Final Year Project

An Analysis of Supply Chain of JK Unit-II Sugar

Mills

Final Year Project Bachelor of Business

Administration

Sr. No. Name Registration

1 Muhammad Yaqoob BBA181060 2
Muhammad Waiz BBA181062

Department of Management Sciences

Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and

Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan
February 2022
An Analysis of Supply Chain of JK Unit-II Sugar
Mills
 Submitted By:

Sr. No. Name Registration

1 Muhammad Yaqoob BBA181060
2 Muhammad Waiz BBA181062

A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Business Administration

Supervisor: Dr. Shah Nawaz Saqib

Department of Management Sciences

Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and

Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan
February 2022

Declaration
We (Muhammad Yaqoob and Muhammad Waiz) hereby state that our BBA
project titled “An Analysis of Supply Chain of JK Unit-II Sugar Mills” is our own
work and has not been submitted previously by us for taking any degree from
Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim
Yar Khan or anywhere else in the country/world.

At any time if our statement is found to be incorrect even after us under

graduation the university has the right to withdraw our BBA degree.

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Rahim Yar Khan, on February 24, 2022

Registration Signature

BBA181060

BBA181062

Plagiarism Undertaking
We solemnly declare that research work presented in the Project titled “An
Analysis of Supply Chain of JK Unit-II Sugar Mills” is solely our research work
with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help
wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete Project has
been written by us.
We understand the zero-tolerance policy of the HEC and Khwaja Fareed
University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan
towards plagiarism. Therefore, we as authors of the above titled project declare
that no portion of our project has been plagiarized and any material used as
reference is properly referred/cited.

iii
We undertake that if we are found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above
titled project even after award of BBA degree, the University reserves the rights
to withdraw/revoke our BBA degree and that HEC and the University has the
right to publish our name on the HEC/University Website on which names of
students are placed who submitted plagiarized project report.

Rahim Yar Khan, on February 24, 2022

Registration Signature
BBA181060
BBA181062

Certificate of Approval

This is to certify that the research work presented in this Project report, “An
Analysis of Supply Chain of JK Unit-II Sugar Mills” was conducted by us
(Muhammad Yaqoob and Muhammad Waiz) under the supervision of Dr.

Shah Nawaz Saqib.

This project is submitted to the Department of Management Sciences, Khwaja
Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor’s in Business
administration.

Examiner Signature and Date

iv
 Supervisor Signature and Date

Head of Department Signature and Date

Dean of Faculty Signature and Date

Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Allah Almighty for giving us the strength, knowledge and
understanding to complete this project. His love has been more than sufficient
to keep and sustain us.

Our profound gratitude goes to our wonderful supervisor Dr. Shah Nawaz Saqib
for his invaluable support, patience, time, and guidance in seeing us to the
completion of this work. Also, our gratitude goes to our head of department Dr.
Sidra Ghazanfar who patiently saw us to the completion of this research work.
We also extend gratitude and appreciation to our lecturers of Department of
Management Sciences Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and
Information Technology who have taught us at one point or the other. May God
continue to bless, protect, and guide us all.

We also wish to acknowledge the great support of our parents, siblings who
have been a source of inspiration towards our academic pursuit. We will not
cease to acknowledge the support of our friends. Allah Almighty bless you all.

We would like to thank the company management of JK Unit-II Sugar Mills for
sharing the management statement with us. We also pay a special thanks to
our project supervisor Dr. Shahnawaz Saqib who provided us with appropriate
guideline on how to complete the project and guided us about the sequence
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too. Thanks to my team members for making this happen and completing this
final year project.

Registration Signature

BBA181060
BBA181062

Executive Summary

JK Unit-II Sugar Mill is preserving their low-cost supply chain to realize

efficiency in production. They are trade their own electricity to decrease the cost
of electricity. Twenty percent of their input (sugarcane) is shaped at their own
farms. They guarantee smooth supply of sugarcane at low-priced prices by
providing loans to farmers, that’s how they develop good relations with their
dealers. They have influential plant which crop 22 thousand tons sugar in 24
hours. They have their construction plant in the center of Punjab and Sindh,
which reduce their transport cost. They also sale spinoffs to surge their revenue.
By following these plans, they are attaining efficiency in their supply chain.

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 Problem Statement
JK Group is liberal manufacturing house of the country. Sugar trade is the core
business of the Group and is also famous for support of ground-breaking
farming techniques.

