CONTENTS

Page No.

Candidate’s Declaration I
Acknowledgement II
Contents III
List of Abbreviations VI
List of Symbols IX
List of Figures XII
List of Tables XIV
Abstract 1
Chapter 1. Introduction 01- 12
1.1 Overview of MC-CDMA System 01
1.2 Literature Survey 02
1.3 Rationale 08
1.4 Problem Statement 09
1.5 Objective 09
1.6 Methodology 10
1.7 Organization of Thesis 11
Chapter 2. Theoretical Background 13-37
2.1 Conventional MC-CDMA System 13
2.1.1 Concepts of CDMA 13
2.1.2 Benefits and Disadvantages of CDMA System 13
2.1.3 Multi Carrier Concept 14
2.1.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 16
2.1.5 Time Domain Analysis 18
2.1.6 OFDM Technology 19
2.1.7 Why Need Use Guard Period 19
2.1.8 Benefits and Disadvantages of OFDM 20
2.1.9 Diagram of MC-CDMA Communication 20
2.1.10 OFDM with Code Division Multiplexing (OFDM-CDM) 22

iii
 2.1.11 MC-CDMA System 22
2.1.12 MC-CDMA System Parameters 23
2.1.13 MC-CDMA Transmitter 24
2.1.14 MC CDMA Receiver 25
2.1.15 Advantages of MC-CDMA Communication 26
2.1.16 Drawbacks of MC-CDMA Communication 26
2.1.17 Applications of MC-CDMA Communication 26
2.1.18 Walsh–Hada Mard Codes 27
2.1.19 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel 27
2.2 Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System 28
2.2.1 Wavelet Based Communication Systems 28
2.2.2 Wavelet and Wavelet Transform 28
2.2.3 Detection Method 29
2.2.4 Conventional Single User Detection 29
2.2.5 Multi User Detection 29
2.2.6 Performance Measures 30
2.2.7 Wavelet Packet Based MC-CDMA 30
2.2.8 Characteristics of Wavelet Packet 30
2.2.9 Wavelet and Wavelet Packets Applications in Communications 30
2.3 HHT Based MC-CDMA System 31
2.3.1 Hilbert–Huang Transforms (HHT) 31
2.3.2 Introduction of HHT 31
2.3.3 Introduction to EMD and IMF 32
2.3.4 Introduction to HSA 32
2.3.5 Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) Techniques 32
2.3.6 Hilbert Spectral Analysis 34
2.3.7 Present Applications 34
2.3.8 Limitations 36
Chapter 3. System Model 38-52
3.1 MC-CDMA System Model 38
3.1.1 MC-CDMA Transmitter Model 39

iv
 3.1.2 MC-CDMA Receiver Prototype 40
3.2 Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System 43
3.2.1 Transmitter of WP MC-CDMA Arrangement 43
3.2.2 Receiver Model WP MC-CDMA System 45
3.3 Hilbert Transform Based MC-CDMA System 49
3.3.1 Transmitter By Making Use of the Hilbert Transforms 49
3.3.2 Receiver of HHT Based MC-CDMA System 51
Chapter 4. Result and Discussions 53-62
4.1 Different Parameter 53
4.1.1 Bit Error Rate (BER) 53
4.1.2 Effect of Number of Users 53
4.1.3 Different Modulation Techniques (BPSK, QPSK) 53
4.2 BER vs SNR for Conventional MC-CDMA for Different Users 54
4.3 BER vs SNR for Wavelet Packet Based MC-CDMA for Dissimilar Users 55
4.4 BER vs SNR for HHT Based MC-CDMA for Dissimilar Users 56
4.5 BER vs SNR Assessment of Three Systems for k=1 57
4.6 BER vs SNR Comparisons of Three System when k=2 58
4.7 Performance Analysis of BER using BPSK Method in MC-CDMA 59
4.8 Performance Analysis of BER using QPSK Technique in MC-CDMA 60
4.9 Performance Analysis of BER using QAM8 Method in MC-CDMA 61
4.10 Comparison Analysis of MC-CDMA using BPSK, QAM8 Modulation Techniques 61
4.11 Comparative Analysis of WP MC - CDMA System Using BPSK, QPSK Techniques 62
Chapter 5. Conclusion and Future Work 63-64
5.1 Conclusion 63
5.2 Future Work 64
Literature Survey 65-71
Glossary & Keywords 72-75
References 76-79
List of Publications 80-81
Appendix 82-90

v
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACF Auto-Correlation Function

