Nama : Hanif Firmansyah

NIM : 113200102
Kelas :B
Mata Kuliah : Ilmu Lingkungan

TUGAS REVIEW PAPER

• Title :
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MUD VOLCANO INPUTS ON THE
ANTHROPOGENICALLY ALTERED PORONG RIVER AND MADURA STRAIT
COASTALWATERS, JAVA, INDONESIA
• Author :
Tim C. Jennerjahn a,*, Ingo Jänen a, Claudia Propp a, Seno Adi b, Sutopo Purwo
Nugroho b,1
• Date/published by :
19 April 2013, Science Direct
• Background :
Coastal zones are increasingly being modified by human activ ities during the
Anthropocene. Land use and land cover change, urbanization and increasing
exploitation of natural resources in concert with hydrological alterations in river basins
alter the composition and fluxes of river loads (Humborg et al., 1997; Rosenberg et al.,
2000). As a consequence many coastal zones suffer from cultural eutrophication,
hypoxia and attendant changes in foodwebs and greenhouse gas emissions (Zhang et al.,
2010). The SE Asia/western Pacific region is of particular importance in this respect
because its coastal waters receive the highest fluxes of dissolved and particulate river
loads and harbor high marine biodiversity (Ellison et al., 1999; Bellwood and Hughes,
2001; Syvitski et al., 2005). Moreover, more people than elsewhere live in the coastal
zone and are economically dependent on its resources (Burke et al., 2001).
Consequently, human modifications of the.
• Objectives :
Increasing human modifications of the coastal zone are endangering the integrity of
coastal ecosystems.
• Method :
Total suspended matter was collected from three stations e inside the Porong River (P7,
-6.7 km from mouth), at the river mouth (P10, 0.7 km) and in Madura Strait coastal
waters 5 km off the river mouth (P11) e in monthly intervals between August 2002 and
July 2003 (Fig. 2). Additionally, the river and coastal waters were sampled during a dry
season expedition in June 2002. Surface water and TSM was collected along the course
of the river duringa rainy (March) and a dry season expedition in 2008 (August; P1eP6,
P8eP9, P12eP17). Water samples for nutrient analysis were filtered through single use
membrane filters into prewashed polyethylene bottles, pre served with mercury chloride
solution (20 g l-1 ) and stored cool and inthe dark until analysis (<12).
• Results :
As no end of the mud emanation is in sight, the observed carbon and ammonium input
and resultant oxygen depletion will probably become a quasi-permanent featurewith
long-term deleterious effects on water quality and ecology of the Porong River estuary
and adjacent coastal waters.
• Summary :
The Indonesian mud volcano provides a unique example how geohazards in a
tectonically active region can add to the impacts of human activities in a river
catchment on sediment and carbon inputs to and ecology of the downstream aquatic
environment. In contrast to most of the natural disasters which lead to short-term pulses
of water and sediment input, the Indonesian mud volcano has been a continuous source
of sediment and carbon to the aquatic environment since May 2006. As no end of the
mud emanation is in sight, the observed carbon and ammonium input and resultant
oxygen depletion will probably become a quasi-permanent feature with long-term
deleterious effects on water quality and ecology of the Porong River estuary and adjacent
coastal waters. The effect of these extreme events has to be taken into account for the
man agement of coastal zones particularly in the SE Asia/western Pacific region,
which is tectonically very active, characterized by high precipitation and sediment inputs
and suffering from high human induced nitrogen and phosphorus loads (Milliman and
Syvitski, 1992; Smith et al., 2003; Seitzinger et al., 2010).