The determination of the project is to examine how JK Unit-II Sugar Mills is

attaining competence in their supply chain. They are producing bulk of sugar
with low-cost and converting almost 10% need of Pakistan.

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Table of Contents
Declaration ................................................................................................................... iii
Plagiarism Undertaking ............................................................................................. iii
Certificate of Approval ............................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... v
Executive Summary ................................................................................................... vii
Problem Statement ....................................................................................................viii
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................ 2
Chapter 2 SWOT Analysis………………………………………………………………3
2.1 Strengths .................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Weaknesses ............................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Opportunities ............................................................................................................ 4
2.4 Threats ...................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 3 Sectoral Analysis ....................................................................................... 5
3.1 Top 6 Sugar Mills of Pakistan ................................................................................ 5
3.2 Top Sugar Mills in Pakistan ................................................................................... 7
3.3 Top 6 Sugar Mills in Pakistan ................................................................................ 8
3.3.1 JDW Mills .......................................................................................................... 8
3.3.2 Jauhar Abad Mills ............................................................................................ 9
3.3.3 Shakarganj Mills ............................................................................................ 10
3.3.4 Ranipur Mills .................................................................................................. 11
3.3.5 Haseeb Waqas Mills ..................................................................................... 12
3.3.6 Tandlianwala Mills ......................................................................................... 13
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................... 15
Product Portfolio ........................................................................................................ 15
4.1.1 Raw Sugar ...................................................................................................... 15
4.1.2 Liquid Sugar ................................................................................................... 15
4.1.3 Refined Sugar ................................................................................................ 16
4.1.4 Molasses ......................................................................................................... 16
 4.1.5 Sugar Alcohol ................................................................................................. 16
4.1.6 Brown Sugar .................................................................................................. 16
4.1.7 Powder Sugar ................................................................................................ 16

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Chapter 5 SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESS ..................................................................... 17
5.1 Upward Supply Chain ........................................................................................... 17
5.1.1 Survey ............................................................................................................. 17
5.1.2 Record Process ............................................................................................. 17
5.1.3 Permit Process .............................................................................................. 18
5.1.4 Cutting Process ............................................................................................. 18
5.1.5 Delivery Process ............................................................................................ 18
5.1.6 Weighing Process ......................................................................................... 19
5.1.7 Cash Transfer Process ................................................................................. 21
5.2 Downward Supply Chain ...................................................................................... 21
5.2.1 Sugar Beets Railroad Cars .......................................................................... 21
5.2.2 Washing and Initial Preparation .................................................................. 21
5.2.3 Sweet Juice Extraction ................................................................................. 22
5.2.4 Purification of Juice ....................................................................................... 22
5.2.5 Crystallization ................................................................................................. 23
5.2.6 Centrifugation ................................................................................................. 23
5.2.7 Drying and Packaging .................................................................................. 23
5.3 Supply Chain Analysis .......................................................................................... 25
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations ...................................................... 26
6.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 26
6.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 26
6.2.1 Training the Labour ....................................................................................... 26
6.2.2 Production Ethanol ........................................................................................ 26
6.2.3 Backward Integration .................................................................................... 27
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 28

List of Figures
Figure 1. 1 Location Board of JK Unit-II Sugar Mills................................................... 2
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Figure 3. 1 JDW Sugar Mills ...................................................................................... 9

Figure 3. 2 Jauhar Abad Sugar Mills ........................................................................ 10

Figure 3. 3 Shakarganj Sugar Mills .......................................................................... 11

Figure 3. 4 Ranipur Sugar Mills ............................................................................... 12

Figure 3. 5 Haseeb Waqas Sugar Mills.................................................................... 13

Figure 3. 6 Tandianwala Sugar Mills ....................................................................... 13

Figure 5. 1 Surveying Process ................................................................................ 17

Figure 5. 2 Cutting Process ..................................................................................... 18

Figure 5. 3 Delivery Process ................................................................................... 19

Figure 5.4 Cane Webridge ...................................................................................... 19

Figure 5. 5 Weighing Process .................................................................................. 21

Figure 5. 6 Sugar Process ....................................................................................... 24

Figure 6. 1 Ethanol Process .................................................................................... 27

List of Tables

Table 2. 1 SWOT Analysis ......................................................................................... 3

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 Chapter 1 Introduction
JK Group is the liberal trade house of the country. Sugar business is the core
business of the Group and is also well-known for support of ground-breaking
agricultural techniques which supplement the core business. Sugar productions
development is mainstay to economic development of the nation. In Pakistan,
Sugar business is the second largest agro-based industry and it donates
significantly to the socio-economic expansion of the nation.

