JUNE 2018 ANSWERS

Peripherals are commonly divided into three kinds: input devices, output devices, and storage
devices (which partake of the characteristics of the first two). An input device converts
incoming data and instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are
comprehensible to a digital computer. An output device reverses the process, translating the
digitized signals into a form intelligible to the user. At one time punched-card and paper-tape
readers were extensively used for inputting, but these have now been supplanted by more
efficient devices.

WAT IS A BYTE

A byte is a set of eight bits. The total possible combinations of these eight bits equals 256
distinct values

a byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits long. A byte is the unit most computers use
to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic symbol. Each byte can hold a

string of bits that need to be used in a larger unit for application purposes
SECTION B

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6A Computer Hardware

Let’s understand this in easy language, Hardware is the physical and touchable parts of a
computer means you can touch those components.

Internal hardware parts of a computer are known as components and external hardware parts
of a computer called peripherals both of them are known as computer hardware.

In both PCs or desktop computers, the components of hardware are the same but there is a big
difference in the size of the hardware.

Computers can only operate or start when both software and hardware are present and work
together in the system, there is no chance to start a computer only with software or hardware.

You can enter the operating system by using operating software where hardware helps the
operating software to perform fast and easily.

Types of keyboards

Scanners

Types of Mouse

Ram and Rom

 Computer Types

SOFTWARE

System Software

The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate the computer and control
it.

System software performs the basic functions to start and operate the hardware components
of the computer system.

They instruct the computer on how to operate its peripherals. In other words, system software
deals with running the computer system or making it work.

There are two types of system software.

Operating system- An operating system or OS is a software program that deals with the
functioning of the computer and its peripherals. It is the core software component of your
computer. It is an interface between your computer and outside the world.

Utility Software- Utility programs are mainly intended as a helping aid and is provided by
the computer manufacturer. These programs are also known as service programs. Such
programs are available for call up by the operating system. It performs a specific task, usually
related to managing a computer, its devices, or programs. It helps to manage the computer
hardware and application software.

Application Software
The program that performs specific tasks for the users are known as application software or
applications, Application Software has varied functional usages-

Application Software is a productivity business tool.

They assist in graphic communication tools.

It supports household activities and personal and educational programs.

It facilitates communication tools.

Application software is the main type of computer software. This software is used to edit text,
graphics, and utilizes the capabilities of a computer for the completion of tasks.

Programming Software

This is commonly known and popularly used computer software. This software comes in the
form of tools that helps all the programmer in writing programs for computers.

This is the sets of logical instructions that make a computer system perform certain tasks.

This is the tools that help programmers in instructing a computer system including a text
editor, compilers, and interpreters.

Compilers translate source code written in programming languages into a language that a
computer understands.

Compilers generate objects which are combined and changed into executable programs
through linkers.
Debuggers are used to check code for bugs and debug it. This source code is partially or fully
simulated for the debugging tool to run on it and remove bugs if any.

Interpreters execute programs, They execute the source code or a precompiled code and
translate source code into an intermediate language before execution.

6B layer Parts of Computer And Their Functions.

layer 1: Information. ...

Layer 2: Hardware. ...

Layer 3: programming. ...

Layer 4: Operating Systems. ...

Layer 5: Application. ...

Six Layers build up the computing systems in our magic machines.

layer 1: Information

It is hard to believe, but all the colorful images we see on our computer screens are actually
billions and billions of zeroes and ones. Information is recoded and managed using 0 and 1,
two simplest digits. Zeros and ones are fundamental particles of the computing world, the
way how computers record information.

Layer 2: Hardware

Hardware is like organs of human beings, supporting computers to carry out functions and be
alive. Think about devices such as gates and circuits. They are “blood vessels”of computers
which control the flow of electricity. Central Processing Unit and memory are more like head
of the computers, giving out orders and keeping information.

Layer 3: programming
The programing layer is about software. The hardware of computers is capable of solving
problems, or computing, but they do not “know how”. Software are solutions, or instructions
for hardware to follow. First generation of softwares used machine language, or binary
language–simply zeroes and ones. Now, we have many high-level languages like Java to
write programs that are much more user friendly.

Layer 4: Operating Systems

The first computer users were mathematicians and engineers, and they knew how to manage
their computers, or make data, devices, and programs work properly themselves. Moreover,
computers were much more slower than they are now. However, computers are for all
common people and they are too fast to be managed by human kinds now. Thus operations
systems were invented to help manage the resources of computers. Examples are windows,
Linux, Mac OX, Android, and IOS.

Layer 5: Application

When you are writing in a word document, watching a movie, or playing Super Mario Bros,
you are using multiple programs as a unity. Applications are aggregation of distinct programs
to solve a complicate problem.

Layer 6: Communication

Most people will admit they spend most of their time online with computers and phones.
They are communicating with the outside world! At one time, people are finally bored with
console games, and they want to play with their friends; they want to share their files, but
their friends are far away. The World Wide Web or Internet makes communication possible
and easy. With Internet, it is not just one computer in front of us, but millions of computer all
around the globe.

Layer 6: Communication.QTSN7

FUNCTIONS

Data movement instructions move data from one place, called the source operand, to another
place, called the destination operand. Data movement instructions can be grouped into loads,
stores, moves, and immediate loads. Load instructions move data from memory to registers
DATA MANIPULATION INSTRUCTION

Data Manipulation Instructions :

Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and provide the computational
capabilities for the computer. The data manipulation instructions in a typical computer
usually divided into three basic types as follows.

Arithmetic instructions

Logical and bit manipulation instructions

Shift instructions

PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTION

Program Control Instructions are the machine code that are used by machine or in assembly
language by user to command the processor act accordingly. These instructions are of various
types. These are used in assembly language by user also. But in level language, user code is
translated into machine code and thus instructions are passed to instruct the processor do the
task.

Types of Program Control Instructions:

There are different types of Program Control Instructions:

1. Compare Instruction:

Compare instruction is specifically provided, which is similar to a subtract instruction except

the result is not stored anywhere, but flags are set according to the result.

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