• Recommendation :
We conclude that the mud volcano input adds to the adverse effects of human activities
in the river catchment on the ecology and biogeochemistry of the estuary.
 Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130 (2013) 152e160

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science

jo u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e ls e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / e c s s

Environmental impact of mud volcano inputs on the

anthropogenically altered Porong River and Madura Strait coastal
waters, Java, Indonesia
Tim C. Jennerjahn a,*, Ingo Jänen a, Claudia Propp a, Seno Adi b, Sutopo Purwo Nugroho b,1
a Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
b Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: Increasing human modifications of the coastal zone are endangering the integrity of coastal ecosystems.
Received 11 October 2012 This is of particular importance in SE Asia where large parts of the population live in the coastal zone and
Accepted 5 April 2013 are economically dependent on its resources. The region is also affected by a high frequency of extreme
Available online 19 April 2013 natural events like storms, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The eruption of a mud volcano, nick-
named “Lusi”, near the city of Sidoarjo in eastern Java, Indonesia, on May 29, 2006 represents such an
Keywords: event. One of the measures to minimize the potential detrimental effects to the environment and the
mud volcano local population was to channelise part of the mud into the nearby Porong River, the major distributary of
river
the Brantas River, which is affected by intensive land use and hydrological alterations in a densely
sediment load
particulate organic carbon
populated catchment. Here we report for the first time on the effects of the mud volcano on the aquatic
oxygen depletion environment. The “Lusi” input more than doubled the suspended matter and particulate organic carbon
Indonesia load of the river. Moreover, we found decomposition of the additional organic matter worsening oxygen
Java depletion in the river and adjacent coastal waters that can severely affect the well-being of aquatic or-
Brantas River ganisms. We conclude that the mud volcano input adds to the adverse effects of human activities in the
river catchment on the ecology and biogeochemistry of the estuary and Madura Strait coastal waters.
© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Coastal zones are increasingly being modified by human activ-
ities during the Anthropocene. Land use and land cover change,
urbanization and increasing exploitation of natural resources in
concert with hydrological alterations in river basins alter the
composition and fluxes of river loads (Humborg et al., 1997;
Rosenberg et al., 2000). As a consequence many coastal zones suffer
from cultural eutrophication, hypoxia and attendant changes in
foodwebs and greenhouse gas emissions (Zhang et al., 2010). The SE
Asia/western Pacific region is of particular importance in this
respect because its coastal waters receive the highest fluxes of
dissolved and particulate river loads and harbor high marine
biodiversity (Ellison et al., 1999; Bellwood and Hughes, 2001;
Syvitski et al., 2005). Moreover, more people than elsewhere live in
the coastal zone and are economically dependent on its resources
(Burke et al., 2001). Consequently, human modifications of the
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: tim.jennerjahn@zmt-bremen.de (T.C. Jennerjahn).
1 Present address: National Agency for Disaster Management, Jl. Tanah Abang II
No. 57, Jakarta 10160, Indonesia.
coastal zone are also at a maximum on a global scale. The Indo-
nesian island of Java is a prime example in this respect. It is the
most populous island in the world with a population density of
>1000 inhabitants km—2. Its second largest river located in the East,
the Brantas, empties into the shallow Madura Strait through two
major branches, the Wonokromo and the Porong. The climate is
governed by the monsoons with one dry season from June to
September and one wet season from November to April. The latter
is also the time during which 80e90% of the annual river discharge
occurs with the Porong responsible for approximately 80% of it. The
Brantas drains an area of 11,050 km2, more than 50% of which is
used for agriculture and its hydrology is regulated by 8 major dams
and numerous smaller weirs and barrages. The river discharges
high loads of dissolved nutrients, carbon and sediments into
Madura Strait coastal waters through its two major branches
(Jennerjahn et al., 2004; Aldrian et al., 2008), because it is located in
a region with maximum natural weathering and erosion rates on a
global scale and it is strongly affected by deforestation and land
use/cover change (Gaillardet et al., 1999; Lavigne and Gunnell,
2006). Because of the strong seasonal variability in precipitation
and discharge a major part of the annual river load of dissolved
nutrients and suspended particulate matter, originating to a large

0272-7714/$ e see front matter © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.04.007
 T.C. Jennerjahn et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130 (2013) 152e160 153

