Germany failed in its attempt to unify Germany with Austria.’
‘He used the Austrian Nazi Party to stir up discontent in the country.’ ‘The Nazi Party put pressure on
the Austrian Chancellor, Dollfuss.’ ‘Dollfuss was determined to keep his country independent of
Germany.’ ‘Dollfuss outlawed the Nazi Party.’ ‘In July, the Austrian Nazi Party assassinated Dollfuss.’
‘The Nazi Party again tried to seize power.’ ‘Mussolini stopped Hitler from taking over Austria.’
‘Mussolini was not close to Hitler in 1934.’ ‘Mussolini did not want a powerful Germany on his
border.’ ‘Mussolini sent 100 000 troops to the Austrian frontier.’ ‘Hitler was surprised at Mussolini’s
actions.’ ‘Hitler denied all knowledge of the assassination of Dollfuss.’
Why was Hitler able to re-militarise the Rhineland in 1936?
explanation; 5 marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘The French, who were the most directly threatened
by the move, were divided over what to do. They were about to hold an election and none of the
French leaders was prepared to take responsibility for plunging France into war. France refused to
act without British support and so Hitler’s gamble paid off.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
reasons [2–3] (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘The feeling that the Treaty had
been too harsh was increasing.’ ‘Britain and France were following appeasement.’ ‘Hitler was seen
as a threat.’ ‘Hitler was confident after the Saar plebiscite.’ ‘Hitler took a gamble which was
successful.’ ‘The French were facing elections.’ ‘The French were in the middle of a financial crisis.’
‘The French would not act without Britain’s support.’ ‘Most British politicians thought Hitler was only
going into his ‘own backyard’.’ ‘Neither Britain nor France wanted to risk European peace.’ ‘The
attention of the League of Nations was on the Abyssinian Crisis.’
‘Appeasement was a sensible response to Hitler’s aggression.’ How far do you agree with this
Level 5 Explains with evaluation [10] As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of both sides [7–
9] • A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will
be worth a mark of 7. • Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. • An answer which
only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8. Level 3 One-
sided explanation OR [4–6] One explanation of both sides 5–6 marks More detailed explanation of
one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘It was morally wrong. Hitler was a bully and by appeasing him
they were giving in to a bully. They allowed Hitler to go unchallenged and abandoned Czechoslovakia
to its fate. Appeasement was another word for cowardice.’ OR e.g. ‘Britain and France were not
ready to fight as they were militarily weak and were still coping with the impact of the Great
Depression, having large debts and high unemployment. Appeasement would give time for
rearmament.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Britain and
France were not ready to fight.’ ‘In Britain and France memories of the First World War were still
vivid.’ ‘The Commonwealth countries might not give their support for war.’ ‘Soviet Russia was seen
as a greater threat than Germany.’ ‘Many thought the Treaty of Versailles had been unfair to
Germany.’ ‘By giving in to Hitler it was giving in to a bully.’ ‘Hitler took any concession as a sign of
weakness.’ ‘It gave Hitler time to build up his armed forces and resources.’ ‘It alarmed the USSR and
led to the Nazi-Soviet Pact.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g.
‘Appeasement sent out the wrong messages.’
What happened in relation to the Sudetenland during 1938 which raised tensions in Europe?
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail [1–4] e.g. ‘The
Sudeten Germans complained of discrimination by the Czech government.’ ‘Hitler demanded that
Germany be given the Sudetenland.’ ‘Chamberlain wanted to find a peaceful solution to the
problem.’ ‘A summit meeting was held at Berchtesgaden on September 15th.’ ‘Areas of the
Sudetenland where the majority of the population was German should be handed over to Germany.
This was approved by the British, French and Czech governments.’ ‘A second summit meeting was
held at Bad Godesberg on September 22nd.’ ‘Hitler had changed his mind and wanted the whole of
the Sudetenland.’ ‘He wanted it by 1st October or there would be war.’ ‘The Munich Conference was
arranged for 29th September.’ ‘It was attended by Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler and Mussolini.’
‘Czechoslovakia and the USSR were not invited.’ ‘Hitler got what he had demanded, the whole of the
Sudetenland.’ ‘The Czechs were forced to accept the agreement or face the German army on their
own.’ ‘It showed that France and Britain were following appeasement.’ ‘Britain and France had
abandoned Czechoslovakia.’ ‘It was only a matter of time before the rest of Czechoslovakia would be
taken.
Why was Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 significant?
explanation; 5 marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘Up until and including the Munich Agreement, every
territorial change sought by Hitler could be justified on the grounds of self-determination, allowing
land mainly populated by Germans to transfer to the German Reich. The events of March 1939 were
different. Hitler was taking new territory simply in order to increase the power of Germany.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘Hitler
had broken his promise at Munich.’ ‘Appeasing Hitler had failed.’ ‘Britain and France had lost a good
ally.’ ‘It was pure aggression by Hitler.’ ‘Hitler gained resources from Czechoslovakia.’ ‘Poland was in
danger of being Hitler’s next target.’ ‘Czechoslovakia was not a part of the Treaty of Versailles.’ Level
1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler was bidding to dominate
Europe by force.
How far was the outbreak of war in 1939 Hitler’s fault? Explain your answer.
both sides [7–9] • A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the
other). This will be worth a mark of 7. • Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. • An
8. Level 3 One-sided explanation OR [4–6] One explanation of both sides 5–6 marks More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘It was clear that Hitler was making a bid for
European dominance and not just establishing the principle of self-determination for German-
speaking people. When Czechoslovakia fell and Poland was threatened, the British and French had to
give Hitler an ultimatum, which he chose to ignore.’ OR e.g. ‘The opportunity to stop Hitler was
missed. Had resistance been shown to Hitler in the Rhineland, he may well have withdrawn. Britain
and France should have been firm with Hitler when they had the military advantage and this may
have deterred Hitler from further attempts to take land.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes [2–3]
(One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Hitler wanted to create a Greater Germany.’ ‘He wanted to destroy
the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘He wanted to acquire Lebensraum.’ ‘He wanted to destroy communism.’
‘Hitler broke the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler invaded Poland despite warnings from
Britain.’ ‘The League of Nations took little action over Manchuria and Abyssinia.’ ‘The Disarmament
Conference failed to get countries to disarm.’ ‘Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasement
towards Hitler.’ ‘The terms of the Treaty of Versailles left Germany seeking revenge.’ Level 1 General
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler pushed Britain and France to the point
where they had to resist.’
) What were the consequences of the Spanish Civil War for peace in Europe?
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail [1–4] e.g. ‘Hitler had
tested his armed forces in conflict.’ ‘The Luftwaffe had practised and perfected dive-bombing
techniques.’ ‘This could be considered a dress rehearsal for a full-scale European war.’ ‘Hitler
succeeded in persuading Mussolini to abandon Britain and France.’ ‘Mussolini stated that Germany
and Italy now formed the ‘Rome-Berlin Axis’.’ ‘The three years of war distracted diplomats and
officials from the affairs of central Europe.’ ‘During this time, Hitler was able to take successful action
over Austria and Czechoslovakia.’ ‘Britain and France started to rearm.’ ‘The League of Nations was
again shown to be ineffective.’
) Why did Hitler take Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933?
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons [6] Level 3 Explains ONE reason [4–5] (Four marks for one explanation;
5 marks for full explanation) e.g. ‘When Hitler came to power, Germany had been in the League for
six years. Germany was still not treated as an equal because no other country had disarmed to the
extent that Germany had been forced to in the Treaty of Versailles. A Disarmament Conference was
held, but this was soon after the Manchurian Crisis and almost no progress on disarmament was
made. As a result, Hitler decided to leave the League because he stated that Germany was not being
treated fairly.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each
identification/description) e.g. ‘It was linked to the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘It failed to deal with general
disarmament.’ ‘Germany was the only country to have seriously disarmed.’ ‘Hitler did not think the
League treated Germany fairly.’ ‘Hitler was already rearming.’ ‘Hitler followed the example of Japan.’
Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler did not think the League
had been helpful to Germany.’
) ‘The policy of appeasement played a greater part in the outbreak of war in 1939 than did the Nazi-
Soviet Pact.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation [10] As Level 4 plus evaluation. Level 4 Explanation of both sides [7–
9] • A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will
be worth a mark of 7. • Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks. • An answer which
only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8. Level 3 One-
sided explanation OR [4–6] One explanation of both sides 5–6 marks More detailed explanation of
one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘The fact that Britain and France did not stop Hitler from re-
militarising the Rhineland encouraged Hitler to continue building up his forces beyond the Versailles
limit and also to start demanding more territory such as Austria. Each step taken by Hitler, without
action by Britain and France, gave him confidence that they would not intervene over
Czechoslovakia and Poland.’ OR e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was bound to lead to war because some of
the secret clauses meant that Poland would be taken over by Hitler and Stalin. Britain had warned
Hitler that, if he invaded Poland, Britain would declare war.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes [2–
3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Appeasement boosted the self-confidence of Hitler.’
‘Appeasement encouraged Hitler to make further demands for territory.’ ‘Britain and France gave
away Czechoslovakia.’ ‘The Pact meant Hitler could fight on one front.’ ‘The division of Poland in the
Pact meant Britain would declare war.’ ‘Stalin signed the Pact because he thought Britain and France
would not stand up to Hitler.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g.
‘Both contributed to the outbreak of war.’
Describe Hitler’s takeover of Austria.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail [1–4] e.g. ‘In1938,
Hitler encouraged the Nazi Party in Austria to stir up trouble.’ ‘They staged riots and demonstrations
encouraging union with Germany.’ ‘Hitler forcefully told Chancellor Schuschnigg that political union
was the way to resolve the problems. Schuschnigg agreed but then changed his mind.’ ‘Schuschnigg
ordered a plebiscite to be held among the Austrian people.’ ‘Hitler ordered Schuschnigg to withdraw
the plebiscite and resign.’ ‘Schuschnigg asked for help from Britain and France but they refused.’
‘Hitler ordered invasion plans to be drawn up.’ ‘The new Austrian Chancellor, Seyss-Inquart, asked
Germany to send troops to restore law and order.’ ‘In March 1938, German troops invaded.’ ‘After
the German invasion Austria was declared a province of Germany.’ ‘In April, 99% of the Austrian
people voted for the Anschluss.’
Why, in 1939, did Stalin make a deal with Germany rather than with Britain or France?
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons [6] Level 3 Explains ONE reason [4–5] (One mark for an explanation,
additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Stalin’s concerns were raised by the Munich Agreement in
1938. He had not been invited to the conference nor had he been consulted. He concluded that
Britain and France were happy to allow Hitler to take land in the east.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR
describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact
gave Stalin time to build up his armed forces.’ ‘Stalin was interested in parts of eastern Poland.’
‘Stalin wanted the Baltic States, which used to belong to Russia.’ ‘Stalin was not invited to the
Munich Conference.’ ‘There were attempts to make an agreement with France and Britain
throughout the 1930s.’ ‘Stalin signed an agreement with France in 1935, but he felt the French were
not sincere.’ ‘France failed to stop Germany re-militarising the Rhineland, an area on its own border.’
‘Stalin believed that Britain and France wanted a strong Germany as a bulwark against communism.’
‘Britain sent a minor official with no authority to agree terms in a slow boat to Russia.’ Level 1
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Stalin felt that time was running out.’
‘The remilitarisation of the Rhineland was more important to Hitler’s plans than was the Spanish Civil
War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
8. Level 3 One sided explanation OR [4–6] One explanation of both sides 5–6 marks More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘Hitler wanted his Army generals on his side to
carry out his aim of creating a Greater Germany. The remilitarisation was a huge gamble because, if
it failed, Hitler would face humiliation and would lose the support of the Army. Hitler knew the risks,
but he had chosen the time and place well.’ OR e.g. ‘Hitler’s armed forces, especially the Luftwaffe,
could be tested in Spain in what could be considered a dress rehearsal for a full-scale European war.
He was able to practise blitzkrieg tactics and dive bombing.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes [2–
3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Remilitarising the Rhineland would win the support of the
generals.’ ‘Remilitarising the Rhineland would break a term of the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘Remilitarising the Rhineland would test the resolve of Britain, France and the League.’ ‘The Spanish
Civil War gave Hitler an opportunity to test his new military equipment.’ ‘The Spanish Civil War gave
Hitler a chance to fight communism.’ ‘Hitler succeeded in establishing Mussolini as an ally.’ ‘The
Spanish Civil War acted as a smokescreen for Hitler’s attentions in Central Europe.’ Level 1 General
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘They were both significant events in helping
Hitler fulfil his plans.’
Describe what happened in Guernica in April 1937.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail [1–4] e.g. ‘Guernica
was bombed.’ ‘Germany used the Luftwaffe/Condor Legion.’ ‘Over 1500 civilians were killed.’ ‘The
Germans were attacking to support the efforts of Franco.’ ‘The Germans used blitzkrieg tactics.’ ‘The
town was devastated with waves of bombing.’ ‘Planes bombed and strafed targets in Guernica.’ ‘The
Germans used thermite as an incendiary to create a firestorm in the centre of the town.’ ‘The attack
took place in daylight.’ ‘The attack was a test for the German air force.’
Why did Hitler want to remilitarise the Rhineland?
additional mark for full explanation) e.g. ‘One of Hitler’s foreign policy aims was to pursue an
aggressive policy in the east, taking over Poland and the west of the USSR. Germany was vulnerable
from the west and so to achieve his aims meant he had to make the Rhineland secure.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘To
break the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘To strengthen Germany’s western frontier.’ ‘To test the desire for
war held by the British and the French.’ ‘He knew many people in Britain thought it was ‘his own
back yard’.’ ‘It was part of his foreign policy.’ ‘He wanted to test the League.’ / ‘To show that the
League did not see his actions as important.’ ‘He wanted to gain the support of the German public.’
Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘To remove reminders from the
past.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was more advantageous to Stalin than it was to Hitler.’ How far do you agree
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘Hitler had avoided the immediate possibility of
fighting a war on two fronts. He knew he could invade Poland without having to worry about what
action the USSR would take.’ OR e.g. ‘Stalin believed that the USSR would have to fight Germany in
the future. The Pact gave him time to build up his military strength. Occupying part of Poland would
also give Stalin a buffer between Germany and the USSR.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes [2–3]
(One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Hitler could invade Poland.’ ‘Hitler had avoided a war on two fronts.’
‘It gave Hitler confidence.’ ‘Stalin would delay war with Hitler.’ ‘Stalin would gain part of Poland.’
‘Stalin gained time to re-arm.’ ‘The Pact stated that they would not attack each other.’ Level 1