Sugarcane is the key rare material for the producing of sugar in Pakistan. Two
different rare materials sugarcane and beetroot are the mined from the sugar
both produce equal refined sugar. Sugar rising in semi-tropical region is twothird
of world sugar production. The stability the one third of beet is grown in mild
climate.

Original home of sugar and sugarcane was the well-known of Pakistan.

Pakistan tradition also chains that the sugar and sugarcane is initially origin in
Pakistan. Sugar industry is second largest agro built industry after comparison
the cotton industry in Pakistan.

Sugarcane is most vital commercial crop and it inhabiting 5.0 million hectares
in area of the Pakistan nation. It pays significantly to the socio-economic
expansion of the nation. Pakistan sugar industry is also a major sector to
generate employ to rural population.

Jahangir Khan Tareen Sugar Mills PVT LTD JK-2 was Created in 2014 and it is
owned by Choudhry Muneer Hidayat Ullah.

In 2017 sale to Ali khan Tareen and then name is Ali khan Tareen sugar mills
in 2019 name was changed to JK sugar mill stand for Jahangir khan Tareen.
Now a days in seasonal daily crashing 16 thousand Tone. It is located in
“Ghotki” District “Kambra”.

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1.1 Significance of the Study
The study will help us to comprehend, how an organization can complete
efficiently by preserve their supply chain cost.

Figure 1. 1 Location Board of JK Unit-II Sugar Mills

Chapter 2 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strengths Weaknesses
• Cost effective plants. Untrained labor.
• Sufficient water resources.

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 Opportunities Threats
Production of electricity. • Weather uncertainty.
• Political interference.
• Supply challenges.

Table 2. 1 SWOT Analysis

2.1 Strengths
JK Sugar Mills, part of the Jehangir Khan Tareen group, is imperfect in number
and will start creating its new public-sector sugar mills (purchased from
worldrenowned suppliers). It will also be one of the lowest-cost builders in the
industry.

2.2 Weaknesses
Due to inactive labors. The industry employments more than 100,000 people,
while more than 9 million people in the people are betrothed in sugar production.
The current mills will be satisfactory to produce the country's sugar request for
up to the next three years.

The DFI should not have applications from any politician or other to create new
sugar in the country. As a substitute, they should focus on subsidy minimum
labor capital requirements at 67 operating plants that require such funding.

Profitable banks will have to make about 2.7 billion rupees available to fund the
necessities of these living units.

2.3 Opportunities
China Pakistan Economic corridor (CPEC) along with Government's
preparation with Brazil, India, Saudi and China to export sugar, which likely to
produce huge potential of sugar in the country. Growing inhabitants, increasing
feasting of sugar and growing income levels will also donate to the request of
sugar in the country, given the fact that Pakistan has the second bottommost
per capital sugar about 22 kg per year intake after India.

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There is a strong demand of sugar from the India Brazil, Saudi, Bangladesh and
China. Such exportation market circumstances coupled with the dropping rupee
offers lure to go for transfer. Furthermore, JK has unique socio-economic
programs to raise the profits and typical of living local communities. This
program will exploit strong common and cultural bonds to attach the true
potential of groups living the rural areas.

2.4 Threats
Growing heaviness on the prices due to growing input costs on account of
growth in fuel and electricity and labor values coupled with the fall in the rupee
cost has embraced the gross profit of all the sugar companies in the industry.
In the short term, snowballing volumes in the market are likely to put pressure
on the domestic communications.

Chapter 3 Sectoral Analysis

Sectoral Analysis of sugar industry in Pakistan. Average yield of sugarcane is
44 tons against the world average of 60 tons per hectare. Pakistan's sugar mills
crushing capacity is 58 million tons of sugarcane capable to produce 5 million
tons of refined sugar and 3 mill tons of molasses. The mills still have utilized
capacity of 34%.

3.1 Top 6 Sugar Mills of Pakistan with a Thriving

There stood two sugar mills in Pakistan near the Individuality of Pakistan. The
indulgence extended in 1949 by way of the introductory of Premier Mill in
Mardan.

In 1957 the federal government designed an obligation to shape up a

construction of a sugar mill, meaningful the implication of sugar and its local
feasting. Sindh’s chief mill was made in Tando Muhammad khan in 1961 Initial
from 1959 to 1990, twenty-eight renewed improves were established up.