extent from agricultural land, occurs during the rainy season
(Jennerjahn et al., 2004; Aldrian et al., 2008; Jänen et al., 2013).
Java is located on an active continental margin and belongs to
the tectonically most active regions worldwide (Lowman et al.,
1999). The Indonesian island arc has been very active in the past
years as documented by, for example, the 2004 Tsunami following a
major submarine earthquake, the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006
and the Merapi eruption in 2010. The eruption of the mud volcano
“Lusi” on May 29, 2006, also falls in the category of these natural
disasters although it is debated whether it is a natural phenomenon
or triggered by gas drilling operations (Sawolo et al., 2009; Davies
et al., 2010). Starting at 5000 m3 d—1 the rate of hot mud
emanating from “Lusi” grew to about 170,000 m3 d—1 (ca.
100,000 m3 d—1 in 2010) making up a total of 18 million metric
tonnes until April 2008 (Abidin et al., 2009). The mud covered large
areas and led to the displacement of >40,000 people (Mazzini et al.,
2009; Davies et al., 2010). In order to minimize the potential
detrimental effects to the environs and the local population, part of
the mud was directed into the nearby Porong River approximately
20 km from the river mouth (Fig. 1). A rapid environmental impact
assessment conducted by the United Nations Office for the Coor-
dination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNEP/OCHA) in June and July
2006 concluded that major detrimental effects on the environment,
such as the release of toxic substances, were not expected except
for the sheer amount of mud introduced into aquatic systems
which can cause anaerobic conditions and kill aquatic life (UNEP/
OCHA Environment Unit, 2006).
Although mud volcanoes are known from East Java, the activity
of “Lusi” is unprecedented as it has already lasted for several years
while mud volcano eruptions normally last for a few days only
(Mazzini et al., 2009). The diversion of the mud flow into the
Porong River is comparable to other natural catastrophic events
responsible for mass injections of land-derived material into
aquatic systems like earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and ty-
phoons. However, in contrast to those short-term mass flows the
“Lusi” mud is a longlasting additional material source to the river. It

Fig. 1. Fotos of the area affected by the mud volcano. The upper panel shows part of the area flooded by the mud. The Porong River passes in the back of the area. The lower left
panel denotes the source of the hot mud. The lower right panel shows how part of the mud is introduced into the Porong River.
154 T.C. Jennerjahn et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130 (2013) 152e160

is likely that it strongly increases the already high sediment, 2. Methods

organic matter and nutrient inputs resulting from high weathering
and intensive human modification of the landscape (Jennerjahn
et al., 2004; Aldrian et al., 2008). This, in turn, may exacerbate
the consequences for water quality and biogeochemistry of coastal
waters. However, as yet there is no information available on the
environmental impact of the mud volcano on the aquatic envi-
ronment of the region, the Porong River and Madura Strait coastal
waters. The SE Asia/Western Pacific region experiences the
abovementioned natural disasters more frequently than other re-
gions on the globe and it also belongs to the most densely popu-
lated regions of the world. Therefore, our study may serve as a
model showing the combined effect of land use/cover change and
natural catastrophic events on mass flow, biogeochemistry and
ecology of coastal waters.
Here we present results of biogeochemical studies in the Porong
River and adjacent Madura Strait coastal waters before (1991e1998,
2002e2003) and after (March and August 2008) the eruption of
“Lusi”. We measured the seasonally varying concentrations of total
suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon (POC), dis-
solved oxygen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite,
ammonium) along the course of the river and in coastal waters. By
quantifying the TSM and POC fluxes and an incubation experiment
with “Lusi” mud and estuarine sediments we estimate the addi-
tional sediment and carbon load and assess their effect on oxygen
depletion in the river and in coastal waters.
Total suspended matter was collected from three stations e
inside the Porong River (P7,—6.7 km from mouth), at the river
mouth (P10, 0.7 km) and in Madura Strait coastal waters 5 km off
the river mouth (P11) e in monthly intervals between August 2002
and July 2003 (Fig. 2). Additionally, the river and coastal waters
were sampled during a dry season expedition in June 2002. Surface
water and TSM was collected along the course of the river during a
rainy (March) and a dry season expedition in 2008 (August; P1eP6,
P8eP9, P12eP17).
Water samples for nutrient analysis were filtered through single
use membrane filters into prewashed polyethylene bottles, pre-
served with mercury chloride solution (20 g l—1) and stored cool
and in the dark until analysis (<12 h). For TSM determination water
was filtered through precombusted and preweighed Whatman GFF
filters. The filters were dried at 40 ◦C. The TSM concentration was
calculated from the weight difference of filters before and after
filtration and drying and divided by the volume of filtered water.
For the incubation experiment a mud sample was collected
directly at the mud volcano with a spoon. Estuarine surface sedi-
ments were collected with a Van Veen grab at station P2. The
experiment with (1) pure “Lusi” mud, (2) estuarine surface sedi-
ments, and (3) an equal mixture of both substrates was conducted
in air-sealed, dark plastic boxes that were filled with the respective
substrate to one third and with estuarine bottom water to two