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It gave both sides a short term
benefit.’
) What did Hitler gain from the return of the Saar to Germany?
gained a vote of confidence as 90% of the Saar’s people voted for union with Germany.’ ‘Hitler had
gained control of the Saar through legal means.’ ‘Hitler gained a propaganda success.’ ‘Hitler gained
the rich coal mines of the Saar.’ ‘Hitler claimed that all causes of grievance between Germany and
France had now been removed.’ ‘Hitler had reintegrated Saar Germans back into Germany.’
Why, by 1937, was Japan a threat to world peace?
additional mark for full explanation) e.g. ‘Japan had been a permanent member of the League of
Nations when it was set up, but her actions in the 1930s constantly undermined the League and her
aggression threatened world peace. In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria, which was completely
against the League’s aim to prevent aggression.’ (5 marks) Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
reasons [2–3] (One mark for each identification/description) e.g. ‘Japan invaded Manchuria.’ ‘Japan
took over provinces in north China between 1933 and 1936.’ ‘Japan refused to obey the League of
Nations.’ ‘Japan left the League of Nations.’ ‘Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact.’ Level 1 General
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Japan was aggressive to other countries.’
‘Appeasement was not justifiable.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
8. Level 3 One-sided explanation [4–6] OR Explanation of both sides 5–6 marks More detailed
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘Appeasement was not justifiable. At Munich
Hitler was granted the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia and he promised that this was the end of his
demands on Czechoslovakia. It was not justifiable to give away part of a country to keep the peace,
especially as a few months later Hitler took over all of Czechoslovakia.’ OR e.g. ‘Appeasement was
justifiable. By the 1930s many people thought that the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh on
Germany and that it was only fair that Germany should have the means to defend herself. Therefore
Hitler’s actions in rearming, reintroducing conscription and building up an air force went
unchallenged.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g.
‘Appeasement allowed Hitler to break international agreements.’ ‘Appeasement encouraged Hitler
to make greater demands.’ ‘Appeasement did not stop a war happening in 1939.’ ‘Appeasement put
too much trust in Hitler’s promises.’ ‘Appeasement was justifiable as Britain’s armed forces were not
ready for war.’ ‘Appeasement was justifiable as people believed the Treaty of Versailles had been
unfair on Germany.’ ‘Appeasement was justifiable as Stalin and the USSR were seen as a greater
threat.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Appeasement did not
help anyone.’
) What actions had Hitler taken by the end of 1935 to break the Treaty of Versailles?
refused to pay any more reparations.’ ‘He left the League of Nations.’ ‘In 1933, Hitler began re-
arming in secret.’ ‘Hitler attempted the Anschluss with Austria.’ ‘Hitler re-introduced conscription.’
‘He announced that his army would be 500000.’ ‘He announced his intention of creating a military
air force.’ ‘Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which allowed him a fleet that was
35% the size of Britain’s fleet.’ ‘This Agreement allowed Germany 45% of Britain’s submarines.’
Why was involvement in the Spanish Civil War of benefit to Hitler?
additional mark for full explanation) e.g. ‘Hitler was able to test the capability of his Luftwaffe in
strategic bombing of Spanish towns such as Guernica. It was testing carpet bombing which made
civilians a direct target. The attacks were designed in waives to maximise the damage and
casualties.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each
identification/description) e.g. ‘He was able to support a fellow fascist.’ ‘Hitler was able to try out his
military equipment.’ ‘He was able to try out his tactics.’ ‘Hitler could test his Luftwaffe.’ ‘Hitler was
able to combat communism.’ ‘It provided a distraction while he took action over Austria.’ ‘Mussolini
and Hitler worked closely together in Spain leading to the ‘Rome-Berlin Axis’.’ Level 1 General
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It gave Hitler confidence in his military action.’
‘Chamberlain’s attempts to reach agreement at Munich were worthwhile.’ How far do you agree
explanation of one issue to be given two marks. e.g. ‘During the 1st World War, Chamberlain was
Director General of National Service and had seen the horrors of war. Nearly every family had lost a
member in the war. He wanted to avoid going to war again at all costs.’ OR e.g. ‘If war had broken
out in October 1938, Britain and France would have had the support of the 36 divisions of the Czech
army fighting behind their well prepared defences. The Soviet Union would probably have remained
neutral.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Chamberlain was
trying to keep the peace.’ ‘Chamberlain did not think Britain was prepared for war.’ ‘Britain’s air
defences were incomplete.’ ‘The British Empire would not support another war.’ ‘Britain had
abandoned Czechoslovakia.’ ‘Britain, France and Czechoslovakia together could have defeated
Hitler.’ ‘There was little point given Hitler’s plans.’ Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual
knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It may have seemed sensible at the time.’
) In what ways had Hitler built up Germany’s military strength by March 1936?
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question [0] Level 1 General
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘There were more men in the armed forces.’
‘He rearmed.’ Level 2 Describes measures [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark
for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘By ignoring the military restrictions in the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘He began
increasing the army above the 100 000 limit.’ ‘Hitler started building tanks and warships.’ ‘Hitler
started using the unemployed in new armaments factories.’ ‘Hitler introduced conscription.’ ‘Hitler
introduced his new air force.’ ‘In 1935, Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Treaty, which allowed
Germany 35% of the size of Britain’s navy.’ ‘In 1936, Germany re-militarised the Rhineland.’ ‘He
started building tanks, warships, submarines and aeroplanes.’
Why did Hitler want Anschluss?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘He thought it would benefit Germany.’ ‘He
wanted resources.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g.
‘Hitler believed Germany and Austria belonged together.’ ‘Austria was where Hitler was born.’ ‘He
wanted to develop a Greater Germany.’ ‘He wanted to unite German speakers.’ ‘He wanted to break
the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler wanted Austria’s mineral deposits.’ ‘To increase the strength of his
military.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full
explanation.) e.g. ‘Hitler stated in Mein Kampf that he wanted to create a Greater Germany and to
overthrow the Treaty of Versailles. Anschluss had been forbidden by the Treaty and so a union
would help him achieve both these aims.’ ‘Austria’s soldiers, weapons and its rich deposits of gold,
iron ore and salt would be added to Germany’s increasingly strong army and industry to make it
more powerful.’
‘Chamberlain was right to follow a policy of appeasement.’ How far do you agree with this
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It bought time and so was justified.’ ‘It meant
Germany was able to grow stronger.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2] (One mark for
each point) e.g. ‘It was right to try to avoid war.’ ‘Britain needed time to prepare for war.’ ‘Britain
was not ready for war.’ ‘The Treaty was unjust and needed redress.’ ‘Hitler was a bulwark against
communist USSR.’ ‘It meant giving in to a bully.’ ‘It was morally wrong.’ ‘Following appeasement
brought missed opportunities to stop Hitler.’ ‘It failed to prevent war.’ ‘It alarmed the USSR.’ Level 3
Explanation agreement OR disagreement [3–5] e.g. ‘Memories of the First World War were still fresh
and Chamberlain was right to avoid another war. He knew that Britain’s armed forces were not
ready to tackle Germany’s armed forces because little investment had been made in them since the
First World War.’ OR e.g. ‘Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement was about giving in to a bully. It
assumed that if concessions were made to Hitler, it would reduce the chance of war. In fact, it
encouraged Hitler to demand more territory.’ Level 4 Explanation agreement AND disagreement [5–
7] Both sides of level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’
Describe the events in the Saar in 1935.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘A decision was made.’ Level 2 Describes
events [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘Germany
took back the Saar.’ ‘A plebiscite was held.’ ‘Those living in the Saar voted on whether their region
should return to German rule, stay under League of Nations or go to France.’ ‘Around 90% of the
population voted to return to German rule.’ ‘This vote was legal under the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles.’
Why, by 1936, was Italy a threat to world peace?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Italy was becoming stronger.’ Level 2 Identifies
AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Mussolini disobeyed the League.’
‘Mussolini invaded Abyssinia.’ ‘He supported Franco in Spain.’ ‘Mussolini and Hitler signed an
agreement.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full
explanation.) e.g. ‘In Italy economic problems encouraged Mussolini to try to build an overseas
empire to distract people’s attention away from the difficulties the government faced. In 1935 he
invaded Abyssinia and refused to obey the League of Nations by withdrawing.’ ‘Italy was a leading
member of the League. Mussolini challenged the authority of the League. Italy was, unlike Japan, on
the League’s doorstep and even had a border with France. The lack of decisive action by the League
over Mussolini meant he became more confident.’ ‘In 1936, Mussolini supported Franco in the
Spanish Civil War. He sent arms and troops to fight the Spanish government. With the arrival of
Hitler’s troops and weapons in Spain, the three dictators increased tension in European affairs.’ ‘In
1936, Mussolini and Hitler cemented their friendship with the signing of the Rome-Berlin Axis. This
was to bear fruit in the future over Munich and the War.’
) ‘The main cause of war in 1939 was the weakness of Britain and France.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘War was caused by more than one issue.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘It was harsh peace
settlement in 1919 which caused the War.’ ‘Britain and France as leaders of the League failed to act.’
‘Britain and France used a policy of appeasement.’ ‘The League of Nations proved to be a failure.’
‘The Depression gave rise to aggressive dictators like Hitler.’ ‘Hitler’s aim was to destroy the Treaty
of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy caused the war.’ ‘The Munich Agreement
encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact caused war.’ ‘German invasion of Poland
caused war.’ Level 3 Explanation of the weakness of Britain and France OR other reasons [3–5] e.g.
‘Chamberlain and Daladier assumed that if they followed appeasement it would reduce the chances
of war. In fact, it encouraged Hitler to demand more. It showed them as weak – giving into a bully.’
OR e.g. ‘It was Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy which caused the War. He destroyed the Treaty of
Versailles by re-arming and introducing conscription. He then re-occupied the Rhineland against the
Treaty.’ Level 4 Explanation of the weakness of Britain and France AND other reasons [5–7] Both
sides of level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’
Describe events in the Rhineland in 1936.
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question. [0] Level 1 General
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘Hitler planned a lucky move.’ [1] Level 2 Describes
actions (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘Germany re-
militarised the Rhineland.’ ‘Hitler broke the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Germany moved troops into the
Rhineland.’ OR ‘Hitler marched into his own backyard.’ ‘Hitler was taking a huge gamble.’ ‘The
German troops were welcomed by many.’ ‘There was no opposition to the move.’ ‘He marched in
under-equipped.’ ‘Britain and France took no action.’ (The League) ‘German troops told to withdraw
if there was opposition.’
Why was appeasement beneficial to Britain?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘It bought time.’ [1] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR
describes reasons (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘It bought time to build up the armed forces.’ ‘It
was right to try to avoid war.’ ‘It helped redress an unjust treaty.’ ‘It helped reduce the threat of
communism.’ ‘It gave time to get over the Depression.’ ‘The USA and the British Empire were
unlikely to support a war.’ [2–3] Level 3 Explains reasons (One mark for an explanation, additional
mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘After the First World War, Britain’s forces were run down and little
was spent on new equipment. Appeasement gave Britain time to put into effect a re-armament
programme. It began in 1936 and was not planned for completion until 1940.’ ‘The spread of
communism was considered a great threat after the First World War. British politicians feared the
power of the Soviet Union in helping spread communism to Western Europe. Hitler was a known
enemy of communism and he was acting as a bulwark against Soviet communism spreading. British
politicians, therefore, were reluctant to oppose Hitler.’
‘War in Europe started in 1939 because of decisions taken at Munich in 1938.’ How far do you agree
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘It was the result of Hitler’s actions not
appeasement.’ [1] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons (One mark for each point) The
decisions taken at Munich: What was decided over Czechoslovakia – betrayed, lost ally, end of
appeasement, brought about Nazi-Soviet Pact and invasion of Poland. Other reasons: ‘Hitler’s
aggressive foreign policy.’ ‘The policy of appeasement encouraged Hitler.’ ‘The terms of the Treaty
were too severe.’ ‘Hitler’s aim was to destroy the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘The League proved to be a
failure.’ ‘The isolationist policy of the USA encouraged Hitler.’ ‘The Depression made countries
aggressive.’ ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact gave Hitler a link to the USSR.’ ‘It was the invasion of Poland which
caused the War.’ [2] Level 3 Explanation of decisions at Munich OR how did other reasons increase
tension between countries leading to war e.g. ‘Chamberlain and Daladier assumed that, if they
conceded the Sudetenland to Hitler, it would reduce the chances of war. In fact, it encouraged Hitler
to demand more land.’ OR e.g. ‘It was Hitler’s destruction of the Treaty by his aggressive foreign
policy which was the main cause of the War. He re-armed, introduced conscription, re-occupied the
Rhineland and united with Austria. These actions demonstrated his determination to avenge the
Treaty.’[3–5] Level 4 Explanation of decisions at Munich AND how did other reasons increase tension
between countries leading to war Both sides of Level 3. [5–7] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of
‘how far’
How did Hitler make use of the Spanish Civil War?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘Hitler used it to fight.’ [1] Level 2 Describes how
Hitler made use of the Spanish Civil War One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail. e.g. ‘Hitler used this as an opportunity to fight against Communism.’ ‘Hitler used
the Spanish Civil War to test the strength of his armed forces.’ ‘Hitler wanted to test Blitzkrieg
tactics. He used carpet bombing tactics for the first time.’ ‘By supporting the Nationalists, Hitler
hoped to gain raw materials for his armaments industry in return.’ ‘Hitler used the Spanish Civil War
to divert British and French attention from Central and Eastern Europe.’
Why did Britain and France allow Germany to re-militarise the Rhineland?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘Britain thought it was reasonable for Germany to
re-militarise the Rhineland.’ [1] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons (One mark for each
point) e.g. ‘Britain thought Hitler was only ‘marching into his own backyard’.’ ‘Many people in Britain
thought Hitler had the right to station troops in the Rhineland.’ ‘The French were worried that
opposing Germany would lead to war.’ ‘They were more concerned about events in Abyssinia.’
‘France would not act without British support.’ [2–3] Level 3 Explains reasons (One mark for an
explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘The French were worried that opposing
Germany in the Rhineland would lead to war. An election was due in France, and none of the French
leaders was prepared to take the responsibility for plunging France into a war as it would adversely
affect their chances of winning the election.’
) How far was the Nazi-Soviet Pact responsible for war breaking out in Europe in 1939? Explain your
answer.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was partly responsible, but