Afterward, from 1990 to 1998, supplementary thirty-one mills were assembled.

Through 1998, the government broadcast a three-year exclusion on different
perfects. There are 80 total sugar mills in Pakistan.

Pakistan is a nation-state occupied with unvarying properties also, indeed

standard aimed at animation agriculturally entertaining government. Later, the

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installation fabric business, the business of sugar relics the unsocial business
that can persist named as an idyllic for agricultural-based productions.

Sugarcane crop mounting runs tiny and returning profession on the way to 3.9
billion persons jaggedly, it stays around 12.14% of the cumulative farming
manual labor power.

Pakistan opinions as the sixth biggest constructor of sugarcane in the orb.

Similar to further money fortifies, sugarcane remnants single and only the
greatest crucial notes return of Pakistan also the primary; this one opinion the
topmost supplier for sugar cane creation in calculation to newspaper and
imbruements industry.

Pakistan is characterized as figure 9th in the conception for the construction of

sugar. Besides, it exists as the eighth biggest sugar-intense nation-state in the
world.

Currently, there are supplementary one billion infertile lands of property which
is being used for sugar cane agronomy it harvests further five million masses of
advanced sugar year after year.

Sugar cane orts a significant trade plus the biggest money-making crop now in
Pakistan. Pakistan stances as a domineering sugar-commercial nation and is
graded 5thin locations of a zone in sugar crop growing, sixtieth in the happening
produce in addition to fifteenth in sugar making.

Sugar cane is veteran above a billion hectares and scratch reachable the rare
factual for Pakistan’s eighty-four sugar utensils which include the nation’s
subsequent biggest agro-industry subsequently knits.

Khatauli’s Triveni Sugar Mill remnants the biggest in Asia regarding weighing
machine of making and loading aptitude. The mincing machine has been
operational ever since 1933. Khatauli’s opinions a huge, rural area city and
agreements with specific sightseer attractions.

Worldwide sugar construction is just about 166.18 million measured tons, in the
year 2020/2021 182 million metrical tons is likely. Round eighty percent of the

5
manufacture’s sugar stays designed from sugar cane in humid and chilly
atmospheres.

The left-behind twenty percent instigates from sugar beets. They are
established typically in self-controlled regions of the Northern Hemisphere. An
overall of 120 nations harvest sugar.

The major sugar-producing nations are:

• India

• China

• Brazil

• EU
• Thailand

3.2 Top Sugar Mills in Pakistan

Following are the names of the top 10 sugar mills in Pakistan

• Crescent Sugar Mills.

• Najma Sugar Mills Ltd.

• Fauji Sugar Mills.

• Khairpur Sugar Mills.

• Shakarganj Mills Ltd.

• Jauhar Abad Sugar Mills Ltd.

• Tandlianwala Sugar Mills Ltd.

• Ranipur Sugar Mills (PVT.) Ltd.

• D.W Sugar Mills Ltd.

• Haseeb Waqas Sugar Mills Ltd.

3.3 Top 6 Sugar Mills in Pakistan

3.3.1 JDW Mills
JDW Set remnants an advanced commercial community of Pakistan. Sugar
work is the crucial career of the Band as well as it is also familiar for the source

6
of revenue of revolutionary agri-business policies that increase the basic
industry.

The Sugar sector embraces three sugar mills Units. By way of its multiparty
resilient aptitude of 44,500 TCD, D.W Sugar Mills is one of the principal
assemblages in the sugar section in addition to it improves around 15-17% of
the nation’s sugar formation.

Discussing to 2011-12 numbers, it is the major sugar mill in Pakistan in spots

of the communal brainchild of the whole parts is JDW sugar implements.
Besides, with the joint origination of JDW-1, JDW-II, and JDW-III above 500,000
tones. HAMZA sugar mill is on the following symbol with the creation of about
309,000 tons. It is the prime sugar grinder in Pakistan.

JDW stays as well management Sugar cane Community Ranches above the
area of 24,000 Acres in the Scenery of Punjab & Sindh. By disbursing
mindfulness, understanding composed exploiting up-to-date tools and
apparatus also representative agronomic policies.

JDW has persisted to be able to form greatly imaginative and ecological ranch
houses with upper harvests. Establishment’s single agricultural procedures
have as well directed to the capability creation of current agriculturalists by the
means of taking about a heightened and faithful sugar cane stream to JDW. It
is the biggest sugar mill in Pakistan.