Fig. 2. Map of the study area showing the location of the mud volcano “Lusi” and the stations sampled in the Porong 1991e1998 (P2), 2002/2003 (green circles) and 2008 (March:
red circles, August: yellow circles). Stations B1 (2008) and B2 (2002/2003) are in the Brantas before diversion into Porong and Surabaya River, P1eP17 are in the Porong and in
coastal waters off the Porong mouth. Input from the mud volcano is introduced into the river approximately 1 km downstream of P2 and 20 km from the mouth. (For interpretation
of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
 T.C. Jennerjahn et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130 (2013) 152e160 155

thirds. Bottom water was collected on the tidal flats in front of the concentrations of 67.9 and 73.7 mg l—1 were observed at the river
Porong River mouth, subsequently oxygen-saturated up to 100% mouth for the wet and dry season, respectively (Fig. 4). In the dry
and carefully tipped into the boxes which were closed excluding air season of 2008 the TSM concentration upstream of “Lusi” was
bubbles. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured under continuous in the same range as in June 2002, but increased by two orders
stirring and at constant temperature for nine to 10 h with a Hach of magnitude downstream of the “Lusi” input, peaking at
LDO-HQ10 Portable Oxygen Meter and consumption rates were 2298.8 mg l—1 approximately 9 km before the mouth and
calculated from concentration gradients. Part of the mud and decreasing to 40.3 mg l—1 5 km from the mouth. A similar but less
estuarine sediments were prepared for biogeochemical analysis. extreme distribution pattern was observed in the wet season of
Porewater was extracted from the mud under vacuum and pre- 2008. TSM concentration at the most landward station was
served and stored like surface water samples. The mud and sedi- 311.6 mg l—1, an order of magnitude higher than in the dry season of
ment samples were dried at 40 ◦C and ground and homogenized in
a Retsch Planetary Ball Mill PM 100 prior to analysis.
Particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration was determined
by high temperature oxidation in an elemental analyzer (Carlo Erba
NA 2100, Verardo et al., 1990). Dissolved inorganic nutrients were
measured with a continuous flow analyzer and detected spectro-
photometrically as a coloured complex (Grasshoff et al., 1999).
Dissolved oxygen was measured with a Hach LDO-HQ10 Portable
Oxygen Meter. Analytical methods are described in detail by
Jennerjahn et al. (2004).
To calculate total suspended load we used monthly averaged
discharge data of the Porong River. For the dry and wet season
calculation of the 2002e2003 data set we defined the period Maye
November as “dry” and the period DecembereApril as “wet” ac-
cording to the hydrograph of the Porong (Fig. 3). Loads for 2002e
2003 were calculated by multiplying river discharge in 2003 with
TSM concentration month by month and summed up for a full year.
For the 2008 data the sum-of-season discharge in 2008 was
multiplied with the TSM concentration from the expedition of the
respective season. For the calculation of particulate organic carbon
(POC) loads the respective concentrations (weight-%) were multi-
plied with the TSM load. Data and samples from the period 1991e
1998 were collected at station P2. The software SigmaPlot 12.3 was
used for statistical tests.

3. Results

3.1. Total suspended matter and particulate organic carbon

The TSM concentration varied between 7.3 and 98.1 mg l—1

along the course of the Porong in June 2002 with the maximum
directly in the river mouth and the minimum 3 km off the mouth.
Seasonal averages of TSM concentrations derived from monthly
collections display a similar distribution pattern. Maximum