there were also many other reasons.’ [1] Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes Nazi-Soviet Pact/other
reasons (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact meant that Hitler invaded Poland.’ ‘The
Nazi-Soviet Pact meant that Stalin would not stop Hitler.’ ‘Due to the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Hitler could
avoid fighting a war on two fronts.’ ‘The Treaty of Versailles was the main reason why war broke
out.’ ‘The policy of appeasement contributed to the outbreak of war.’ ‘The isolationist policy of the
USA was an important reason why war occurred in 1939.’ [2] Level 3 Explanation of Nazi-Soviet Pact
OR other reasons e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was the final cause of war as Hitler could now invade
Poland without interference from Stalin. Britain and France declared war on Germany as they had
guaranteed Poland’s independence.’ OR e.g. ‘Appeasement was responsible for the outbreak of war
in 1939. The appeasers assumed that if they made concessions to Hitler it would reduce the chances
of war. Instead the actions of the appeasers encouraged Hitler to demand more and more, until
eventually there was no option other than war if he was to be stopped.’ [3–5] Level 4 Explanation of
Nazi-Soviet Pact AND other reasons Both sides of Level 3. [5–7] Level 5 Explains with evaluation of
‘how far’ [8]
What were Hitler’s foreign policy aims?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘To recover lost land.’ ‘To make Germany a
world power.’ Level 2 Describes foreign policy aims [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point;
additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘He wanted to overturn the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘He
wanted to unite all German speaking people in a Greater Germany.’ [worth additional mark] ‘He
wanted to achieve an Anschluss with Austria.’ ‘He wanted to destroy communism.’ ‘He wanted to
gain Lebensraum in Eastern Europe.’ ‘He wanted to re-militarise e.g. Airforce.’ [worth extra mark]
Why was the re-militarisation of the Rhineland a success for Hitler?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘He gained control of the Rhineland.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Hitler had overturned a
term of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘He was not opposed by the French.’ ‘His gamble of marching
troops into the Rhineland had paid off.’ ‘It gave Hitler the confidence to take further action.’ ‘He had
defied the Locarno agreement.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation,
additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Hitler’s gamble in attempting to overturn a term of the
Treaty of Versailles had paid off. The French did not oppose him and the British believed he was only
marching into his own backyard. For Hitler the message was clear; both Britain and France lacked
the will to fight. This gave him the confidence to plan further moves.’
‘Increased militarism was the main cause of the Second World War.’ How far do you agree with this
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Increased militarism helped, but there were
other reasons.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘In
1935 Hitler reintroduced conscription in Germany and announced his plans to expand the German
army to half a million men.’ ‘Germany tested his new Luftwaffe in the Spanish Civil War.’ ‘Britain
announced air force increases in 1935.’ ‘Appeasement was the main cause.’ ‘Germany’s invasion of
Poland caused the war.’ ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was the main reason for war.’ Level 3 Explanation of
increased militarism OR other causes [3–5] e.g. ‘Increased militarism definitely contributed to the
likelihood of war. Hitler’s excuse for reintroducing conscription in Germany was that Britain had just
announced air force increases and France had extended conscription from12 to 18 months. France’s
justification was that Germany was rearming. Worries about increased numbers of weapons and
troops increased tension and made each country more likely to expand its own armed forces in
response. This made war more likely.’ OR e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was the main cause of war. The
Pact gave Hitler the confidence to attack Poland because he no longer had to worry about a war on
two fronts. As Britain and France had done nothing about his invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939,
Hitler believed they would not keep to their promise to defend Poland. He invaded Poland and
Britain and France declared war.’ Level 4 Explanation of increased militarism AND other causes [5–7]
Both sides of Level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
Describe Germany’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Germany sent the military.’ Level 2 Describes
Germany’s involvement [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail.) e.g. ‘Hitler supported the Nationalists from late July, 1936.’ ‘He sent transport planes so
Franco could move his troops and equipment from Morocco to Spain.’ ‘At the end of 1936, Hitler set
up the Condor Legion, which was to assist Franco in Spain. It consisted of personnel and equipment
from the army, air force and navy.’ ‘Hitler’s troops tried out new tactics such as carpet bombing as in
Guernica and blitzkrieg tactics as at the offensive on Bilbao.’ ‘The Condor Legion was constantly
getting Franco’s troops out of trouble.’ ‘Hitler sent 2 pocket battleships, a cruiser, torpedo boats and
U-boats.’ ‘Hitler sent a considerable amount of food, fuel and weapons. Aid had added up to £43
million by May 1939.’
Why did Britain follow a policy of appeasement towards Germany?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘To buy time.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR
describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Britain was not ready for war.’ ‘Britain was
trying to avoid war.’ ‘The Treaty of Versailles had been harsh.’ ‘The British government thought
Hitler was a reasonable man.’ ‘It did not have the support for war from the Empire.’ ‘Germany was
seen as a bulwark against communism.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation,
additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘To many British politicians the Treaty of Versailles had
been harsh on Germany and it seemed right to try to settle grievances by negotiation. Britain was
happy that Hitler was only rightfully getting back what belonged to Germany.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was of greater benefit to Germany than it was to the Soviet Union’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It gave both sides a short term benefit.’ Level
2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Hitler could invade
Poland.’ ‘Hitler had avoided a war on two fronts.’ ‘It gave Hitler confidence. ‘Stalin would delay war
with Hitler.’ ‘Stalin would gain part of Poland.’ ‘Stalin gained time to re-arm.’ Level 3 Explanation of
Germany’s benefits OR USSR’s benefits [3–5] e.g. ‘Hitler had avoided the immediate possibility of
fighting a war on two fronts. He knew he could invade Poland without having to worry about what
action the USSR would take.’ OR e.g. ‘Stalin believed that the USSR would have to fight Germany in
the future. The Pact gave him time to build up his military strength. Occupying part of Poland would
also give Stalin a buffer between Germany and the USSR.’ Level 4 Explanation of Germany’s benefits
AND USSR’s benefits [5–7] Both sides of Level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
What measures did Hitler take by 1936 to prepare Germany for war?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler ignored the Treaty of Versailles.’ Level 2
Describes measures [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.)
e.g. ‘Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations.’ ‘Germany withdrew from the
Disarmament Conference.’ ‘Hitler began increasing the army size from 1934. It increased from
100,000 to 600,000 by 1936.’ [worth additional mark] ‘In 1934, Hitler began building tanks and
warships.’ ‘Hitler started using the unemployed in new armament factories.’ ‘Hitler introduced
conscription in March 1935.’ ‘Hitler introduced his new airforce, the Luftwaffe, in 1935. ‘In 1935,
Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Treaty, which allowed Germany 35% of the size of Britain’s
navy.’ [worth extra mark]
Why did Hitler sign the Munich Agreement?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘To gain part of Czechoslovakia.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘It gave Hitler the
Sudetenland without a fight.’ ‘It made the takeover seem legal.’ ‘It gave Hitler the Skoda works.’ ‘It
took away most of the Czech defences.’ ‘It made it easier to take the rest of Czechoslovakia.’ ‘It
improved Hitler’s reputation at home.’ ‘His army was not fully ready to fight Britain, France and
Czechoslovakia.’ ‘It delayed a war and meant Hitler could continue his armed build up.’ Level 3
Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘The
Munich Agreement gave Hitler the Sudetenland, an area which had many of the Czech defences. It
was an area rich in minerals and useful for Hitler’s military machine. It included the Skoda works
which produced armaments. It also had 3 million Germanspeaking Sudetens.’
) ‘Britain was right to follow a policy of appeasement.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Britain was not ready to fight.’ ‘It was a risky
policy.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘It delayed
war.’ ‘It gave time to Britain to rearm.’ ‘The Treaty was unjust and needed to be redressed.’ ‘It
allowed Germany to get strong.’ ‘It encouraged Hitler to be aggressive.’ ‘It trusted Hitler.’ ‘It alarmed
the USSR.’ Level 3 Explanation of agreement OR disagreement [3–5] e.g. ‘It was important to delay
war because Britain was not ready to fight Germany and it gave Britain time to re-arm. Britain
needed time to convince the Empire that they should support another war. This would be difficult
after the horrors of the First World War.’ OR e.g. ‘Britain misjudged Hitler’s ruthlessness because he
broke agreements and he was willing to use force. If Britain had worked with France, Hitler could
have been checked over the Rhineland and then, fighting with the French and Czechs, avoided the
occupation of the Sudetenland and the rest of Czechoslovakia.’ Level 4 Explanation of agreement
AND disagreement [5–7] Both sides of Level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
Describe Hitler’s policy towards Austria between 1934 and 1938.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler tried to take over Austria.’ Level 2
Describes policy [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g.
‘Hitler believed Austria and Germany belonged together as one German nation.’ ‘Anschluss with
Austria was essential to Hitler’s aim of creating a Greater Germany.’ ‘In 1934 Hitler used the Austrian
Nazi Party to put pressure on the Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss.’ ‘In 1934 the Austrian Nazi Party
murdered Dollfuss during an attempted takeover.’ ‘In 1938 Hitler encouraged the Nazis to stir up
trouble for the Austrian government .They staged demonstrations calling for union with Germany
and caused riots.’ ‘Hitler told the Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg that only Anschluss could solve
the problems of disorder in Austria.’
Why did some people argue that the policy of appeasement followed by Britain and France was
wrong?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Appeasement helped Hitler.’ Level 2 Identifies
AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Appeasement encouraged Hitler to
demand more.’ ‘Appeasement assumed that Hitler was a rational politician.’ ‘It meant opportunities
to stop Hitler were missed.’ ‘Appeasement did not stop war coming in 1939.’ ‘Appeasement allowed
Hitler to break international agreements.’ ‘Appeasement alienated the USSR.’ Level 3 Explains
reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘The
appeasers believed they could trust Hitler. They completely misjudged his ruthlessness both in
breaking agreements and in using force to get what he wanted. At Munich Hitler was granted the
Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia and he promised that this was the end of his demands on
Czechoslovakia. Yet just a few months later he took over the rest of Czechoslovakia.’
‘Hitler had achieved his foreign policy aims by the end of 1938.’ How far do you agree with this
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘He achieved some of his foreign policy aims.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes achievement/lack of achievement [2] (One mark for each point.)
e.g. ‘He had remilitarised the Rhineland.’ ‘He had achieved Anschluss with Austria.’ ‘He had
overturned parts of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘He had not managed to destroy the USSR and
communism.’ ‘He had not established a large empire in Eastern Europe for Lebensraum.’ Level 3
Explanation of achievement OR lack of achievement [3–5] e.g. ‘Hitler had achieved his aim of
overturning the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933 he announced that the German army was to be
increased to 300,000 men, in direct violation of the Versailles term which limited the German army
to 100,000. Two years later he announced an increase in army numbers to 550,000 and introduced
conscription; conscription had also been forbidden by the treaty.’ OR e.g. ‘Hitler had not achieved
his aim of establishing a large empire in Eastern Europe for Lebensraum. To achieve this aim he
would have to take over Poland and the USSR. By the end of 1938 Poland was still an independent
country and Hitler had not yet made any moves towards the conquest of the USSR.’ Level 4
Explanation of achievement AND lack of achievement [5–7] Both sides of Level 3. Level 5 Explains
with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
What did Hitler do between 1933 and 1936 to challenge the Treaty of Versailles?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘He ignored it.’ ‘He broke the terms.’ Level 2
Describes events [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g.
‘Hitler withdrew from the Disarmament Conference.’ ‘He withdrew Germany from the League of
Nations.’ ‘Hitler started re-arming.’ ‘Hitler tried to take over Austria in 1934 but was prevented by
Mussolini.’ ‘In 1935, he introduced a military airforce and brought in conscription.’ ‘In 1935 he held a
massive rearmament rally in Germany.’ ‘In 1935, Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Treaty,
which allowed Germany 35% of the size of Britain’s navy, thus breaking the Treaty.’ ‘In 1936
Germany re-militarised the Rhineland.’
Why was Hitler involved in the Spanish Civil War?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler wanted to support Franco.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Hitler wanted to defeat
communists and extreme socialists.’ ‘Franco had similar views to Hitler.’ ‘Hitler wanted to try out his
forces and tactics.’ ‘Hitler wanted to work with Mussolini.’ ‘Germany needed Spanish raw materials.’
‘Hitler hoped to divert British and French attention.’ ‘Hitler hoped to have a future ally.’ Level 3
Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Hitler
believed in the Nationalist views expressed by Franco. Hitler wanted to give support to Franco to
save Spain from ‘communist barbarism’.’ ‘Hitler hoped to gain raw materials for his armaments
industry, such as iron, copper, mercury and pyrites.’ ‘Hitler wanted to try out all his military forces
and test blitzkrieg tactics. He used carpet bombing for the first time.’ ‘Hitler hoped to divert British
and French attention from Central and Eastern Europe when planning his eastern expansion.’
‘Hitler was not a planner in foreign affairs. He just took opportunities that others gave him.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler had a long term plan but he was also an
opportunist.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes Hitler as planner/opportunist [2] (One mark for
each point.) e.g. ‘Hitler set out plans in Mein Kampf.’ ‘His plans for foreign policy were in the Party
programme.’ ‘He always planned to regain lost German land.’ ‘He discussed an Eastern Empire in the
1920s.’ ‘Britain helped his rearmament with the Naval Treaty.’ ‘The remilitarisation of the Rhineland
was a gamble.’ ‘Hitler took advantage of the policy of appeasement.’ Level 3 Explanation of Hitler as
a planner OR opportunist [3–5] e.g. ‘As early as 1924, Hitler had laid out in his book Mein Kampf
what he would do if the Nazis ever achieved power. He would abolish the Treaty of Versailles,
expand German territory and defeat communism.’ ‘Hitler explained that he expected to get back
land lost at Versailles, unite with Austria and create lebensraum for Germans.’ OR e.g. ‘In March
1936, Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland. The League’s attention was on the Abyssinian affair, while
the French were involved in a general election. Hitler took his opportunity.’ ‘Hitler sensed that
Britain thought the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh and was willing to be lenient. He took the
opportunity to sign a naval agreement with Britain allowing him 35% of the size of Britain’s navy.
This clearly broke the Treaty’s terms.’ Level 4 Explanation of Hitler as a planner AND opportunist [5–
7] Both sides of Level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
Describe the events of 1938 which led to Anschluss.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Hitler encouraged Austrian Nazis to stir up
trouble.’ Level 2 Describes events [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail.) e.g. ‘There was a strong Nazi Party in Austria and they staged demonstrations