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 Figure 3. 1 JDW Sugar Mills

3.3.2 Jauhar Abad Mills

Jauhar Abad Sugar Mills Limited relics a Community Limited Corporation in
addition to it takes the foundation of smugness of donating to be a unique
industry of the go-getter sugar mincing machine of Pakistan.

Originally, it was built by the Thal Development Authority of Pakistan. It was well
in advance sold in addition to itemized at Pakistan Stock Exchange Limited plus
has been in progression in place of the past 65 years.

Additional in March 2013, the current government achieved the chief

shareholding of the Institution via winning more than its belongings and charges
harmonizing the total of from the past supporters and gives another name such
as Jauhar Abad Sugar Mills Limited from Kohinoor Sugar Mills Limited.

The Company takes effectively shared this one Sugar Mills format and
business-wise supported its site during four solemn times of the year.

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 Figure 3. 2 Jauhar Abad Sugar Mills

3.3.3 Shakarganj Mills

Shakarganj Mills Mostly ciphers arrangements in the making of established
sugar cane as well as sugar by-products.
The rod harvests abundant miscellaneous kinds of sugar encircling drugs,
drinks, and profitable rankings sugar along with clammy brown sugar, glazing
sugar as well as caster sugar, sachets, marketing packs, in addition to sugar
cubes.
Shakarganj Sugar ruins the foremost emblem of sophisticated sugars in
addition to field sugars reachable in the Pakistani retailing Bazar.

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 Figure 3. 3 Shakarganj Sugar Mills

3.3.4 Ranipur Mills

Ranipur Sugar Mills be really careworn to turn out to be one of the greatest
lowpriced sugar industrial units in Pakistan, by means of using State of Art
Equipment, the Falling Film Evaporator, and SCP.

Ranipur Sugar Mill performs as well as generate the exclusive sugar by the
national republic indoor plant as well as transportations combined in Pakistan.
Ranipur Sugar Mill remains an animated portion of the countryside humanities,
provided that thousands of professions are offered in frequent dimensions.

Its stances the task of Ranipur Sugar Mills towards the invention of an upmost
class of sugar cane even though being the production important light in
Capability, Customer dealings, as well as green creation methods.

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 Figure 3. 4 Ranipur Sugar Mills

3.3.5 Haseeb Waqas Mills

It vacations only the dominant silver color established sugar makers in Pakistan
using a Sugar Cane Springy Capability Of 10,000 M. Tons on a daily basis.
Well-known on one sixty Times days in a time of year, and 8.5% sucrose recall
Haseeb Waqas sugar mills limited has created about 136000 M. tons white
refined sugar every year

Haseeb Waqas Sugar Mill technologically advanced, as well as castoff

stateowned art machinery for sugar cane scheduling by way of a split sugar
cane transporter arrangement, intended for the major time in Pakistan. This got
a revolution into the sugar business in Pakistan.

Haseeb Waqas Assemblage utilizing groundbreaking procedures trendy in the

agrarian business of Sugar using fewer adulterations as well as the crystal has
a white brilliant and bleached shade. Haseeb Waqas Sugar Mills Limed comes
across the total thing in the dominance norms.

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 Figure 3. 5 Haseeb Waqas Sugar Mills

3.3.6 Tandlianwala Mills

Tandlianwala Sugar Mills Limited (TSML) was integrated in Pakistan in 1988 as
a collective constrained establishment in addition the instrument of punishment
of the Firm stay cited in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE).

The main undertaking of the Establishment leftovers the manufacture as well

as the employment of white crystalline Sugar, Ethanol, and Carbon Dioxide. By
means of its joint overwhelming ability of 32,000 TCD, it remains among the
highest sugar crushers of the nation in terms of deals and design. Furthermore,
Tandlianwala Sugar Mills Limited happens currently in the rehearsal of
evolution and growth in that one working competences for energy preservation
through the setting up of refined machines it will improvement its normal sugar
cane crushing aptitude, fuel-saving as well as steam percent cane saving, in
this manner allowing it to protect extra bagasse and electrical energy. It will
correspondingly give rise to its ability from producing more sugar.

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 Figure 3. 6 Tandianwala Sugar Mills

Chapter 4

Product Portfolio
A thought of the sugar making process based on refrigeration manifestation of
raw beetroot juice is then delineated, and the design of a get-up-and-go system
and a water and effluent system for an abstract beet sugar plant employing the
new process is discussed.