Fig. 3. Discharge of the Porong River. Displayed are monthly averages 1 SD for the
period 2003e2008 (black, solid line) and monthly average discharge in 2003 (blue,
short-dashed line) and 2008 (red, long-dashed line). Black bars denote sampling pe-
riods in 2008. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 4. TSM, POC and dissolved oxygen (DO) along the Porong. Concentrations of TSM
(a), POC (b) and DO (c) along the Porong. Black symbols and lines in (a) and (c) indicate
seasonal averages SD 1 km upstream of the “Lusi” input (P2, see Fig. 1) between 1991
and 1998. Green lines for 2002/2003 denote seasonal averages calculated from
monthly observations. Note the logarithmic scale for TSM in (a) and POC in (b). The
black arrow marks the inflow of “Lusi” mud approximately 1 km downstream of P2.
(For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred
to the web version of this article.)
156 T.C. Jennerjahn et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130 (2013) 152e160

2008 due to high levels of precipitation and hence erosion and river
discharge. The wet season maximum TSM concentration of
967.4 mg l—1 was also observed 9 km before the mouth. Time-series
data from a station 20 km before the river mouth reveal a robust
pattern of TSM concentrations being higher by half to one order of
magnitude during the wet than during the dry season between
1991 and 1998 despite considerable variation (Fig. 4). While the
wet season average of 347.0 mg l—1 was similar to that observed in
the wet season of 2008 the dry season average of 72.0 mg l—1 was
much higher than the dry season concentrations in 2002 and 2008.
The distribution patterns of POC were similar to those of TSM. In
June 2002 concentrations increased from approximately 80 mM to
550 mM in 20 km distance from the coast and then decreased to
50 mM in coastal waters. Seasonal averages in 2002/2003 varied
between 52 and 163 mM with higher values observed at the land-
ward stations. Upstream of the “Lusi” input dry season POC con-
centrations were lower in 2008 than in 2002, but increased to
1711 mM downstream and then decreased steadily to values around
40 mM in coastal waters. In the wet season of 2008 POC concen-
trations increased from 244 mM in the Brantas River to 895 mM
downstream of the “Lusi” input. From there it decreased to values
around 60 mM in coastal waters.
The mud sample from the mud volcano was a grey clayey silt
that contained 0.7% organic carbon and 0.1% N and had a C/N ratio
of 7.6. During the wet season in March 2008 the surface sediment in
the Porong River at P2 was a brownish-grey clayey silt which
contained 1.2% organic carbon and 0.1% N and had a C/N ratio of
10.7. In the following dry season (August 2008) the sediment sur-
face consisted of a grey clay with 0.7% organic carbon and 0.1% N
and had a C/N ratio of 7.3.