calling for union with Germany.’ ‘The Nazis caused riots and Hitler told the Austrian Chancellor,
Schuschnigg, that only Anschluss could sort out these problems.’ ‘Schuschnigg felt under pressure
and asked for help from Britain and France but this was not forthcoming. He, therefore, called for a
plebiscite to see what the Austrian people wanted.’ ‘Hitler was not prepared to risk this and so, in
March 1938, sent his troops into Austria to, supposedly, guarantee a trouble-free plebiscite. 99.75%
voted for Anschluss and it was completed without any military confrontation with Britain and
France.’
Why did Britain and France permit the Anschluss?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘They did not want to go to war.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘A feeling that the Treaty
of Versailles had been harsh.’ ‘They did not want to confront Hitler.’ ‘There were close links between
Germany and Austria.’ ‘Britain and France were not strong enough to fight in 1938.’ ‘They could not
rely on Mussolini to help.’ ‘Britain and France could not agree.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One
mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Hitler had built up his armed
forces rapidly both on land and in the air. Britain and France had not re-armed sufficiently to feel
confident about defeating Hitler if war was declared.’ ‘Britain had taken the view that the Treaty of
Versailles was harsh and that giving way to a few demands of Hitler may keep the peace in the
future. Austria did not seem that important.’ ‘Mussolini had stepped in and stopped the Anschluss in
1934, but Britain and France could not rely on this intervention in 1938 when Hitler and Mussolini
had such a strong friendship.’
Hitler’s policies towards Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938–9 were completely successful.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘They provided him with a launch pad for
future invasions.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes level of success [2] (One mark for each point.)
e.g. ‘Hitler had successfully broken the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler acquired his homeland.’ ‘Hitler
was more easily able to attack Poland.’ ‘Britain and France started re-arming.’ ‘Britain and France
declared war.’ Level 3 Explanation of successes OR limitations [3–5] e.g. ‘Hitler had occupied large
areas of rich agricultural land in Czechoslovakia and had taken over thriving industries such as
textiles and glass. In Austria, Hitler secured rich deposits of salt, gold, iron and many other metals.’
OR e.g. ‘As a result of Hitler’s occupation of Austria and Czechoslovakia, both Britain and France
started re-arming at a rapid rate. This meant conflict was more likely, something which Hitler
wanted to avoid.’ Level 4 Explanation of successes AND limitations [5–7] Both sides of Level 3. Level
5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
Describe how Germany re-established control over the Saar and the Rhineland.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘By following the procedures.’ Level 2
Describes events [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g.
‘Hitler demanded a plebiscite for the Saar in 1935, which was allowed under the terms of the Treaty
of Versailles.’ ‘The League had been made responsible for the Saar for 15 years and then it could
allow a plebiscite asking the population whether they wanted to stay with France or return to
Germany. Just over 90% voted to return to Germany.’ ‘In March 1936, Hitler ordered his troops back
into the Rhineland, although this was against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘France would
not act without British support, but Britain’s attitude was that Hitler was reclaiming what was
rightfully Germany’s.’ (Must include both for maximum marks.)
(b) Why did Hitler want to unite Germany and Austria?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘He believed the two states belonged
together.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Austria
was where Hitler was born.’ ‘He wanted to develop a Greater Germany.’ ‘He wanted to unite
German speakers.’ ‘He wanted to break the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler wanted Austria’s mineral
deposits.’ ‘It would help Austria’s weak economy.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an
explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Hitler stated in Mein Kampf that he wanted
to create a Greater Germany and to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles. Anschluss had been
forbidden by the Treaty and so a union would help him achieve both these aims.’ ‘Austria’s soldiers,
weapons and its rich deposits of gold, iron ore and salt would be added to Germany’s increasingly
strong army and industry.’
‘Hitler’s aggression was the main reason war broke out in 1939.’ How far do you agree with this
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘The weakness of the Allies was to blame.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘Hitler’s aim was to
destroy the Treaty of Versailles, which inevitably meant war.’ ‘The League of Nations proved to be a
failure.’ ‘The isolationist policy of the USA helped Hitler.’ ‘Britain and France failed to act over
Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy.’ ‘The Depression gave rise to aggressive dictators like Hitler.’ ‘War
broke out because Hitler invaded Poland.’ Britain and France followed appeasement.’ Level 3
Explanation of Hitler’s aggression OR other reasons [3–5] e.g. ‘Hitler went too far with his aggressive
foreign policy. He could not justify the occupation of Czechoslovakia or Poland. Britain had
guaranteed to preserve the independence of Poland. Hitler had pushed them to war.’ OR e.g. ‘The
League’s main weapon was sanctions. It was unwilling to impose meaningful ones against powerful
countries such as Italy. The failure of the League to act against Japan and Italy led to its demise and
Hitler noted this.’ Level 4 Explanation of Hitler’s aggression AND other reasons [5–7] Both sides of
Level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
What was the Munich Agreement?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It was a conference to avoid war.’ Level 2
Describes the Agreement [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail.) e.g. ’It was an Agreement signed by Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier on 29th
September, 1938.’ ‘The Sudetenland was to be handed over to Germany immediately.’ ‘This had
been agreed at Bad Godesberg a week before.’ ‘Poland was given Teschen and Hungary received
South Slovakia.’ ‘Britain, Germany, Italy and France guaranteed the rest of Czechoslovakia.’
(b) Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact important?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It meant war would take place soon.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘It was important to Stalin
as it delayed war with Hitler.’ ‘Stalin would gain part of Poland.’ ‘It showed that Stalin could not trust
Britain and France.’ ‘It gave Stalin time to re-arm.’ ‘It was important to Hitler as he would not have to
fight on two fronts.’ ‘When Poland was invaded, Britain and France would declare war.’ Level 3
Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘It
was important to Stalin because he believed the USSR would have to fight against Germany as Hitler
had expressed his hatred of communism. The Pact gave him time to build up his military strength.’
‘The Pact was the final cause of war as Hitler could now invade Poland without interference from
Stalin. Britain and France would declare war on Germany as they had guaranteed Poland’s
independence.’ ‘Although Hitler hated communism, he was determined to avoid war on two fronts
(Britain and France had guaranteed Poland’s security) and, therefore, was willing to make an
agreement with Stalin.’
‘The policy of appeasement followed by Britain was a disaster.’ How far do you agree this
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It was a risky policy.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR
describes reasons [2] (One mark for each point.) e.g. ‘It allowed Germany to get strong.’ ‘It
encouraged Hitler to be aggressive.’ ‘It trusted Hitler.’ ‘It gave time to Britain to build up its forces.’
‘It alarmed the USSR.’ ‘It abandoned an ally in Czechoslovakia.’ ‘It delayed war.’ ‘It helped redress an
unjust Treaty.’ Level 3 Explanation of the policy being a disaster OR other reasons [3–5] e.g.
‘Appeasement was about giving in to a bully. The appeasers assumed that if they made concessions
to Hitler it would reduce the chance of war. In fact, it encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ OR e.g.
‘Britain was not ready to fight Germany because of economic collapse during the Depression, and it
gave time for Britain to rearm.’ ‘Britain wanted to avoid the horrors of another war after the sacrifice
of so many lives in the trenches, and made every effort through appeasement to do so.’ Level 4
Explanation of the policy being a disaster AND other reasons [5–7] Both sides of Level 3. Level 5
Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
Describe what was agreed about the Saar in the Treaty of Versailles, and what happened in 1935 as
a result.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘The people got their wishes.’ Level 2 Describes
terms / events [2–5] One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail. e.g.
‘Under the Treaty, the Saar was made the responsibility of the League. The League gave control of
the Saar to France for 15 years.’ ‘The League had responsibility for the area for 15 years.’ ‘It was
agreed that a plebiscite would take place after the 15 years to see whether the population wanted
to stay with the French or return to Germany.’ ‘In the vote, 90% indicated a return to German rule.’
‘The rich coal-mining area came back under German control and was a tremendous propaganda
success for Hitler.’
(b) Why did Britain and France fail to resist the Anschluss?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Germany and Austria had been close friends.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Britain and France
were weak-willed.’ ‘It was thought essential to avoid war.’ ‘They were not armed sufficiently to take
action.’ ‘They genuinely thought they should be allowed to unite.’ ‘Britain and France could not
agree on action.’ ‘They needed Hitler’s help against Communist Russia.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–
7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Britain and France had
suffered heavily in the First world War and wanted to avoid war at all costs. This did not seem to be
a strong enough reason to take military action.’ ‘Britain and France were not ready for war. They
were unsure they would defeat Hitler if it came to war.’ ‘Although Britain did not want to take
action, the French were more interested as they had suffered more from German aggression. The
two powers could not agree and France would not take action without Britain.’ ‘There were those
who thought the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany and that there should be the
Anschluss.’
How far was the outbreak of war in 1939 Hitler’s fault? Explain your answer.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘The Treaty of Versailles was to blame for the
outbreak of war.’ ‘The weakness of the Allies was to blame.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes
reasons [2] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Hitler’s aim was to destroy the Treaty of Versailles, which
inevitably meant war.’ ‘The League of Nations proved to be a failure.’ ‘The isolationist policy of the
USA helped Hitler.’ ‘Britain and France failed to act over Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy.’ ‘The
Depression gave rise to aggressive dictators like Hitler.’ Level 3 Explanation of Hitler’s impact OR
other reasons [3–5] e.g. ‘Hitler left the League, began re-arming, re-occupied the Rhineland and
united with Austria. This showed his determination to increase his power in Europe and avenge the
Treaty of Versailles, which meant war.’ ‘Hitler went too far with his aggressive foreign policy. He
could not justify the occupation of Czechoslovakia or Poland. Britain had guaranteed to preserve the
independence of Poland. Hitler had pushed them to war.’ OR e.g. ‘The British felt that Germany had
been harshly treated at Versailles and began to make concessions. Desperate to avoid war, Britain
and France responded to Hitler’s demands with a policy of appeasement.’ ‘The League of Nations’
main weapon was sanctions. It was unwilling to impose meaningful ones against powerful countries
such as Italy. The failure of the League to act against Japan and Italy led to its demise and Hitler
noted this. Britain and France stopped working through the League.’ Level 4 Explanation of Hitler’s
impact AND other reasons [5–7] Both sides of level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
What was the policy of appeasement, followed by Britain in the 1930s?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Britain gave in.’ ‘It was a policy associated
most closely with Neville Chamberlain.’ Level 2 Describes policy [2–5] (One mark for each relevant
point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘A policy used by Britain to avoid war.’ ‘Britain
made concessions to Hitler in the hope that he would be satisfied.’ ‘A policy to reach agreement
with Germany to settle its grievances once and for all.’ (b) Why did Britain go to war over Poland?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘They thought it was the right time.’ Level 2
Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘Britain had guaranteed to
preserve the independence of Poland.’ ‘Britain no longer trusted Hitler.’ ‘Hitler ignored Britain’s
ultimatum.’ ‘Hitler invaded Poland.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an explanation,
additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Britain had no choice but to go to war over Poland. Britain
had guaranteed they would preserve the independence of Poland and so when German armies
invaded Poland and Hitler then gave no reply to the British ultimatum, Britain was obliged to
intervene and support Poland.’
What was the policy of appeasement, followed by Britain in the 1930s?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘Britain gave in.’ ‘It was a policy associated
most closely with Neville Chamberlain.’ Level 2 Describes policy [2–5] (One mark for each relevant
point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘A policy used by Britain to avoid war.’ ‘Britain
made concessions to Hitler in the hope that he would be satisfied.’ ‘A policy to reach agreement
with Germany to settle its grievances once and for all.’
(b) Why did Britain go to war over Poland? Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not
address the question [0] Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘They
thought it was the right time.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each
point) e.g. ‘Britain had guaranteed to preserve the independence of Poland.’ ‘Britain no longer
trusted Hitler.’ ‘Hitler ignored Britain’s ultimatum.’ ‘Hitler invaded Poland.’ Level 3 Explains reasons
[4–7] (One mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Britain had no choice
but to go to war over Poland. Britain had guaranteed they would preserve the independence of
Poland and so when German armies invaded Poland and Hitler then gave no reply to the British
ultimatum, Britain was obliged to intervene and support Poland.’
How far had Hitler achieved his foreign policy aims by the end of 1939?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘He had achieved some of his aims about land.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes achievement/lack of achievement [2] e.g. ‘Hitler had overturned
parts of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘He had gained some Lebensraum in the East.’ ‘He had remilitarised
the Rhineland.’ ‘He had achieved Anschluss with Austria.’ ‘He had not destroyed communism in the
Soviet Union.’ ‘He had not gained as much Lebensraum in Eastern Europe as he had hoped.’ Level 3
Explains achievement OR lack of achievement [3–5] e.g. ‘One of Hitler’s aims was to overturn the
Treaty of Versailles. In March 1933 he announced that the German peacetime army was to be
increased to 300,000. This was in direct defiance of the Treaty which had limited Germany’s army to
100,000 men. Two years later he reintroduced conscription, again defying the treaty.’ OR e.g. ‘Hitler
wanted to gain Lebensraum in Eastern Europe. At the same time he thought he could defeat
communism in the Soviet Union. By 1939 he had not achieved this. In order to take over Poland he
had needed to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact; he was still a long way from taking over the Soviet Union
and destroying communism.’ Level 4 Explains achievement AND lack of achievement [5–7] Both
sides of level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [8]
What actions did Hitler take between 1933 and 1936 to re-arm Germany?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘He ignored the Treaty of Versailles.’ Level 2
Describes measures [2–5] One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.
e.g. ‘Hitler withdrew from the Disarmament Conference.’ ‘He began increasing the army size from
1934. It increased from 100,000 to 600,000 by 1936.’ In 1934, Hitler started building tanks and
warships.’ ‘Hitler started using the unemployed in new armament factories.’ ‘Hitler reintroduced
conscription in March 1935.’ ‘Hitler introduced his new air force, the Luftwaffe, in 1935.’ ‘In 1935,
Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Treaty, which allowed Germany 35% of the size of Britain’s