• Raw Sugar.

• Liquid Sugar.

• Refined Sugar.

• Molasses.

• Sugar Alcohol.

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 • Brown Sugar.

• Powdered Sugar.

4.1.1 Raw Sugar

Raw sugar, also known as turbinado sugar, is bright brown in color and comes
in glacé form. It is primarily sucrose (96–99%) and a small amount of treacle.
Raw sugar contains about the same number of calories per teaspoon as table
sugar. While it may impart a to some extent different savor than table sugar
because it contains blackstrap molasses, raw sugar can be used like table
sugar for baking or saccharine coffee and tea.

4.1.2 Liquid Sugar

Liquid sugar is a product that is created using a combination of a liquid such as
water diverse with white or brown sugar. There are commercially produced
varieties available for use in the homebased as well as in bistros. It is possible
to use this substantial for many of the same tasks that typically call for table
sugar, such as sweetening drinks.

4.1.3 Refined Sugar

Refined sugar may be from a normal source, but it has been administered so
only sugar remains, like coarse sugar from sugar cane, or corn treacle from
slush. Foods like honey and century plant sit somewhere in the mid of natural
sugar and refined sugar.

4.1.4 Molasses
Brown sugar is a sucrose sugar product with a distinguishing brown color due
to the company of molasses. It is either a crude or partially refined soft sugar
entailing of sugar crystals with some enduring molasses content, or it is
produced by the addition of molasses to refined white sugar.

4.1.5 Sugar Alcohol

Sugar alcohols are organic compounds, typically resulting from sugars,
encompassing one hydroxyl group close to each carbon atom. They are white,
water-soluble objects that can occur naturally or be produced technologically
by hydrogenation of sugars. Since they contain multiple –OH groups, they are
confidential as polyols.

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4.1.6 Brown Sugar
Brown sugar is a sucrose sugar product with an idiosyncratic brown color
unpaid to the presence of molasses. It is moreover an unprocessed or partially
advanced soft sugar encompassing of sugar crystals with some outstanding
molasses content, or it is produced by the addition of blackstrap molasses to
refined white sugar.

4.1.7 Powder Sugar

Powdered sugar, also called candy makers sugar, 10X sugar or decoration
sugar, is a finely ground sugar produced by grinding granulated sugar into a
ground state.

Chapter 5 Supply Chain Process

5.1 Upward Supply Chain
5.1.1 Survey
Surveying process of sugar cane is that the surveying workers are survey for
sugar cane, first of all they go to the communities and different places to survey
the sugar cane. Surveying Manager or workers meet to the farmers and letter
down the details of sugarcane and then more process should be started of
sugar cane cutting, delivery, record, permit, transportation, weighing, cash, and
transfer.

15
 Figure 5. 1 Surveying Process

5.1.2 Record Process

Afterward surveying processes, the best system in the productions is main
process it works as the industries are note down details of sugar cane,
surveying manager and their co-workers are designed a full structure of like
how many sugarcanes are got from formers and they record the sugar cane
industry. Then they authorization to formers further processes should be
started.

5.1.3 Permit Process

Permit process is that the industry managers are elasticities go-ahead to
formers they cutting process should start the cutting process which one is permit
from industries manager.

5.1.4 Cutting Process

Sugar cane is harvested by motorized reaper which move along the rows of
cane removing the abundant tops of the cane and cutting the stalk into short
pieces or "lodgings". Lodgings are loaded into bins which are towed along with
the harvester. When full, the bins are taken by road or tramway to the sugar
mill. Sugar cane is harvested by chopping down the shoots but leaving the

16
ancestries so that it re-grows in time for the next crop. Harvest times tend to be
during the dry season and the length of the harvest ranges from as little as 2 ½
months.

Figure 5. 2 Cutting Process

5.1.5 Delivery Process

The cane is on cloud nine to the mills through a belt transporter network. The
mills processing capacity varies over time depending on factors as the
accessibility and superiority of sugar cane being expended. Therefore, its
presentation can inhibit with the dis- charge and, thus, in the transport. In the
transport process that the industry has own transport service for sugar cane can
be reach at the industry, and other process of transportation is that the rental
process, in the maintenance process the industry should take tractors, trucks.