3.2. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen

Nitrate concentrations dropped from 18 mM at the most land-
ward station B1 to <1 mM downstream of it in June 2002 when river
flow was extremely low. Seasonal averages in the estuary of 2002e
2003 varied between 20 mM and 61 mM without displaying a spatial
trend (Fig. 5). Spatial and temporal variability were much more
distinct in 2008. During the dry season a nitrate concentration of
145 mM was measured at station B1 which then dropped to <1 mM
downstream of the “Lusi” input. During the wet season it dropped
from 173 mM at B1 to concentrations between 120 and 145 mM
downstream of the “Lusi” input with a tendency to decrease toward
the coast. Ammonium displayed distinctly different distribution
patterns. In June 2002 it was almost zero. Seasonal averages of
ammonium in the estuary varied between 10 and 14 mM in the dry
and between 17 and 59 mM in the wet season of 2002e2003. In the
dry season of 2008 it increased from 3 mM at station B1 to 13 mM
before the “Lusi” input, increased rapidly to 317 mM downstream of
“Lusi”, and dropped to nearly zero toward the coast. An opposite
pattern was observed in the wet season of 2008. Ammonium was
<1 mM upstream of the “Lusi” input and only increased slightly to
maximum values of 16 mM in coastal waters (Fig. 5). Nitrite con-
centrations varying between <1 mM and 5 mM in 2002e2003 and
2008 indicate intensive bacterial nitrogen transformation pro-
cesses. Porewater of the “Lusi” mud sample contained 4317 mM of
ammonium and <0.1 mM of nitrate and nitrite, respectively.
3.3. Dissolved oxygen
Dissolved oxygen concentrations were fairly high at station B1
and the upstream portion of the Porong and then decreased
strongly in the downstream portion in June 2002. Seasonal aver-
ages in the estuary varied between 3.8 mg l—1 and 5.5 mg l—1 with
lower values at the landward-most station and slightly higher
Fig. 5. Nitrate (a) and ammonium (b) concentration along the Porong River. The black
arrow denotes the location of the “Lusi” input. Season averages are shown for the
period August 2002eJuly 2003 (green lines; P7, P10, P11). Note the scale break on the Y
axis in (b). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader
is referred to the web version of this article.)
concentrations during the wet season (Fig. 4). During the dry sea-
son of 2008 DO decreased from 7.8 mg l—1 at B1 to 6.8 mg l—1
directly upstream of the “Lusi” input. DO dropped rapidly to values
<1 mg l—1 downstream and subsequently increased toward the
coast with maximum concentrations of 8.6 mg l—1 in coastal waters
of Madura Strait. Seasonal averages at station P2 upstream of the
“Lusi” input indicate distinct differences between the dry and the
wet season for the period 1991e1998. While the wet season
average of 5.6 mg l—1 and its standard variation were in the range of
concentrations measured along the Porong in March 2008, the dry
season average of 3.4 mg l—1 for the period 1991e1998 was much
lower than DO concentrations measured upstream of the “Lusi”
input in August 2008. In our incubation experiment the oxygen
consumption rate for pure “Lusi” mud was much higher
(64.8 mM m—2 d—1) than for an estuarine sediment
(49.2 mM m—2 d—1) and a mixture of both (55.7 mM m—2 d—1).
4. Discussion
4.1. Pulsed sediment input from the mud volcano
We compared the load and biogeochemical composition of
water and TSM in the Porong River and its estuary before and after
the eruption of “Lusi” in 1991e1998, 2002e2003 and in 2008,
respectively. The TSM concentration and load increased by a factor
of 2e3 downstream of the “Lusi” input during the wet season of
2008 and by one to two orders of magnitude during the dry season
 T.C. Jennerjahn et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130 (2013) 152e160
of 2008 when compared to the 1991e1998 and 2002e2003 aver-
ages (Figs. 4 and 6). The large seasonal difference in 2008 was the
result of the much higher precipitation and river discharge during
the wet season and regulation of hydrology (e.g. flow to Porong is
reduced in the dry season to meet the demand for water in the
Surabaya region). Discharge is extremely low during that time and
therefore the TSM concentration was much higher during the dry
than wet season in 2008.
The observed TSM concentrations of up to 2734 mg l—1 were at
the lower end of the range observed in other rivers which trans-
ported high sediment loads during short-term floods induced by
storms, earthquakes or volcano eruptions in the river catchment in
combination with high precipitation (Fig. 7). In those cases TSM
concentration and load of the rivers increased several times
compared to “normal” conditions (Milliman and Kao, 2005). The
island of Taiwan, for example, is tectonically very active and
frequently hit by typhoons (Wu and Kuo, 1999). In the wake of such
a typhoon TSM concentrations and loads in the Choshui River were
