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Mathematics in the Modern World - 1st Year

BS MedTech (Cagayan State University)

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MATHEMATICS OF THE MODERN WORLD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1 : The Nature of Mathematics

Lesson I : Mathematics in Nature
Lesson II : Patterns and Numbers
Lesson III : Mathematics for our World
UNIT 2 : Mathematics as a Language
Lesson I : The Language of Mathematics
Lesson II : The Language of Sets
Lesson III : The language of Relations and Functions
UNIT 3: Problems Solving and Reasoning
Lesson I: Inductive Reasoning
Lesson II : Deductive Reasoning
Lesson III : Polya’s Problem solving Strategy
UNIT 4 : Statistics
Lesson I : Classification and Organization of Data
Lesson II : Measure of Central Tendency
Lesson III : Measure of Dispersion
Lesson IV : Measure of Relative position
Lesson V : Normal Distribution
Lesson VI: linear Regression and Correlation
UNIT 5 : Commercial Mathematics
Lesson I : Simple Interest
Lesson II : Compound Interest
Lesson III : Stocks and Bonds
UNIT 6 : The Mathematics of Graph
Lesson I : Graphs and Euler Circuits
Lesson II : Weighted Graphs
Lesson III: Euler’s Formula
Lesson IV : Graph Coloring
UNIT 7 : LOGIC
Lesson I : Logic Statements and Quantifiers
Lesson II : Truth Tables , Equivalent Statements , and Tautologies
Lesson : III The Condition and the Biconditional
Lesson IV : The Condition and Related Statements

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Preface

Mathematics in the Modern World is about mathematics as a system of knowing or

understanding our surroundings. It provides glimpses into the thoughts and perceptions of
some of the world’s greatest writers, philosophers, and psychologists, Reading and studying
their thoughts enables us to better understanding the world we inhabit.
Mathematics in the modern world deals with various topics that will help readers to
understand and appreciate Mathematics in a whole new light. It is for the same reason that the
topics are included here for readers from different educational trainings and preparation to
grasp the holistic meaning of Mathematics. The topics are diverse and done with great care.
This module has varied exercises for the readers to supplement what they have learned.
It includes real – life problems that let them explore on their own with the aid of a mentor and
facilitator. its objectives are manifold, central among the being able to communicate simplified
discussions of topics that are otherwise misunderstood. It is also the intention of this module to
enhance the critical thinking skills of the readers. The need for the student to recognize the
importance of Mathematics is imperative, as it will not only develop their skills in solving
problems but also to transform them into more intellectual individuals.

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UNIT I : NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

Introduction

The emergence of digital technology has sparked a monumental rise in the rate at which
we consume and produce data. Before the Internet, it could take hours to get several volumes
of resources from the library for a research paper. Today, a few minutes (or seconds, depending
on the speed of your connection) using your mobile device’s browser could get you the same
information, or even more. A few decades ago, it took hours for photographs to be printed and
shared. Now, it only takes a matter of seconds for your perfect selfie to be uploaded and viewed
by your relatives and friends on the other side of the world.
In this fast – paced society, how often have you stopped to appreciate the beauty of the
things around you? Have you ever paused and pondered about the underlying principles that
govern the universe? How about the contemplating about the processes and mechanism that
make our lives easier, if not more comfortable? Most people do the same routine tasks every
day and the fundamental concepts that make these activities possible are often overlooked.
As rational creatures, we tend to identify and follow patterns, whether consciously or
subconsciously. Recognizing patterns feels natural, like our brain is hardwired to recognize
them. Early humans recognized the repeating interval of day and night, the cycle of the moon,
the rising and falling of tides, the changing of the seasons. Awareness of these patterns allowed
humans to survive. In similar fashion, many flora and fauna also follow certain such as the
arrangement of leaves and stems in a plant, the shape of a snowflake, the flowers’ petals, or
even the shape of snail’s shell.
Do you notice patterns around you? What other examples can you think of?
In this unit, we will be looking at patterns and regularities in the world, and how
mathematics comes into play, both in nature and in human endeavors.
Nothing can beat the beauty of nature. Finding mathematics in nature at a first glance
may seem less obvious. However, if one does take time to examine nature, then one can
describe its beauty mathematically.

Objectives:
At the end of this Unit, the student should be able to:

 Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.

 Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
 Argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed, represented and
used.
 Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.
 Identify Fibonacci sequence in nature

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PATTERNS IN NATURE

In the general sense of the word, patterns are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or
designs. We see patterns everyday – from the layout of floor tiles, design of skyscrapers, to
the way we tie our shoelaces. Studying patterns help students in identifying relationships
and finding logical connections to form generalizations and make predictions.

Example:

Snowflakes and Honeycombs

Recall that symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and
resulting parts are mirror images of each other.

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The figure above is symmetric about the axis indicated by dotted line. Note that the left and
right portions are exactly the same. This type of symmetry, known as line or bilateral symmetry,
is evident in most animals, including humans. Look in a mirror and see how the left and rights of
your face closely match.