navy.’ ‘In 1936, Germany re-militarised the Rhineland.’
(b) Why were Britain and France prepared to sign the Munich Agreement?
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘To save Czechoslovakia.’ Level 2 Identifies
AND/OR describes reasons [2–3] (One mark for each point) e.g. ‘A solution to avoid war.’ ‘It had
been agreed at Bad Godesberg.’ ‘It guaranteed Czechoslovakia’s borders.’ ‘It gave time to re-arm.’
‘Hitler was a bulwark against Communism.’ Level 3 Explains reasons [4–7] (One mark for an
explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Britain and France wanted to avoid war at all
costs. Both countries had suffered badly during the First World War and they did not want a repeat.
They were, therefore, willing to sacrifice part of an ally to avoid conflict.’ ‘Many Conservatives
thought that the communist threat from Russia was a greater danger than Hitler. It was worth giving
away part of an ally so that Hitler’s Germany would be a buffer against communist expansion
westwards.’ ‘British military chiefs told Chamberlain that Britain was not strong enough to fight
against Hitler and their assessment was that France was weak and divided. Chamberlain realised he
needed time to speed up British rearmament.’
How far was the coming of the war in 1939 caused mainly by the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your
answer.
answer lacking specific contextual knowledge [1] e.g. ‘It was the Treaty as it was unfair.’ ‘It was
Hitler’s foreign policy.’ Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons [2] (One mark for each point)
e.g. ‘The terms of the Treaty were severe.’ ‘Hitler’s aim was to destroy the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘The
League proved to be a failure.’ ‘The isolationist policy of the USA helped Hitler.’ ‘The policy of
appeasement was a mistake.’ ‘The Depression made countries aggressive.’ Level 3 Explanation of the
importance of the Treaty in causing war OR other reasons [3–5] e.g. ‘In Germany, resentment
against the Treaty persisted and, as part of his foreign policy, Hitler was determined to reverse it. He
had never accepted the Treaty and was determined to restore German pride.’ ‘Hitler destroyed the
Treaty by his aggressive foreign policy. He left the League, began re-arming, introduced conscription,
re-occupied the Rhineland and united with Austria. These actions demonstrated his determination
to avenge the Treaty and increase his power in Europe.’ OR e.g. ‘The League of Nations’ main
weapon was sanctions. It was unwilling to impose meaningful ones against powerful countries such
as Italy. The failure of the League to act against Japan and Italy led to its demise and Hitler noted
this. Britain and France stopped working through the League.’ ‘Britain and France followed a policy
of appeasement in the mistaken belief that eventually Hitler would be satisfied. They did not realise
until too late that he would never be satisfied.’ Level 4 Explanation of the importance of the Treaty
in causing war AND other reasons [5–7] Both sides of Level 3. Level 5 Explains with evaluation of
‘how far’ [8]
What did Hitler achieve by the Anschluss?
Level 1 General answer [1–2] e.g. ‘A joining of Germany and Austria.’ ‘A launch pad for future
invasions.’ Level 2 Describes what he achieved [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional
mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘Hitler had successfully broken the Treaty of Versailles which stated
that there should be no Anschluss between Germany and Austria.’ ‘By joining Germany and Austria,
Hitler had helped his development of a Greater Germany.’ ‘Hitler had acquired his homeland
because he was born in Austria.’ ‘Austria’s soldiers, weapons and its rich deposits of gold and iron
ore were added to Germany’s increasingly strong army and industry.’ ‘The Anschluss showed that
the Allies were not willing to go to war over a treaty which seemed suspect and flawed. This
encouraged Hitler.’
(b) Why did Hitler want to take over Czechoslovakia?
Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘To gain land.’ ‘To take its minerals.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2–4] (One
mark for each) e.g. ‘To gain living-space.’ ‘To unite German-speaking people.’ ‘To break the 1919
Peace Settlement.’ ‘To gain coal, iron and weapons.’ ‘To end democracy.’ ‘To gain a strategically
important country.’ ‘He hated the Czechs because they were Slavs.’ Level 3 Explains why [4–7]
(Award one mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘One of Hitler’s
foreign policy aims was to create ‘lebensraum’ to the east and this would be the start of this idea.’
‘Part of Czechoslovakia was the Sudetenland where 3,500,000 German-speaking people lived. One of
Hitler’s aims was to unite German-speaking people.’ ‘Czechoslovakia had considerable coal reserves
in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia, iron ore deposits in Slovakia and weapons factories in Bohemia
and Moravia including the famous Skoda works. This would be useful for Hitler’s war machine.’
‘Czechoslovakia was strategically important as it would give a great advantage for German military
and economic dominance of central Europe.’ ‘A free and hostile Czechoslovakia would make it
impossible for Germany to fight in the West, as Hitler would then face a war on two fronts which he
wanted to avoid.’
‘The policy of appeasement was a mistake.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘It was a risky policy.’ Level 2 Identifies reasons [2–3] e.g. ‘It
allowed Germany to get strong.’ ‘It allowed Hitler to be aggressive.’ ‘It trusted Hitler.’ ‘It gave time to
Britain.’ ‘It alarmed the USSR.’ ‘The Treaty was unjust and should be redressed.’ ‘It delayed war.’
Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement [3–5] e.g. ‘Appeasement was about giving in to a bully.
The appeasers assumed that if they made concessions to Hitler it would reduce the chance of war. In
fact, it encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ ‘The appeasers assumed Hitler was a rational politician.
They completely misjudged his ruthlessness both to break agreements and use force.’ ‘The
appeasers missed vital opportunities to stop Hitler, in particular over the Rhineland and, by delaying,
allowed Hitler time to build up his military strength.’ ‘In 1938, by abandoning Czechoslovakia, Britain
lost a potentially important ally against Hitler.’ ‘It alarmed the USSR as Hitler made no secret of his
plans to expand eastwards. It sent the message to the Soviet Union that Britain and France would
not stand in his way.’ ‘The Treaty of Versailles was harsh on Germany and it seemed common sense
to try to settle Germany’s grievances by negotiation.’ ‘Britain was not ready to fight Germany and it
gave time for Britain to rearm.’ ‘It was not at all certain that the Empire would support another war.
The delay ensured that the support would be there.’ ‘Both British and French leaders wanted to
avoid the horrors of another war and made every effort through appeasement to do so.’ Level 4
Explains agreement AND disagreement [5–7] Both sides of Level 3 Level 5 Explains with evaluative
judgement of ‘how far’ [7–8]
What were the aims of Hitler’s foreign policy?
Level 1 General answer [1–2] e.g. ‘To make Germany a world power.’ ‘To create a Greater Germany.’
‘To recover lost land.’ ‘Restore German pride.’ Level 2 Describes aims [2–5] (One mark for each
relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘Remove the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘To
establish a large empire in Eastern Europe for lebensraum.’ ‘To achieve Anschluss with Austria.’ ‘To
unite all Germany speaking people in a Greater Germany.’ ‘To destroy the USSR and communism.’
‘To regain the Saar and re-militarise the Rhineland.’ ‘To stop paying reparations.’ ‘To build up his
armed forces.’
(b) Why did Britain follow a policy of appeasement towards Germany in the 1930s?
Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘It bought time and so was justified.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2–4] (One
mark for each) e.g. ‘It was right to try to avoid war.’ ‘Britain was not ready for war.’ ‘Chamberlain
misjudged Hitler.’ ‘The Treaty of Versailles was harsh.’ Level 3 Explains why [4–7] (Award one mark
for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘The Treaty of Versailles had been harsh
on Germany and it seemed right to try to settle grievances by negotiation. Britain and France were
happy as Hitler was only rightfully getting back what belonged to Germany.’ ‘Memories of the First
World War were still fresh and it was felt right to avoid another war.’ ‘Many liked the idea of a
strong Germany as a protection against the USSR. The USSR under Stalin seemed a greater threat.’
‘Rearmament was not complete and it was an opportunity to stall for time.’ ‘The British government
was trying to deal with the depression and did not want to spend large sums of money on arms.’ ‘It
was thought that by giving concessions to Hitler he could be trusted and it would reduce the chances
of war.’
‘Events in Czechoslovakia in 1938-9 played a greater part in causing war in 1939 than did the Nazi-
Soviet Pact.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘They both played significant parts.’ Level 2 Identifies impact
of one / both [2–3] e.g. ‘Hitler avoided fighting on two fronts.’ ‘Poland was invaded by Germany.’
‘Britain and France agreed to protect Poland’s independence.’ ‘Gaining Czechoslovakia gave Hitler
economic and strategic strength.’ ‘Gaining the Sudetenland encouraged Hitler to demand more.’
Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement [3–5] e.g. ‘The USSR was alarmed by the threat from
Hitler. Hitler made no secret of his plans to expand eastwards. Stalin was the key to Poland.’ ‘Hitler
was determined to avoid war on two fronts and was prepared to make an agreement with Stalin.
Stalin could have also have chosen Britain and France but thought he would get part of Poland with
Hitler.’ ‘The Pact was the final cause of war as Hitler could now invade Poland without interference
from Stalin. Britain and France declared war on Germany as they had guaranteed Poland’s
independence.’ ‘Chamberlain and Daladier assumed that if they conceded the Sudetenland to Hitler
it would reduce the chances of war. In fact, it encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ ‘The appeasers
had already missed vital opportunities to stop Hitler, in particular over the Rhineland and, by
delaying conflict over the Sudetenland and the rest of Czechoslovakia, Hitler was given more time to
build up his military strength.’ ‘By abandoning Czechoslovakia, Britain lost a potentially important
ally against Hitler and gave him resources to fight a war e.g. Skoda works.’ Level 4 Explains
agreement AND disagreement [5–7] Both sides of Level 3 Level 5 Explains with evaluative judgement
of ‘how far’ [7–8]
) What measures had Hitler taken by 1938 to prepare Germany for war?
Level 1 General answer [1–2] e.g. ’Hitler broke the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ Level 2
Describes measures [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.)
e.g. ‘Hitler withdrew from the Disarmament Conference.’ ‘Hitler withdrew Germany from the League
of Nations and started secretly re-arming.’ ‘In 1935, he introduced an air-force and brought in
conscription.’ ‘In 1935, Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Treaty, which allowed Germany 35% of
the size of Britain’s navy.’ ‘In 1936 Germany re-militarised the Rhineland.’ ‘In 1936 Hitler signed the
Rome-Berlin Axis and the Anti-Comintern Pact.’ ‘In 1937 Hitler sent his armed forces to the Spanish
Civil War to practise its blitzkrieg tactics.’
Why did Hitler want to take over Czechoslovakia?
Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘To gain land.’ ‘To take its minerals.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2–4] (One
mark for each) e.g. ‘To gain living-space.’ ‘To unite German-speaking people.’ ‘To break the 1919
Peace Settlement.’ ‘To gain coal, iron and weapons.’ ‘To end democracy.’ ‘To gain a strategically
important country.’ ‘He hated the Czechs because they were Slavs.’ Level 3 Explains why [4–7]
(Award one mark for an explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘One of Hitler’s
foreign policy aims was to create ‘lebensraum’ to the east and this would be the start of this idea.’
‘Part of Czechoslovakia was the Sudetenland where 3,500,000 German- speaking lived. One of
Hitler’s aims was to unite German-speaking people.’ ‘Czechoslovakia had considerable coal reserves
in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia, iron ore deposits in Slovakia and weapons factories in Bohemia
and Moravia including the famous Skoda works. This would be useful for Hitler’s war machine.’
‘Czechoslovakia was strategically important as it would give a great advantage for German military
and economic dominance of central Europe.’ ‘A free and hostile Czechoslovakia would make it
impossible for Germany to fight in the West, as Hitler would then face a war on two fronts which he
wanted to avoid.
How far was the policy of appeasement justified? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘It bought time and so was justified.’ Level 2 Identifies
reasons [2–3] e.g. ‘It was right to try to avoid war.’ ‘Britain was not ready for war.’ ‘It gave in to a
bully.’ ‘It was morally wrong.’ ‘It misjudged Hitler.’ ‘Excellent chances to stop Hitler were missed.’ ‘It
failed to prevent war.’ ‘The Treaty of Versailles had been harsh.’ Level 3 Explains agreement OR
disagreement [3–5] e.g. ‘The Treaty of Versailles had been harsh on Germany and it seemed right to
try to settle grievances by negotiation. Britain and France were happy as Hitler was only rightfully
getting back what belonged to Germany.’ ‘Memories of the First World War were still fresh and it
was right to avoid another war.’ ‘Many supported the idea of a strong Germany as a protection
against the USSR and Communism. The USSR under Stalin seemed a great threat.’ ‘Rearmament was
not complete and it was an opportunity to stall for time.’ ‘The British government was trying to deal
with the Depression and did not want to spend large sums on arms.’ ‘It was thought that by giving
concessions to Hitler, he could be trusted and it would reduce the chances of war.’ ‘The appeasers
misjudged Hitler, treating him as a rational person. In fact, it encouraged Hitler to demand more. The
mind of a dictator was misunderstood.’ ‘It gave Hitler an advantage. He grew stronger before war
started.’ ‘Appeasement was wrong. It allowed Hitler to break international relations. They were
prepared to give away parts of other countries.’ ‘Appeasement was simply another word for
weakness and cowardice.’ ‘By following the policy, vital opportunities were missed to stop Hitler
such as the re– ilitarisation of the Rhineland.’ ‘By abandoning Czechoslovakia, an important ally was
lost.’ ‘It did not work as Hitler marched into Poland and war started.’ Level 4 Explains agreement
AND disagreement [5–7] Both sides of Level 3 Level 5 Explains with evaluative judgement of ‘how
far’ [7–8]
What happened at the Munich Conference in 1938?
Level 1 General answer [1–2] e.g. ‘War was avoided.’ Level 2 Describes events [2–5] (One mark for
each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘Four powers – Britain, France,
Germany and Italy – met to discuss the Czech crisis.’ ‘It was agreed that Czechoslovakia’s new
frontiers would be guaranteed by the four powers.’ ‘Hitler was to be given the Sudetenland as had
been agreed at Bad Godesberg.’ ‘The claims on Czechoslovakian territory by Hungary and Poland
were to be met.’ ‘Peace was secured – “peace in our time”.’
Why did Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘To avoid war.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2–4] (One mark for each) e.g.
‘Stalin would delay war with Hitler.’ ‘Stalin would gain part of Poland.’ ‘Stalin could not trust Britain
and France.’ ‘Stalin gained time to re-arm.’ Level 3 Explains why [4–7] (Award one mark for an
explanation, additional mark for full explanation.) e.g. ‘Stalin believed that the USSR would fight
against Germany. The Pact gave him time to build up his military strength.’ ‘Stalin realised that when
Germany gained Poland the USSR would get their share without having to fight.’ ‘Stalin was upset
that he had not been invited to the Munich Conference and that Britain and France distrusted him
and delayed negotiations.’ ‘Stalin thought that Britain and France would be happy to see the Soviet
Union doing all the fighting if war broke out with Germany.’ ‘Land was partly taken from Russia to re-
create Poland after the First World War. Stalin would be able to re-gain the land.’
How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for war in 1939? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘The Treaty of Versailles was to blame for the outbreak of
war.’ ‘The weakness of the Allies was to blame.’ Level 2 Identifies reasons [2–3] e.g. ‘Hitler’s aim was
to destroy the Treaty of Versailles, which inevitably meant war.’ ‘The League of Nations proved to be
a failure.’ ‘The isolationist policy of the USA helped Hitler.’ ‘Britain and France failed to act over
Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy.’ Level 3 Explains why Hitler’s foreign policy was to blame OR other
reasons [3–5] e.g. ‘Hitler left the League, began re-arming, introducing conscription, re-occupied the
Rhineland and united with Austria. These actions demonstrated his determination to increase his
power in Europe and avenge the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Hitler went too far with his aggressive foreign
policy. He could not justify the occupation of Czechoslovakia or Poland. Despite the Nazi-Soviet Pact,
Britain had guaranteed to preserve the independence of Poland. Hitler had finally pushed them to