one to three orders of magnitude larger than in the Porong River
(Fig. 7). The supply of debris by earthquake-triggered landslides in
combination with heavy precipitation during typhoons led to the
enormously high concentrations and loads of TSM in rivers (Dadson
et al., 2004; Milliman and Kao, 2005; Milliman et al., 2007). In 1980
the eruption of the Mount St. Helens caused debris avalanches, la-
hars and pyroclastic currents in its vicinity which strongly affected
the catchment of the Toutle River and its tributaries (Washington,
USA). The sediment yield increased by more than two orders of
magnitude and after 20 years was still 10e100 times above back-
ground level in parts of the catchment. Despite interannual varia-
tions of the sediment yield related to variations in hydrology, the
high initial supply and long-term instability of eruption-generated
detritus were responsible for the long-term effect on Toutle River
sediment yields (Major et al., 2000). On the Chinese island of
Hainan heavy typhoon-related precipitation led to an increase of
the suspended matter load of the Wenchang River. However, there
the water pulse only led to a doubling of the suspended matter
concentration from 20 to 25 mg l—1 to a maximum of 50 mg l—1
mainly because of the generally low supply of erosion products
from the hinterland of the small river (Herbeck et al., 2011).
What makes “Lusi” unique in this context is the fact that the
supply of sediment increased dramatically and became a quasi-
Fig. 6. TSM and POC loads of the Brantas and the Porong upstream and downstream of
the “Lusi” input. Loads of TSM (a) and POC (b) in the Brantas before the diversion into
Porong and Wonokromo, in the Porong downstream of the “Lusi” input and in the
Porong estuary in 2002/2003 and 2008 subdivided into wet and dry season
contributions.
157
Fig. 7. TSM vs. discharge in the Porong and other rivers affected by sediment pulses as
a result of catastrophic events. Circles display results from the Porong (white circles:
season averages at P2 for 1991e1998; blue circles: values from March and August
2008). Red triangles and squares display TSM concentrations in the Taiwanese Choshui
River during (light red triangles) and after typhoon “Herb” (dark red triangles) and
during two high precipitation periods of typhoon “Mindulle” (peak I: light yellow
squares; peak II: dark yellow squares). Grey triangles display TSM concentrations in
the U.S. North Fork Toutle River after receiving debris flows from the 1980 Mount St.
Helens eruption. Choshui and North Fork Toutle River data are from Milliman and Kao
(2005), Major et al. (2000) and Milliman et al. (2007). (For interpretation of the ref-
erences to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this
article.)
permanent feature while the river discharge and thus the water
volume and amount of energy available for transport did not
change. Despite the fact that most of the sediment transport in the
Brantas River and its major tributary Porong occurs during the rainy
season there are no such extreme precipitation events related to
storms as observed, for example, in Taiwan because of Java’s posi-
tion in the doldrums zone near the equator. The future volume of
mud supply is difficult to predict, however, a recent study estimates
elevated flows from the mud volcano to continue for at least 26
years (Davies et al., 2011).
The fate of event-related sediment pulses in the ocean is not
always clear (Milliman and Kao, 2005), largely depending on the
morphological and oceanographic setting of the region, as well as
the magnitude of water and sediment pulses. In some instances the
high sediment load can be deposited on the shelf or transported to
the deep sea (Warrick and Milliman, 2003). In contrast, in our case
the gradient in TSM concentration and budget calculations as well
as the seasonally varying surface sediment composition at station
P2 show that a major part of the additional sediment load was
deposited in the Porong River and in the immediate vicinity of its
mouth (Figs. 4 and 6), likely for two reasons. First, the maximum
daily discharge of the Porong ranged between 500 and 1000 m3 s—1
while it went up to several thousands of m3 s—1 in Taiwanese rivers
during a typhoon (Milliman and Kao, 2005). The much lower
transport energy and capacity of the Porong hence does not allow
for transport of high amounts of suspended sediments. Moreover,
when reaching coastal waters energy dissipates very fast and the
plume gets mixed into the water column resulting in dilution and
rapid settling of larger particles. Second, the shallow water (1e2 m)
and the mouth morphology of the Porong River cause high bottom
friction which, in turn, leads to a rapid decrease in velocities of the
buoyant river plume in coastal waters (Hoekstra, 1989).
158 T.C. Jennerjahn et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130 (2013) 152e160