The Sunflower
Looking at a sunflower up close, you will notice that there is a definite pattern of clockwise and
counterclockwise arcs or spirals extending outward from the center of the flower. This is
another demonstration of how nature works to optimize the available space. This arrangement
allows the sunflower seeds to occupy the flower head in a way that maximizes their access to
light and necessary nutrients.

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The Snail’s Shell

We are also very familiar with spiral patterns. The most common spiral patterns can be seen in
whirlpools and in the shells of snails and other similar mollusks. Snails are born with their shells,
called protoconch, which start out as fragile and colorless. Eventually, these original shells
harden as the snails consume calcium. As the snails grow, their shells expand proportionally so
that they can continue to live inside their shells. This process results in a refined spiral structure
that is even visible when the shell is sliced. this figure, called an equiangular spiral, follows the
rule that as the distance from the spiral center increases (radius), the amplitudes of the angles
formed by the radii to the point and tangent to the point remain constant. This another example
of how nature seems to follow a certain set of rules govern by mathematics.

Flower Petals

Flowers are easily considered as things of beauty. Their vibrant colors and fragrant odors make
them very appealing as gifts or decorations. If you look more closely, you will note that different
flowers have different number of petals. Take the iris and trillium, for example. Both flowers
have only 3 petals.

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EXERCISE SET 1:

1. Determine what comes next in the given patter.

A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S, U

2. What completes the following pattern?

CSD, ETF, GUH, IVJ, KWL

3. What letter comes next in this pattern?

OTTFFSSENTLTTFFS

4. 27 30 33 36 39 41 44 47 50 53 56

5. 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21

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LESSON II: PATTERNS AND NUMBERS

Introduction

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have repeated values.
The arrangement of these term is set by a definite term. A sequence may be finite or infinite.
The Fibonacci sequence is an infinite sequence. A finite sequence has a definite number of
terms. Number patterns may be described by examining how the terms are being generated.

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

 Examine the nature and relationship of numbers in a sequence.

 Determine the nth term of a number sequence.
 Generate a pattern to form a number sequence.

Activity (Collaboration)
Describe the pattern of each sequence.

1. 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, . . .

 The next number in the sequence is predicted by adding 1 to the preceding number.
2. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, . . .
 The next number in the sequence is predicted by multiplying 2 to the preceding
number.
 The next number in the sequence is predicted by adding the preceding number to
itself.
3. 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, . . .
 The next number in the sequence is predicted by adding 11 to the preceding number.

A pattern may have a list of numbers in which a constant number is added to get the
succeeding terms. For other sequences, the terms are increasing because the number to be
added is increasing in a predictable way. There are number patterns whose terms are
decreasing, because the number to be added is decreasing in an expected way.

Examples:

To generate the next term, the number to be added is Example

Repeating 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, . . .
Growing / increasing 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 29, . . .
Shrinking 118, 98, 73, 43, 8, - 32, . . .

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The Fibonacci Sequence

As we have seen in the previous section, the human mind is hardwired to recognize
patterns. In Mathematics, we can generate patterns by performing one or several
mathematical operations repeatedly. Suppose we choose the number 3 as the first number
in our pattern. We then choose to add 5 to our first number, resulting in 8, in which is our
second number. Repeating this process, we obtain 13, 18, 23, 28, . . . as the succeeding
numbers that form our pattern. In mathematics, we call these ordered lists of numbers a
sequence.

Example 1: Generating a sequence

Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three terms.

a. 1, 10, 100, 1000

b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20

Solution

a. Looking at the set of numbers, it can be observed that each term is a power of 10:
1 = 100, 10 = 101, 100 = 102, and 1000 = 103. Following this rule, the next three terms are: 104 =
10,000, 105 = 100,000, and 106 = 1,000,000.

b. The difference between the first and second terms (2 and 5) is 3. The difference between the
second and third terms (5 and 9) is 4. The difference between the third and fourth terms (9 and
14) is 5. The difference between the fourth and the fifth terms is 6. Following this rule, it can be
deduced that to obtain the next three terms, we should add 7, 8, 9, respectively, to the current
term. Hence, the next three terms are 20 + 7 = 27, 27 + 8 = 35, 35 + 9 = 44.

EXERCISE SET 2:

Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three terms.

a. 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1,024

b. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 33

The sequence in item is a special sequence called the Fibonacci sequence. It is named after the
Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, who was better known by his nickname Fibonacci. He is
said to have discovered this sequence as he looked at how a hypothesized group of rabbits bred
and reproduced. The problem involved having a single pair of rabbits and then finding out how
many pairs of rabbits will be born in a year, with the assumption that a new pair of rabbits

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is born each month and this new pair, in turn, gives birth to additional pairs of rabbits beginning
at two months after they were born. He noted that the set of numbers generated from this
problem could extended by getting the sum of the two previous terms.
Starting with 0 and 1, the succeeding terms in the sequence can be generated by adding
the two numbers that came before the term:

0+1 = 1 0, 1, 1
1+1 = 2 0, 1, 1, 2
1+2 = 3 0, 1, 1, 2, 3
2+3 = 5 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
3+5 = 8 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
5+8 = 13 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
... 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, . . .