the point at which they had to resist.’ ‘The British felt that Germany had been harshly treated at
Versailles and began to make concessions. Desperate to avoid war, Britain and France responded to
Hitler’s demands with a policy of appeasement.’ ‘The League of Nations main weapon was sanctions.
They were unwilling to impose meaningful ones against powerful countries such as Italy. The failure
of the League to act against Japan and Italy led to its demise and Hitler noted this. Britain and France
stopped working through the League.’ Level 4 Explains why Hitler’s foreign policy was to blame AND
other reasons [5–7] Both sides of Level 3 Level 5 Explains with evaluative judgement of ‘how far’ [7–
8]
What actions did Hitler take between 1933 and 1937 to destroy the Treaty of Versailles?
Level 1 General answer [1–2] e.g. ‘He destroyed military terms.’ Level 2 Describes actions [2–5] (One
mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘Hitler took Germany out of
the League of Nations and announced he was re-arming.’ ‘He introduced an air-force and was
introducing conscription.’ ‘The Anglo-German Naval treaty was signed showing that the Treaty was
being ignored.’ In 1936 Germany remilitarised the Rhineland.’
Why was Hitler able to unite Germany with Austria in 1938?
Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘He was Austrian.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2–4] (One mark for each)
e.g. ‘He had increased his military power.’ ‘The Austrian Nazis were disruptive.’ ‘Schuschnigg was
replaced by the leader of the Austrian Nazis.’ ‘Other countries took no action.’ ‘A plebiscite was in
favour.’ Level 3 Explains why [4–7] (Award one mark for an explanation, additional mark for full
explanation.) e.g. ‘Hitler had built up his armed forces and achieved success in the Rhineland whilst
at the same time noting the failures of the League of Nations.’ ‘The Austrian Chancellor,
Schuschnigg, had appointed Nazis into his government. The Austrian Nazis helped Hitler step up his
campaign by bombing public buildings and staging mass parades. Hitler sent for the Chancellor and
bullied him into giving more power to the Austrian Nazis.’ ‘On returning home Schuschnigg changed
his mind and ordered a plebiscite. Hitler was furious and forced his resignation. The Austrian Nazi
leader asked Germany to send in troops to restore order. A plebiscite was held and 99% voted in
favour of the Anschluss.’ ‘Britain and France did not object as the majority of Austrians seemed
pleased with the union. Also this time Mussolini did not protest.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact played a greater part in causing war in 1939 than did the policy of
appeasement.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘They both played significant parts.’ Level 2 Identifies impact
of one/both [2–3] e.g. ‘Stalin would not stop Hitler.’ ‘Hitler avoided fighting on two fronts.’ ‘Poland
was invaded by Germany.’ ‘Britain and France agreed to protect Poland’s independence.’
‘Appeasement encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement
[3–5] e.g. ‘The USSR was alarmed by the threat from Hitler, and that Britain and France were trying
to push Hitler towards the USSR. Hitler made no secret of his plans to expand eastwards. Stalin and
the USSR was the key to Poland.’ Hitler was determined to avoid war on two fronts and was
prepared to make an agreement with Stalin. Stalin could also have chosen Britain and France but
thought he would get part of Poland.’ ‘The Pact was the final cause of war as Hitler could now invade
Poland without any interference from Stalin. Britain and France declared war on Germany as they
had guaranteed Poland’s independence.’ OR ‘Appeasement was about giving in to a bully. The
appeasers assumed that if they made concessions to Hitler it would reduce the chances of war. In
fact it encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ ‘The appeasers missed vital opportunities to stop Hitler,
in particular over the Rhineland and by delaying allowed Hitler time to build up his military strength.’
‘The appeasers assumed Hitler was a rational politician. They completely misjudged his ruthlessness
both to break agreements and use force and in 1938, by abandoning Czechoslovakia, Britain lost a
potentially important ally against Hitler.’ ‘Appeasement pushed Hitler towards the USSR. This
worried Stalin as he was not ready for war because of the Purges. To buy time to rearm, Stalin signed
the Nazi-Soviet Pact.’ Level 4 Explains agreement AND disagreement [5–7] Both sides of Level 3 Level
5 Explains with evaluative judgement of ‘how far’ [7–8]
Describe the remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936.
Level 1 General answer [1–2] e.g. ‘It happened without opposition.’ ‘It was a gamble.’ Level 2
Describes the remilitarisation [2–5] e.g. ‘In March, Hitler ordered his troops back into the Rhineland,
against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ (2 marks) ‘Hitler’s generals were against the move as
they thought the French would resist and also because the German army was too weak.’ (2 marks)
‘The army had strict orders to withdraw if they met any opposition but all went smoothly.’ ‘The
majority of people welcomed the troops.’ ‘Britain thought Hitler was reclaiming what was rightfully
Germany’s.’ ‘It was condemned by the League of Nations but they took no action as they were
involved in Abyssinia.’ (2 marks)
Why did Hitler want to unite Germany and Austria?
Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘He believed the two states belonged together.’ Level 2 Identifies
why [2–4] e.g. ‘It was the place where Hitler was born.’ ‘To develop a Greater Germany.’ ‘To unite
German speakers.’ ‘They thought they belonged together.’ ‘To defy the Treaty.’ ‘Austria was
economically weak.’ ‘Part of his foreign policy.’ Level 3 Explains why [4–7] e.g. ‘It was linked
culturally. There was a strong Nazi Party in Austria, both countries spoke German with 96% of
Austrians speaking German.’ ‘Hitler’s aims as stated in Mein Kampf were to create a Greater
Germany and to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles. Anschluss had been forbidden by the Treaty and
so a union would help him achieve his aims.’ ‘Austria had experienced economic problems and the
union might be of benefit by bringing them into Greater Germany.’ Note: no credit for lebensraum
How far was the policy of appeasement followed by Britain and France responsible for the outbreak
of war in 1939? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘It was the result of Hitler’s actions not appeasement.’ Level
2 Identifies reasons for war [2–3] e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact gave Hitler a link to the USSR.’
‘Germany’s developing military strength.’ ‘It was the invasion of Poland.’ ‘Appeasement did not work
as it allowed Hitler what he wanted.’ ‘The League of Nations had failed.’ ‘The isolationist policy of
the USA.’ ‘The Treaty of Versailles was unjust.’ Level 3 Explains role of appeasement OR other
reasons [3–5] e.g. ‘Appeasement was about giving in to a bully. The appeasers assumed that if they
made concessions to Hitler it would reduce the chances of war. In fact it encouraged Hitler to
demand more. ‘The appeasers missed vital opportunities to stop Hitler, in particular over the
Rhineland and by delaying allowed Hitler time to build up his military strength.’ ‘The appeasers
assumed Hitler was a rational politician. They completely misjudged his ruthlessness both to break
agreements and use force and in 1938, by abandoning Czechoslovakia, Britain lost a potentially
important ally against Hitler.’ OR ‘It alarmed the USSR as Hitler made no secret of his plans to
expand eastwards. ‘Stalin and the USSR was the key to Poland. Hitler was determined to avoid war
on two fronts and was prepared to make an agreement with Stalin. Stalin could also have chosen
Britain and France but thought he would get part of Poland. Hitler could now invade Poland without
any interference from Stalin.’ ‘The Great Depression affected the League. Britain did not want to get
involved sorting out international disputes while its economy was suffering. Japan wanted to
improve its economy and invaded Manchuria. Italy invaded Abyssinia. The League’s main weapon
was sanctions. They were unwilling to impose meaningful ones against powerful countries such as
Italy. The failure of the League to act against Japan and Italy led to its demise and to Hitler seizing his
chance.’ ‘The Great Depression brought military extremists to power. Unemployment in Germany
led to the growth of power of the Nazi party who made no secret of the desire to overthrow the T of
V. The Treaty of Versailles was harsh on Germany, leaving it resentful and determined to reverse the
terms.’ ‘Hitler’s rise to power was assisted by his promise to destroy Versailles Treaty. Hitler left the
League and immediately began to re-arm. In 1936 he re-militarised the Rhineland against the terms
of the Treaty. There then followed the agreement to Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland and
despite the promise of no war Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia. This could not be
justified.’ Level 4 Explains role of appeasement AND other reasons [5–7] Both sides of Level 3 Level 5
Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ [7–8]
In what ways did Hitler build up his armed forces before 1936?
Level 1 General answer 1–2 e.g. ‘He ignored the Treaty of Versailles.’ Level 2 Describes ways 2–5 e.g.
‘He began increasing the army size from 1933.’ ‘He introduced his new air force.’ ‘In 1935 he
introduced conscription.’ ‘Through the Anglo-German Naval Treaty of 1935 he could build a fleet
one-third the size of Britain’s (1) and have the same number of submarines. (2)
Why was remilitarisation of the Rhineland a risk for Hitler?
Level 1 General answer 1 e.g. ‘He was not ready.’ Level 2 Identifies why 2–4 e.g. ‘He did not know
how Britain and France would react.’ ‘He was breaking the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘He
would have lost the support of the army.’ Level 3 Explains why 4–7 e.g. ‘There was a good chance
that France would send troops to resist the German forces and that would mean war.’ ‘Many
German generals were unhappy with the plan as the French would outnumber the German troops
and they would be too weak to fight back.’ ‘If he had been forced to withdraw he would have faced
humiliation and would have lost the support of the German army as many generals were against the
move.’ ‘It was against the Treaty of Versailles and had been accepted by Germany in the Locarno
Treaties of 1925.’
) ‘The policy of appeasement was a failure.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions 1 e.g. ‘It was a very risky policy.’ Level 2 Identifies failures and/or
successes 2–3 e.g. ‘It allowed Germany to get strong.’ ‘It allowed Hitler to be aggressive.’ ‘It trusted
Hitler.’ ‘It gave time to Britain.’ ‘It alarmed the USSR.’ ‘The Treaty was unjust and should be
redressed.’ ‘It delayed war.’ Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement 3–5 Level 4 Explains
agreement AND disagreement 5–7 e.g. ‘Appeasement was about giving in to a bully. The appeasers
assumed that if they made concessions to Hitler it would reduce the chances of war. In fact it
encouraged Hitler to demand more.’ ‘The appeasers assumed Hitler was a rational politician. They
completely misjudged his ruthlessness both to break agreements and use force.’ ‘The appeasers
missed vital opportunities to stop Hitler, in particular over the Rhineland and by delaying allowed
Hitler time to build up his military strength.’ ‘In 1938, by abandoning Czechoslovakia, Britain lost a
potentially important ally against Hitler.’ ‘It alarmed the USSR as Hitler made no secret of his plans to
expand eastwards. It sent the message to the Soviet Union that Britain and France would not stand
in his way.’ The Treaty of Versailles was harsh on Germany, and it seemed common sense to try to
settle Germany’s grievances by negotiation.’ ‘Britain was not ready to fight Germany and it gave time
for Britain to rearm.’ ‘It was not at all certain that the empire would support another war. The delay
ensured that the support would be there.’ ‘Both British and French leaders wanted to avoid the
horrors of another war and made every effort through appeasement to do so.’ Level 5 Explains with
evaluation of ‘how far’ 7–8
When Hitler came to power what did he hope to achieve with his foreign policy?
Level 1 General answer [1-2] e.g. ‘Reversal of the Treaty of Versailles.’ Restoration of national pride.’
Expand German territory Level 2 Describes policy [2-5] e.g. ‘Reversal of the Treaty of Versailles by
retrieving lost land e.g. Saar; re-militarisation of the Rhineland; building up the German armed
forces; Anschluss with Austria.’ ‘Creation of a ‘Greater Germany’ by uniting all German speaking
people in one home land.’ ‘To expand in the east and take over Poland and the west of the USSR
(lebensraum).’ ‘To destroy the USSR and those who believed in communism.’
Explain how Hitler destroyed the Treaty of Versailles.
Level 1 general answer [1] e.g. ‘He ignored it.’ Level 2 identifies actions [2-4] e.g. ‘Hitler withdrew
from the League.’ ‘He began to re-arm.’ ‘Conscription was introduced.’ ‘Re-occupation of the
Rhineland.’ ‘Anschuluss with Austria.’ Level 3 Explains how [4-7] e.g. ‘At the Disarmament
Conference of 1932-33 Germany wanted everyone to disarm to her own low level. France refused.
Hitler withdrew from the Conference and the League and started to re-arm.’ ‘Hitler announced that
Germany had an air force and was introducing conscription, both forbidden by the Treaty.’ ‘The
signing of the Anglo-German Naval Treaty allowing Germany to build up its navy showed the military
terms of the Treaty were dead.’ ‘Germany re-militarised the Rhineland with Britain and France
making no effort to stop this. This was expressly forbidden to protect France.’ ‘Hitler ignored the
Treaty with the Anschluss with Austria in 1938. This had been expressly forbidden and this united
German speakers, making Germany more powerful.’
How far was appeasement justified? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘It bought time and so was justified.’ Level 2 Identifies for and
against [2-3] e.g. ‘It was right to try to avoid war.’ ‘Britain was not ready for war.’ ‘It gave in to a
bully.’ ‘It was morally wrong.’ ‘It misjudged Hitler.’ ‘Excellent chances to stop Hitler were missed.’ It
failed to prevent war.’ Level 3 Explains one side [3-5] Level 4 Explains both sides [5-7] e.g. ‘The
Treaty of Versailles had been harsh on Germany and it seemed right to try to settle grievances by
negotiation. Britain and France were happy as Hitler was only rightfully getting back what belonged
to Germany.’ ‘Some people approved of Hitler’s policies particularly the way he had reduced
unemployment.’ ‘Memories of the First World War (and Spanish Civil War) were still fresh and it was
felt right to avoid another war.’ ‘Many liked the idea of a strong Germany as a protection against the
USSR. The USSR under Stalin seemed a greater threat.’ ‘Rearmament was not complete and it was an
opportunity to stall for time.’ ‘The British government was trying to deal with the depression and did
not want to spend large sums on arms.’ ‘It was thought that by giving concessions to Hitler he could
be trusted and it would reduce the chances of war.’ ‘The appeasers misjudged Hitler treating him as
rational person. In fact it encouraged Hitler to demand more. The mind of a dictator was
misunderstood.’ ‘It gave Hitler an advantage. He grew stronger and stronger before war started.’
‘Appeasement was wrong – it allowed Hitler to break international relations. They were prepared to
give away parts of other countries.’ ‘Appeasement was simply another word for weakness and
cowardice.’ ‘By following the policy vital opportunities were missed to stop Hitler such as the
remilitarisation of the Rhineland.’ ‘By abandoning Czechoslovakia an important ally was lost.’ ‘It did
not work as Hitler marched into Poland and war started.’ Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how
far’ [7-8]
What was agreed at the Munich Conference of September 1938?
Level 1 General answer 1-2 e.g. ‘That Czechoslovakia be saved.’ Level 2 Describes what was agreed
2-5 e.g. ‘A solution to avoid war. Peace/peace in our time’. ‘That Hitler be given the Sudetenland (1)
as had been agreed at Bad Godesberg. (1)’ ‘The claims on Czech territory by Hungary and Poland
were to be met.’ ‘It was agreed that Czechoslovakia’s new frontiers would be guaranteed by the four
powers (1) (Britain, Germany, France and Italy). (1)’ Allow the Anglo-German Declaration from the
day after where Britain and Germany agreed never to go to war.
Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939 important?
Level 1 General answer 1 e.g. ‘It caused war.’ Level 2 Identifies why 2-4 e.g. ‘Hitler could invade
Poland.’ ‘It brought together Germany and the USSR.’ ‘War on two fronts was avoided.’ ‘It brought
new alliances.’ ‘It gave Hitler confidence.’ Level 3 Explains why 4-7 e.g. ‘Hitler knew that he could
now invade Poland without having to worry about what action the USSR would take.’ ‘The USSR
realised that when Germany gained Poland they were going to get their share without having to
fight.’ ‘The pact left Britain and France alone to fight against Germany. What surprised Hitler was the
fact that they signed a formal alliance to protect Poland’s independence.’ ‘The pact was the single
most important short-term cause of war because Hitler ignored the warnings and invaded Poland.’
‘Stalin still believed that the USSR would fight against Germany. The Pact gave him time to build up
his military strength.’ ‘It helped Hitler with his aims. He could regain land lost at Versailles and begin
to acquire Lebensraum.’