ACI Adjacent Channel Interference
A/D Analogue/Digital ( Converter )
AGC Automatic Gain Control
AK Authorization Key
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASN Access Service Network
A-TDMA Advanced TDMA
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
B3G Beyond 3G
BER Bit Error Rate
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
CA Certification Authority
CCI Co-Channel Interference
CDM Code Division Multiplexing
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA-S2000 Code Division Multiple Access Standard 2000.
C/N Carrier-to-Noise Power Ratio
C/(N+I) Carrier-to-Noise and -Interference Power Ratio
CSI Channel State Information
D/A Digital/Analogue (converter)
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DFTS-OFDM DFT-Spread OFDM
DL Downlink
D-QPSK Differential-QPSK
DS Direct Sequence (DS-CDMA)

vi
DSP Digital Signal Processor
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
EDGE Enhanced Data for Global Evolution
EGC Equal Gain Combining
EGT Equal Gain Transmission
ETSI European Telecommunication Standard Institute
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FEC Forward Error Correction
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FH-CDMA Frequency Hopping (FH-CDMA)
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HHT Hilbert Huang Transform
HT Hilbert Transform
ICI Inter-Carrier Interference
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IHT Inverse Hada-Mard Transform
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
MA Multiple Access
MAI Multiple Access Interference
MC Multi-Carrier
MC-CDMA Multi-Carrier CDMA
MCM Multi-Carrier Modulation
MC-SS Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum
MC-TDMA Multi-Carrier TDMA (OFDM and TDMA)
M-QAM QAM Constellation With M Points, e.g. 16-QAM
MRC Maximum Ratio Combining
OFCDM Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiplexing
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

vii
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
P/S Parallel-to-Serial ( Converter )
PSD Power Spectral Density
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
RF Radio Frequency
Rx Receiver
SC Single Carrier
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
S/P Serial-to-Parallel ( Converter )
SS Spread Spectrum
SS-MC-MA Spread Spectrum Multi-Carrier Multiple Access
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDM Time Division Multiplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
Tx Transmitter
UHF Ultra High Frequency
UL Uplink
WP Wavelet Packet
WP MC Wavelet Packet Based Multi Carrier

viii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

A (k) Source Bit of User k

A (k) Source Bit Vector of User k
AP Amplitude of Path p
B (k) Code Bit of User k
B (k) Code Bit Vector of User k
B Bandwidth
Bs Signal Bandwidth
C Speed of Light
C (k) The Spreading Code Vector c(k)
C (k) Spreading Code Vector of User k
Cn Spatial Pre-Coding Vector
C Capacity
C Spreading Code Matrix
D (k) Data Symbol of User k
D (k) Data Symbol Vector of User k
DO Diversity
DF Frequency Diversity
DT Time Diversity
DB Decibel
DBM Decibel Relative to 1 mw
E {.} Expectation
Ebb Energy Per Bit
Ec Energy Per Chip
Es’ Energy Per Symbol
F Frequency
F Carrier Frequency
H Channel Matrix
FD Doppler Frequency
FDf Filter Maximum Doppler Frequency Permitted in the Filter Design