Fibonacci sequence has many interesting properties. Among these is that this pattern is
very visible in nature. Some of nature’s most beautiful patterns, like the spiral arrangement of
sunflower seeds, the number of petals in a flower, and the shape of a snail’s shell – things that
we looked at earlier in this unit- all contain the Fibonacci numbers.

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It is also interesting to note that ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers approach the number �
(Phi), also known as Golden Ratio. This is approximately equal to 1.618.

The Golden Ratio can also be expressed as the ratio between two numbers, if the latter is also
the ratio between the sum and the larger of the two numbers. Geometrically, it can also
visualize as a rectangle perfect formed by a square and another rectangle, which can be
repeated infinitely inside its section.

Figure: Golden rectangle with the golden spiral

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Binet’s Formula: The use of Binet’s formula in finding Fibonacci number

EXERCISE SET 3:

Determine the next two terms in the following sequence.

1. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343
 1 , 23, 33, 43, 53, n+13
3

2. 448, 224, 112, 56, 28, 14

 n÷2
3. 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175
 n+25
4. 151, 149, 145, 137, 121, 89
 2+2=4, 4+4=8, 8+8=16,…
5.


What is the missing number in each of these sequences?

1. 19 , 17 , 15, 13, . . .(n-2)
2. 8, 11 , 14 , 17 , . . . (n+3)
3. 5, 16 , 27 , 38 , . . . (n+11)
4. 84 , 80 , 76, 72 , . . . (n-4)
5. 98 , 109 , 120, 131, . . . (n+11)

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Mathematics for our World

Mathematics for Organizations:

A lot of events happen around us. In the blink of an eye, several children have already been
born, liters of water have been consumed, or thousands of tweets have been posted. For us to
make a sense of all available information, we need mathematical tools to help us make sound
analysis and better decisions. For instance, a particular store can gather data on the shopping
habits of its consumers and make necessary adjustments to help drive sales. Scientist can plot
bird migration routes to help conserve endangered animal populations. Social media analysts
can crunch all online posting using software to gauge the netizens’ sentiments on particular
issues or personalities.

Mathematics for Predictions:

It is sometimes said that history repeats itself. as much as we can use mathematical models
using existing data to generate analysis and interpretations, we can also use them to make
predictions. applying the concept of probability, experts can calculate the chance of an event
occurring. The weather is a prime example. Based on historical patterns, meteorologist can
make forecasts to help us prepare for our day – to – day activities. They can also warn us of
weather disturbances that can affect our activities for weeks or months.

Mathematics for Control:

We have demonstrated by means of examples around us that patterns are definitely present in
the universe. There seems to be an underlying mathematical structure in the way that natural
objects and phenomenon behave. While photographers could capture a single moment through
a snapshot, videographers could record events as they unfold. Painters and sculptors could
create masterpieces in interpreting their surroundings, poets could use beautiful words to
describe an object, and musicians could capture and reproduce sounds that they hear. This
observation of nature, as well as their interactions and relationships, could be more elegantly
described by means of mathematical equations. Though the use of mathematics, man is also
able to exert control over himself and the effects of nature.

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UNIT I : Summary
Pattern in Nature and the World

Patterns:

Patterns are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs. Patterns are commonly observed
in natural objects, such as six-fold symmetry of snowflakes, the numbers of seeds in a sunflower,
the spiral of snail’s shell, and the number of petals of flowers. Humans are hard wired to
recognized patterns and by studying them, we discover the underlying mathematical principles
behind nature’s designs.

The Number Sequence:

The Pattern of a number sequence may be identified by scrutinizing how the terms are related
to one another. To generate the next term of some sequences, a constant number is added, the
number to be added increases, or the number to be added decreases.

The Fibonacci Sequence:

Sequence:

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have repeated values. The
arrangement of these terms is a set by definite rule. The terms of a sequence could be
generated by applying the rule to previous terms of the sequence.

Fibonacci Sequence:

The Fibonacci sequence is formed by adding preceding two numbers, beginning with 0 and 1.
Ratios of two Fibonacci numbers approximate the Golden Ratio, which is considered as the most
aesthetically pleasing proportion.

Binet’s Formula: The use of Binet’s formula in finding Fibonacci number

Mathematics for our World:

Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in the world. Mathematics helps predict
the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world, as well as helps human exert control over
occurrences in the world for the advancement of our civilization.

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UNIT TEST

I. Answer the following.

1. What is the 9th term of the Fibonacci Sequence?

 F9=34
2. What is the 15th term of the Fibonacci Sequence?
 F15=34=610
3. What is the 49th term in the Fibonacci Sequence?
 F49=610=7,778,746,230
4. What is the next three terms in sequence 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81
5. What is the missing number in the sequence 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33

II. Write a short essay about why Mathematics is indispensable.

III. Write a synthesis paper focusing on one of the following aspects of mathematics.

a. Mathematics helps to organize patterns and irregularities in the world.

b. Mathematics helps to predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world.

c. Mathematics helps to control nature and occurrences in the world for our own ends.

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