How far was the Treaty of Versailles to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions 1 e.g. ‘It was the Treaty as it was unfair.’ ‘It was Hitler’s foreign
policy.’ Level 2 Identifies reasons 2-3 e.g. ‘His aim was to destroy the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘The
league of nations proved to be a failure.’ ‘Appeasement encouraged Hitler.’ ‘The isolationist policy of
the USA helped Hitler.’ Level 3 Explains Treaty OR other reasons 3-5 Level 4 Explains Treaty AND
other reasons 5-7 e.g. ‘The Treaty was unfair and the terms such as reparations left Germany seeking
revenge.’ ‘In Germany, resentment against the Treaty persisted and as part of his foreign policy
Hitler was determined to reverse it. He had never accepted the Treaty and was determined to
restore German pride.’ ‘He intended to retrieve lands lost in 1919 and build up the German armed
forces. The Treaty had denied Germany national self-determination with Germans in the
Sudetenland. It also wanted Anschluss with Austria.’ ‘The British felt that Germany had been harshly
treated at Versailles and began to make concessions. Desperate to avoid another war Britain and
France responded to Hitler’s demands with a policy of appeasement.’ Hitler destroyed the Treaty by
his aggressive foreign policy. He left the League, began re-arming, introduced conscription, re-
occupied the Rhineland and united with Austria. These actions demonstrated his determination to
avenge the Treaty and increase his power in Europe.’ ‘The League of Nations main weapon was
sanctions. They were unwilling to impose meaningful ones against powerful countries such as Italy.
The failure of the League to act against Japan and Italy led to its demise and Hitler noted this. Britain
and France stopped working through the League.’ ‘Hitler was encouraged by Britain and France as
they saw Germany as a useful barrier to the expansion of Soviet Russia.’ ‘Hitler was helped by the
isolation of the USA. He knew he could do what he liked in Europe as America would not interfere.’
‘Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement in the mistaken belief that eventually Hitler
would be satisfied. They did not realise until too late that he would never be satisfied.’ ‘Hitler went
too far with his aggressive foreign policy. He could not justify the occupation of Czechoslovakia or
Poland. Despite the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Britain had guaranteed to preserve the independence of
Poland. Hitler had finally pushed them to the point at which they had to resist.’ Level 5 Explains with
evaluation of ‘how far’ 7-8
What were the aims of Hitler’s foreign policy?
Level 1 General answer [1-2] e.g. ‘To restore German pride.’ ‘To make Germany a world power.’
‘Rearmament.’ ‘Recover lost land.’ ‘Create a greater Germany.’ Level 2 Describes aims [2-5] e.g. ‘To
establish a large empire in Eastern Europe where pure Aryan Germans would live.’ ‘Anschluss with
Austria.’ To regain the Saar and re-militarise the Rhineland.’ ‘To destroy the USSR and those who
believed in communism.’ ‘To unite all German speaking people.’ ‘To remove the Treaty of Versailles.
Why was Hitler’s foreign policy successful up to 1938?
Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘Because he was not opposed.’ ‘He was a gambler.’ Level 2 Identifies
why [2-4] e.g. ‘Britain was pre-occupied.’ ‘Britain still felt guilty over the harsh peace terms of 1919.’
‘He formed Treaties and agreements that allowed him to develop.’ ‘Because of appeasement.’ ‘The
League of Nations had failed.’ Level 3 Explains why [4-7] e.g. ‘Under the Treaty of Versailles the Saar
was placed under the League of Nations control. In 1935 a plebiscite was held which gave an
overwhelming vote for the return to Germany. This was a tremendous propaganda success.’
‘Germany re-occupied the Rhineland. They thought the French would resist but this did not happen.’
‘Britain, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front condemning German re-armament but were not
prepared to take any action.’ ‘The Anglo-German Naval treaty allowed Germany to increase its navy.
This allowed Germany to ignore the restrictions in the T of V.’ ‘The Rome-Berlin Axis allowed closer
working relationships allowing Hitler to test his new military equipment in the Spanish Civil War.’
‘Neither Britain or France wanted to fight over Czechoslovakia and followed a policy of appeasement
giving Hitler what he demanded.’ ‘The L of N, after Abyssinia, was not in a position to stop Hitler.’
‘He used troops in Austria to ensure the plebiscite went his way.’ ‘B and F concentrating on the
Depression and Hitler seized his chance.’ ‘B and F considered communism a greater threat and
needed Hitler.’
How far was the Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) responsible for causing war in Europe? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘It was because war followed very quickly.’ Level 2 Identifies
reasons for war [2-3] e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact gave Hitler a link to the USSR.’ ‘Germany’s developing
military strength.’ ‘Invasion of Poland.’ ‘Appeasement did not work.’ ‘The League of Nations had
failed.’ ‘Isolationist policy of USA.’ Level 3 Explains Pact or other reasons [3-5] Level 4 Explains Pact
and other reasons [5-7] e.g. Nazi-Soviet Pact ‘Stalin and the USSR were the key to Poland. Hitler was
determined to avoid war on two fronts and was prepared to make an agreement with Stalin.’ ‘Stalin
could also have chosen Britain and France but thought he would get part of Poland.’ ‘Hitler could
now invade Poland without any interference from Stalin.’ ‘The pact left Britain and France to fight
Germany alone. Hitler did not believe they would go to war over Poland.’ League of Nations ‘The
Great Depression affected the League. Britain did not want to get involved sorting out international
disputes while its economy was suffering. Japan wanted to improve its economy and invaded
Manchuria. Italy invaded Abyssinia.’ ‘The League’s main weapon was sanctions. They were unwilling
to impose meaningful ones against powerful countries such as Italy.’ ‘The failure of the League to act
against Japan and Italy led to its demise.’ Long-term consequences of peace treaties ‘Germany was
resentful and determined to reverse the terms.’ ‘The impact of the treaties and the Great Depression
brought military extremists to power.’ ‘Unemployment in Germany led to the growth of power of
the Nazi party who made no secret of the desire to overthrow the T of V.’ Hitler’s policies ‘His rise to
power was assisted by his promise to destroy Versailles Treaty.’ ‘Hitler left the League and
immediately began to re-arm.’ ‘In 1936 he re-militarised the Rhineland against the terms of the
Treaty.’ ‘There then followed the agreement to Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland and despite the
promise of no war Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia. This could not be justified.’ Britain and
France ‘The Anglo-German Naval Treaty of 1935 allowed Germany to increase its navy failing to
uphold the terms of the Treaty.’ ‘B and F followed a policy of appeasement but this failed as it
allowed Hitler to take what he wanted. It did however gain time.’ ‘They had encouraged Hitler as
they saw him as a barrier to USSR.’
Describe the events in the Saar in 1935.
Level 1 General answer [1-2] e.g. ‘There was a plebiscite.’ ‘They decided if it should remain with the
League of Nations or not.’ Level 2 Describes events [2-5] e.g. ‘The League of Nations held the
plebiscite that had been promised.’ ‘The plebiscite was held to decide whether the region should
retain to German rule.’ ‘In the vote, 90% indicated a return to German rule.’ ‘It was a tremendous
propaganda success for Hitler and he promised to make no further claims on French territory.’
(b) Why did Britain and France allow Germany to re-militarise the Rhineland in 1936?
Level 1 General answer [1] e.g. ‘They lacked nerve.’ Level 2 Identifies why [2-4] e.g. ‘France had
linked with the USSR.’ ‘It was the time of the Abyssinian crisis.’ ‘France’s leaders were not prepared
to act.’ ‘Britain thought it belonged to Germany.’ Level 3 Explains why [4-7] e.g. ‘France had just
signed a treaty with the USSR to protect each other against attack from Germany. Hitler said this
agreement placed him under threat and he should therefore be able to place troops on his own
frontier.’ ‘The attention of the League of Nations was on Abyssinia. The League condemned Hitler’s
action but had no power to do anything else.’ ‘The French were about to hold an election and none
of their leaders was prepared to take responsibility of taking France into war.’ ‘They did not realise
how weak the German army was but France would not act without British support.’ ‘Britain would
not risk war over “Hitler marching into his own backyard” and taking what was rightfully Germany’s.’
‘Hitler’s desire for lebensraum was the most important reason for the outbreak of war in 1939’?
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions [1] e.g. ‘No it was fear of his foreign policy.’ Level 2 Identifies reasons
[3] e.g. ‘Hitler invaded Poland.’ ‘The League of Nations failed to keep the peace.’ ‘Hitler’s policies
were aimed at taking over other countries.’ ‘Appeasement was a failure.’ Level 3 Explains Hitler’s
desire OR other reasons [3-5] Level 4 Explains Hitler’s desire AND other reasons [5-7] e.g.
lebensraum ‘His desire for ”lebensraum” for German people threatened European peace as he
wanted to carve out an empire in eastern Europe.’ ‘He marched into Poland. Hitler did not believe
they would go to war over Poland.’ ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact left Britain and France to fight Germany
alone.’ Failure of the League of Nations ‘The Great Depression affected the League. Britain did not
want to get involved sorting out international disputes while its economy was suffering. Japan
wanted to improve its economy and invaded Manchuria. Italy invaded Abyssinia.’ ‘Unemployment in
Germany led to the growth of power of the Nazi party who made no secret of the desire to
overthrow the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘The League’s main weapon was sanctions. They were unwilling
to impose meaningful ones against powerful countries such as Japan and Italy.’ Long-term
consequences of peace treaties ‘Germany was resentful and was determined to reverse its terms.’
The impact of the treaties and the Great Depression brought military extremists to power.’ Hitler’s
policies ‘His rise to power was assisted by his promise to destroy the Versailles Treaty. Hitler left the
League and immediately began to rearm.’ ‘In 1936 he re-militarised the Rhineland against the terms
of the Treaty.’ ‘Treaties with other extremists such as Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936.’ ‘The Anschluss with
Austria took place in 1938.’ ‘There then followed the agreement to Hitler’s demand for the
Sudetenland and despite the promise of no war Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia.’ Britain
and France ‘The Anglo-German Naval Treaty of 1935 allowed Germany to increase its navy, failing to
uphold the terms of the Treaty.’ ‘Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement but this failed
as it allowed Hitler to take what he wanted. It did however gain time.’ Level 5 Explains with
evaluation of ‘most important’ [8]
How did the 1935 plebiscite change the situation in the Saar?
Level 1 General answer 1-2 e.g. ‘The people got their wishes.’ ‘The vote was 477000 for; 48000
against.’ Level 2 Describes impact 2-5 e.g. ‘Over 90% of the people voted to return to German
control.’ ‘The rich coal-mining area came back under German control.’ ‘The plebiscite reversed the
decision of the Treaty of Versailles.’ ‘Under the Treaty the Saar had been under the control of the
League of Nations for 15 years. ‘It allowed Germany to regain territory.’ ‘It boosted Hitler’s power as
the numbers voting for return was over 90%.’ ‘It re-united some German speaking people.’
Explain why Hitler wanted the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.
Level 1 general answer 1 e.g. ‘To stop opposition.’ ‘To regain territory.’ ‘To build a relationship.’
Level 2 identifies why 2-4 e.g. ‘Hitler wanted territory back he had lost under Versailles.’ ‘It linked
the USSR with Germany.’ ‘To avoid war on two fronts.’ ‘To deal with USSR.’ ‘To affect Britain and
France.’ Level 3 Explains why 4-7 e.g. ‘Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had lost the Polish
corridor and Danzig. Hitler wanted these back.’ ‘Britain had guaranteed Poland’s independence. The
USSR, Britain and France had been discussing how to defend Poland. This was a threat to Hitler.’
‘Hitler now knew that if he invaded Poland, the USSR would not stop him.’ ‘Hitler wanted Polish
territory as lebensraum.’ ‘Needed to avoid being attacked from east and west at the same time.’ ‘By
linking with USSR, Britain and France would not attack when he went into Poland.’
‘The policy of appeasement was justified.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions 1 e.g. ‘War still happened.’ ‘They were indecisive.’ Level 2 Identifies
reasons 2-3 e.g. ‘it was right to try to avoid war.’ ‘Britain was not ready for war.’ ‘It gave in to a
bully.’ ‘Because of the Versailles Treaty terms sympathy.’ ‘It was morally wrong.’ ‘It misjudged
Hitler.’ ‘Excellent chances to stop Hitler were missed.’ Level 3 Explains agreement OR disagreement
3-5e.g. ‘The Treaty of Versailles had been harsh on Germany and it seemed right to try to settle
grievances by negotiation. Britain and France were happy as Hitler was only rightfully getting back
what belonged to Germany.’ ‘Some people approved of Hitler’s policies particularly the way he had
reduced unemployment.’ ‘Memories of the First World War (Spanish Civil War) were still fresh and it
was felt right to avoid another war.’ ‘Many liked the idea of a strong Germany as a protection
against the USSR. The USSR under Stalin seemed a greater threat.’ ‘Rearmament was not complete
and it was an opportunity to stall for time.’ ‘The British government was trying to deal with the
depression and did not want to spend large sums on arms.’ ‘It was thought that by giving
concessions to Hitler he could be trusted and it would reduce the chances of war.’ ‘The appeasers
misjudged Hitler treating him as a rational person. In fact it encouraged Hitler to demand more. The
mind of a dictator was misunderstood.’ ‘It gave Hitler an advantage. He grew stronger and stronger
before war started.’ ‘Appeasement was wrong – it allowed Hitler to break international relations.
They were prepared to give away parts of other countries.’ ‘Appeasement was simply another word
for weakness and cowardice.’ ‘By following the policy vital opportunities were missed to stop Hitler
such as the remilitarisation of the Rhineland.’ ‘By abandoning Czechoslovakia an important ally was
lost.’ ‘It did not work as it did not stop war in 1939.’ Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ 8
When Hitler came to power, what did he hope to achieve in foreign policy?
Level 1 General answer 1-2 e.g. ‘To make Germany a world power.’ ‘Restoration of national pride.’
‘To remove the Treaty of Versailles.’ Level 2 Describes Hitler’s aims 2-5 e.g. ‘A giant empire in
Eastern Europe where pure Aryan Germans would live.’ ‘To remove the Treaty of Versailles e.g. Saar,
Rhineland.’ ‘To destroy the USSR and those who believed in communism.’
Why did Britain go to war over Poland in 1939?
Level 1 General answer 1 e.g. ‘To stop Hitler.’ ‘They were forced to.’ Level 2 Identifies why 2-4 e.g.
‘Appeasement had failed.’ ‘To defend Poland.’ ‘Because there was an agreement.’ ‘Hitler pushed
Britain too far.’ Level 3 Explains why 4-7 e.g. ‘Hitler, at Munich, had promised that it would never go
to war and Chamberlain thought his policy of appeasement had worked. The following year Hitler
took Czechoslovakia and appeasement was dead.’ ‘Britain (and France) had agreed to preserve
Poland’s independence if Hitler invaded.’ ‘There was a formal alliance signed with Poland on 25th
August 1939.’ ‘Hitler had ignored the ultimatum to call off the attack of Poland.’ ‘To avoid national
humiliation and the acceptance of German domination of Europe.’
How far was the Treaty of Versailles to blame for the outbreak of war in 1939? Explain your answer.
Level 1 Unsupported assertions 1 e.g. ‘The Treaty was only partly to blame as there were other
reasons.’ Level 2 Identifies reasons 2-3 e.g. ‘The German people were unhappy with the Treaty.’
‘Appeasement failed.’ ‘Military extremists gained power.’ ‘Hitler’s foreign policy.’ ‘The League of
Nations failed.’ ‘Germany invaded Poland.’ Level 3 Explains the impact of the Treaty OR other
reasons 3-6 Level 4 Explains the impact of the Treaty AND other reasons 5-7 e.g. The Treaty of
Versailles ‘Germany was one of the nations dissatisfied with the Treaty and Hitler’s rise to power was
assisted by his promise to destroy the Treaty.’ ‘The Treaty had taken away the Polish Corridor and
Hitler wanted it back. He invaded Poland.’ ‘It had reduced the armed forces and navy a symbol of
German pride.’ ‘Germany had been humiliated by the Treaty as they were forced to accept
responsibility.’ ‘Germans were not granted self-determination.’ Hitler’s foreign policy ‘Hitler’s desire
for lebensraum for German people threatened European peace.’ ‘He began to re-arm and re-
militarised the Rhineland.’ ‘He first took the Sudetenland and then the whole of Czechoslovakia.’
Failure of Appeasement ‘Britain and France responded to Hitler’s threats with appeasement – trying
to satisfy German demands to preserve peace but this failed.’ Extremists ‘The impact of the Great
Depression brought extremists to power in many countries.’ Failure of the League of Nations ‘The
League became powerless after failing to deal with events in Manchuria and Abyssinia.’ Level 5
Explains and evaluates ‘how far’ 8