ix
FD max Maximum Doppler Frequency
FD p Doppler Frequency of Path p
FN Nth Sub-Carrier Frequency
F Noise Figure in dB/Feedback Information
Fs Sub-Carrier Spacing
G1 l th Diagonal Element of the Equalizer Matrix G
G Equalizer Matrix
G [j] Equalizer Matrix Used for IC in the jth Iteration
H (t) Impulse Response of the Receive Filter or Channel Impulse Response
H (τ, t) Time-Variant Channel Impulse Response
H (f, t) Time-Variant Channel Transfer Function
IC Size of the Bit Interleave
K Number of Active Users
L Spreading Code Length
La Length of the Source Bit Vector a(k)
Lb. Length of the Code Bit Vector b(k)
Ld. Length of the Data Symbol Vector d (k)
M Number of Bits Transmitted Per Modulated Symbol
M Number of Data Symbols Transmitted Per User and OFDM Symbol
n (t) Additive Noise Signal
N Noise Vector
NC Number of Sub-Carriers
N1 l th Element of the Noise Vector N
NF Pilot Symbol Distance In Frequency Direction
N Grid Number Of Pilot Symbols Per OFDM Frame
N ISI Number of Interfering Symbols
Ns Number of OFDM Symbols Per OFDM Frame
NT Pilot Symbol Distance in Time Direction
N Tap Number of Filter Taps
P (.) Probability Density Function
P {.} Probability

x
Pb BER
PG Processing Gain
Q Number of User Groups v Received Vector After Inverse OFDM
R (k) Received Vector of the k the User After Inverse OFDM
R Code Rate
Rb Bit Rate
Rect (x) Rectangular Function
R1 Element of the Received Vector
Rs Symbol Rate
S Symbol Vector Before OFDM
S (k) Symbol Vector of User k Before OFDM
SL lst Element of the Vector s
Sinc (x) Sin(x)/x Function
T Time/Number of Error Correction Capability of an RS Code
T Source Symbol Duration
Tc Chip Duration
Td Data Symbol Duration
Tfr OFDM Frame Duration
Tg Duration of Guard Interval
Ts OFDM Symbol Duration without Guard Interval
Ts OFDM Total Symbol Duration with Guard Interval
Tsamp Sampling Rate
U Data Symbol Vector at the Output of the Equalizer
Ul lth Element of the Equalized Vector u
V Velocity
V Guard Loss in SNR Due to the Guard Interval
V Pilot Loss in SNR Due to the Pilot Symbols
W (k) Soft Decided Value of the Code bit b(k)
W (k) Soft Decided Value of the Code bit Vector b(k)
Wn Power Normalization Factor on Subcarrier n
X (t) Transmitted Signal

xi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Title Page No.

2.1 Diagram of Multi Carrier Transmission 15

2.2 Diagram of Multi Carrier Modulation With N c = 4 Sub-Channel 15
2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique 17
2.4 Diagram of Time Domain Analysis 18
2.5 Diagram of OFDM Technology 19
2.6 Diagram of Function of the Guard Period for Protecting 19
Against ISI.
2.7 Diagram of MC-CDMA System 21
2.8 Diagram of OFDM- CDM Transmitter and Receiver 22
2.9 Diagram of MC-CDMA System 23
2.10 Diagram of MC-CDMA Transmitter 25
2.11 Diagram of MC-CDMA Receiver 25
3.1 Diagram of MC-CDMA Transmitter Model 40
3.2 Diagram of MC-CDMA Receiver Model 41
3.3 Diagram of WP MC-CDMA Transmitter Model 44
3.4 Diagram of WP MC-CDMA Receiver Model 45
3.5 Diagram of HHT Based MC-CDMA Structure Transmitter Model 49
3.6 Diagram of HHT Based MC-CDMA Receiver Model 51
4.1 BER vs SNR for Conventional MC-CDMA for Different Users 54
4.2 BER vs SNR for Wavelet Packet Based MC-CDMA for 55
Dissimilar Users
4.3 BER vs SNR for HHT Based MC-CDMA for Dissimilar Users 56
4.4 BER vs SNR Assessment of Three Systems for k=1 57
4.5 BER vs SNR Comparisons of Three Systems When k=2 58
4.6 Performance Analysis of BER using BPSK Method in MC-CDMA59
4.7 Performance Analysis of BER using QPSK Technique 60
4.8 Performance analysis of BER using QAM8 Method in MC-CDMA 61
4.9 Comparative Analysis of MC - CDMA System Using BPSK, 61

xii
 QPSK, QAM8 Techniques
4.10 Comparative Study of WP MC-CDMA Scheme Using BPSK, 62
QPSK Techniques
Diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 76
Diagram of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 77

xiii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Title Page No.

2.1 Different Performance Parameter of MC-CDMA System 23

xiv