17
 Figure 5. 3 Delivery Process

5.1.6 Weighing Process

The average harvest of cane stalk is 60–70 tons per hectare (24–28 long
ton/acre; 27–31 short ton/acre) per year, but this figure can differ between 30
and 180 tons per hectare contingent on knowledge and crop management tactic
used in sugar cane agriculture. Several years ago, mixed juices were pondered
manually, using a scale with two weigh-tanks. Whereas one weigh-tank was
being filled, weighed and the weight logged, the other would-be settling juice.
All this was performed manually, and the weighed also set aside track of the
number of weigh tanks per shift. The scale was set to weigh a predetermined
weight of mixed juice, and the weight of each weigh-tank of diverse juice was
more or less the same. A changing amount of juice and foam remained in the
scale tank, but the weighing machine were not tared after weighing. The
operator disemboweled the weigh-tanks with water from time to time. Because
of steady outpourings in pays, the labor cost of labor-intensive operation of juice
scales has become too tall, and for this reason some sugar workshops have
completely unrestricted weighing of mixed juice. However, the abolition of the
juice ruler is damaging, because without its accurate factory regulator is not
possible.

18
Figure 5. 4 Cane Web ridge

19
 Figure 5. 5 Weighing Process

5.1.7 Cash Transfer Process

Growers are finished their work on time, like supply sugar cane they can
carriage the sugar cane to industry, Then the business can be given cheque.
Cash transfer process further defined as the formers are accompanying with
banks through commerce, commerce linked with banks like MCB, HBL, etc.
Cash can be established from banks after close of supplying process.

5.2 Downward Supply Chain

5.2.1 Sugar Beets Railroad Cars
Railway baskets loaded with raw sugar cane interval in a holding patch before
proceeding to the mill for overwhelming and processing.

5.2.2 Washing and Initial Preparation

As soon as the sugar cane or sugar beets attain at the factory, they are splashed
extensively. Washing can befall on belts that are squirted with water or in vents
that are full of water. Rotating drums are often used as washing places. Water
is sprayed into the cylinder and product switches within the drum, rubbing
against the problem to remove dirt. After washing, the sugar cane or sugar
beets are transported into the factory using attaches or belts. The sugar cane
is crushed using swing hammer shredders or heavily corrugated crusher

20
whitecaps. Sugar beets are cut using sharing machines, which tear them into
floor covering smaller than French fries, called cartridges. The cartridges are
water-logged in hot water boilers, while the crushed sugar cane is spewed with
hot water. Both courses serve to swell the plant cubicle in preparation for
extraction.

5.2.3 Sweet Juice Extraction

The sugar cartridges are impelled into the bottom of 10- to 20-meter-tall tanks.
A circling shaft in the center transportations the sugar mangel-wurzel strips in
the air contrary to the downward current of water as the sugar is extracted. For
sugar cane, grinding is used to extract the juice. A sequence of five mills
wrappings the sugar cane strands and annulments the juice from the bagasse,
which can be used later as a fuel source. The initial juice is dark green in color
and is acidic and muddled. The juice is collected in large casks and the sugar
attention is measured.

5.2.4 Purification of Juice

Tall towers, 10 to 20 meters high, are used to disinfect and lessen the color of
the cane juice. The juice is familiarized at the top of the tower and sulfur dioxide
haze is introduced at the bottommost. The sulfur dioxide intensifications up
through the tower in a process called sulfidation. Gas is added at 120 to 200
pounds per million pounds of juice. Carbonation or alkalization is used to further
distinct the soluble non-sugar supplies from the sugar juice. Carbonation
engagements calcium carbonate or calcium sulfite to aid in sleet. The juice is
heated to denature the protein contented and is then mixed with a slurry of
calcium hydroxide, called milk of jade. Carbon dioxide gas fizzes can also be
introduced in this step to lower the alkalinity and quick the carbonation sludge,
which is sifted to purify the juice.

The illumination process typically takes more than a few hours. At the end, the
slush is removed from the nethermost of the tank and the juice is removed from
the top. Secondary purification is used to quotation any remaining sugar from
the mire. This produces a material called filth, which can be used later to
impregnate fields.

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The clarified juice is then boiled in a series of vacuum evaporators until it
reaches a concentration of 50%–65% sugar. Each subsequent evaporator in
the sequences has a higher vacuum heaviness than the previous evaporator,
resulting in the sugar syrup boiling at progressively lower infections as it moves
through the process. Residue is skimmed off the top of the evaporators using
blade skimmers, producing a thick, nearly colorless sugar syrup.