Hitler's takeover of Czechoslovakia and the Munich Agreement

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Hitler's takeover of Czechoslovakia and the Munich Agreement

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Hitler fp

Describe the takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1938–39.

What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

Why was Mussolini’s support over Anschluss important to Hitler?

What was agreed at Munich in 1938?

Describe Hitler’s policy towards Czechoslovakia in 1938–39.

Why was there an increase in militarism in Italy under Mussolini?

Why did Germany become involved in the Spanish Civil War?

Describe what happened in the Rhineland in 1936.

Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact important to Hitler?

Why was Hitler able to ignore the League of Nations? 6

What did Hitler hope his foreign policy would achieve? 4

What happened in the Saar in 1935? 4

Why was the remilitarisation of the Rhineland a risk for Hitler? 6

What benefits did uniting with Austria offer Hitler? 4

Why was Hitler able to unite with Austria? 6

Describe the crisis over Austria in 1934.

Why was Hitler able to re-militarise the Rhineland in 1936?

Why was Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 significant?

Describe Hitler’s takeover of Austria.

Describe what happened in Guernica in April 1937.

Why did Hitler want to remilitarise the Rhineland?

Why, by 1937, was Japan a threat to world peace?

Why was involvement in the Spanish Civil War of benefit to Hitler?

Why did Hitler want Anschluss?

Describe the events in the Saar in 1935.

Why, by 1936, was Italy a threat to world peace?

Describe events in the Rhineland in 1936.

Why was appeasement beneficial to Britain?

How did Hitler make use of the Spanish Civil War?

What were Hitler’s foreign policy aims?

Why was the re-militarisation of the Rhineland a success for Hitler?

Describe Germany’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

Why did Britain follow a policy of appeasement towards Germany?

Why did Hitler sign the Munich Agreement?

Describe Hitler’s policy towards Austria between 1934 and 1938.

Why was Hitler involved in the Spanish Civil War?

Describe the events of 1938 which led to Anschluss.

Why did Britain and France permit the Anschluss?

(b) Why did Hitler want to unite Germany and Austria?

What was the Munich Agreement?

(b) Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact important?

What was the policy of appeasement, followed by Britain in the 1930s?

What was the policy of appeasement, followed by Britain in the 1930s?

What did Hitler achieve by the Anschluss?

(b) Why did Hitler want to take over Czechoslovakia?

What were the aims of Hitler’s foreign policy?

Why did Hitler want to take over Czechoslovakia?

What happened at the Munich Conference in 1938?

Why did Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

Why was Hitler able to unite Germany with Austria in 1938?

Describe the remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936.

Why did Hitler want to unite Germany and Austria?

Explain how Hitler destroyed the Treaty of Versailles.

How far was appeasement justified? Explain your answer.

What was agreed at the Munich Conference of September 1938?

Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939 important?

What were the aims of Hitler’s foreign policy?

Why was Hitler’s foreign policy successful up to 1938?

Describe the events in the Saar in 1935.

Explain why Hitler wanted the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.

Why did Britain go to war over Poland in 1939?

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