5.2.5 Crystallization
During the next step in the work process, a single-stage vacuum saucepan is
used to evaporate the syrup until it is soaking with sugar crystals, which are
fashioned through a process called seeding. A milky solution of clean sucrose
suspended in alcohol and glycerin is the kernels that is slowly further to the
syrup. The small scraps of sugar present in the solution attend as nuclei, helping
to draw out the sugar in explanation and convert it into crystals. As the
assortment is boiled in a vacuum pot, water evaporates and sugar crystals
endure to grow into a paste called masscults, a compressed mixture of syrup
and sugar crystals. This mixture is then transported into a large bottle called a
crystallizer, where the masscults is slowly stimulated and cooled, remaining the
crystallization process.

5.2.6 Centrifugation
To detached the masscults into sugar crystals and molasses, the masscults is
added to a high-velocity centrifuge. The centrifuge, which alternates at 1,000 to
2,800 revolutions per minute, covers a perforated metal cylindrical hamper.
During centrifugation, the molasses passes out of the wizened centrifuge
basket and is pinched to the outside of the centrifuge where it is unconcerned
and sent to storage tanks. The sugar is engaged in the lined centrifuge basket.
Spring water is used to cleanse the crystals as they are centrifuged.

5.2.7 Drying and Packaging

The moist sugar crystals are desiccated in large, hot air dryers, reaching a
moisture content of as low as 0.02%. Next, the sugar is temperately tumbled
through impassioned air in a granulator. The dried crystals are then separated
into different extents through pulsating canopies and placed into storage
containers. Finally, the sugar is parceled for the consumer.

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Figure 5. 6 Sugar Process

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5.3 Supply Chain Analysis
By following these tactics, they are achieving effectiveness in their supply chain

• JK Unit-II is maintaining their low-cost supply chain to achieve efficiency

in production.

• They are manufacturing their own electricity to lessen the cost of

electricity.

• Twenty out of a hundred of their input (sugar cane) is produced at their

own farms.

• They confirm smooth supply of sugar cane at discounted prices by

provide loans to farmers, that’s how they develop good relationships with
their suppliers.

• They have authoritative plant which produce 22-thousand-ton sugar in

24 hours.

• They have their construction plant in the center of Punjab and Sindh,
which reduce their transference cost.

• They also sale bonuses to increase their proceeds.

Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations

6.1 Conclusion
JK unit 2 is upholding their low-cost supply chain to achieve efficiency in
production.

They are producing their own electricity to lessen the cost of electricity. Twenty
percent of their input (sugar cane) is produced at their own farms. They confirm
horizontal supply of sugar cane at economy prices by offer loans to ranchers,
that’s how they develop good associations with their contractors. They have
authoritative plant which produce 22-thousand-ton sugar in 24 hours. They
have their production plant in the middle of Punjab and Sindh, which reduce
their conveyance cost. They also sale spin-offs to increase their revenue. By
following these policies, they are achieving productivity in their supply chain.

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6.2 Recommendations
• Trained their labor
• Produce ethanol
• Backward Integration

6.2.1 Trained their labor

Establishing, tending, and harvesting sugar cane is labor intensive and cane
cutting in particular is a tough physical process whereby cane shears stoop,
laceration and heap the separate stalks of cane for hours on end. Thus, striver
labor was used as very few labors would happily undertake this task!

6.2.2 Produce ethanol

The process of making ethanol from sugar cane starts when cane stubbles are
crumpled to cutting a sugar-rich cane juice. When cane debris passed through
expeller, cane juice is collected and transported to a fermentation boiler where the
yeast fermentation reaction happens to generate ethanol.

Figure 6. 1 Ethanol Process

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6.2.3 Backward Integration
It includes the development of a stable towards producing precise inputs or raw
ingredients that would sooner or later be used in the production of its
fundamental product. For example, a sugar factory that increases its business
and starts collective a sugar cane homestead has adopted recessive
integration.

REFERENCES

• https://dnd.com.pk/sugar-mills-of-pakistan/181205

• http://www.jdw-group.com/

• http://www.jdw-group.com/ProfileOfCompany/Jahangir-KhanTareen.php

• https://jahangirktareen.com/jdw

• https://www.slideshare.net/phulcritude/sugar1-5705772

• http://www.psmacentre.com

• http://www.jdwgroup.com/Reports/JDW%20Annual%20Report%202020.
pdf

• http://www.psmacentre.com/documents/Annual_Report_PSMA_2020.p
df

• https://www.icmap.com.pk/News_Pdf/Utilization_SAARC_Countries.pdf

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