4.2. Oxygen depletion related to increased POC and ammonium 4.3. Impact of river damming and the “Lusi” input on TSM and POC
input fluxes

The high sediment input also increased the POC load of the Surprisingly, the Porong’s sediment load and yield is not very
Porong by a factor of 2.4 when compared to the upstream station high on a global scale despite the generally high weathering and
in 2008 and by a factor of 6.4 when compared to 2002/2003. The erosion rates and the additional sediment input from “Lusi”
POC maximum concentrations of 800e1100 mM measured down- (Table 1). Deforestation and conversion to agriculture land on Java
stream of the “Lusi” input were almost an order of magnitude increased since the 1930s and became particularly high in the
higher than during 2002/2003 and dropped rapidly toward the 1990s (Nibbering and de Graaff, 1998; Lavigne and Gunnell, 2006).
sea. The extremely high ammonium content of the “Lusi” mud As a result soil loss rates increased strongly on Java. For example, in
porewater produced a strong peak in the Porong River down- the Serayu and Merawu catchments soil loss increased from
stream of the “Lusi” input during the dry season of 2008 (Fig. 5). <2 mm yr—1 in the 1990s to 4e14 mm yr—1 in 2002 (Lavigne and
During that time DO dropped to around 1 mg l—1 downstream of Gunnell, 2006). The most upstream reservoir in the Brantas River
“Lusi” (Fig. 4) and displayed a statistically significant correlation catchment is the Sengguruh. It is fed by the upper Brantas sub-
with POC (exponential decay, y ¼ a*e—b*x, R2 ¼ 0.65, p < 0.01, catchment and the Lesti River subcatchment. Erosion rates in those
n ¼ 11) and ammonium (exponential decay, y ¼ a*e—b*x, R2 ¼ 0.87, two subcatchments are 120 t ha—1 and 48 t ha—1, respectively
p < 0.01, n¼11). Time-series data from station P2 upstream of the (Soewarno, 2011). Assuming a soil bulk density of 1200 kg m—3 this
“Lusi” input display robust seasonal differences in DO between translates into erosion rates of 10 mm yr—1 and 4 mm yr—1,
1991 and 1998 with averages of 5.6 mg l—1 for the wet season and respectively, which is in the range observed for agriculture soils,
3.4 mg l—1 for the dry season, respectively (Fig. 4). While DO in but much higher than natural erosion rates (Montgomery, 2007).
March 2008 was similar to the 1991e1998 average at P2, it was The Sengguruh reservoir came into operation in 1989 and had an
much higher in August 2008 when compared to the 1991e1998 initial storage capacity of 21.5 million m3. Because of the high
average and a single measurement from June 2002. Dry season erosion rates it filled quickly with sediment. Despite dredging
TSM concentrations in 2002 and 2008 were much lower than the
1991e1998 average, and the dry season POC concentration was
much lower in 2008 than in 2002. Moreover, the dry season dis- Table 1
charges in 2002 and 2008 were even lower than the long-term Suspended sediment and particulate organic carbon yields of world rivers.
monthly averages (Fig. 3). It is conceivable that the longer resi- Area Discharge TSS POC Refs.
dence time of POC in that part of the river during low flow con- (103 km2) (km3 yr —1) (t km—2 yr —1) (t km—2 yr —1)
ditions in the dry season generally allows for more complete
Amazon 5903 6590.0 190.0 2.83 1, 2
degradation, hence stronger oxygen depletion, than during the Congo (Zaire) 3704 1200.0 11.0 0.68 1
wet season. Extremely low flow may result in complete DO con- Mississippi 3243 529.0 120.0 0.32 1, 2
sumption as we observed in June 2002 when water was almost Ob 3109 404.0 6.0 0.12 1
Parana 2860 568.0 30.0 0.28 1, 2, 3
stagnant at station P2. The higher DO in 2008 could be related to
Lena 2465 525.0 5.0 1, 4
the much lower POC concentration. Nile 1874 0.3 40.0 0.12 1
Downstream of P2 the drastic drop of DO to <1 mg l—1 indicates Changjiang 1817 928.0 250.0 6.14 1, 2
that decomposition of the additional organic matter (OM) intro- Ganges/ 1648 1003.0 668.0 5.22 1
duced by “Lusi” and ammonium oxidation apparently promoted Brahmaputra
Mackenzie 1615 308.0 23.0 0.86 1, 2
the development of a “dead zone” inside the river during the dry
Niger 1540 154.0 33.0 0.41 1, 5
season. The absence of nitrate despite high concentrations up- St. Lawrence 1112 337.0 4.0 0.33 1, 2
stream suggests that it was also used as an electron acceptor during Orinoco 1023 1135.0 150.0 1.59 1
OM decomposition. Because of high river discharge there was no Indus 912 57.0 260.0 1.79 1, 2
such “dead zone” during the wet season (Fig. 4). However, faster Mekong 846 467.0 200.0 1, 6
Yukon 843 200.0 71.0 0.31 1, 2
and more far-reaching export of TSM and POC was responsible for a Huanghe 823 41.0 1400.0 14.68 1, 2
DO of 5e6 mg l—1 (67e80% saturation) not only in the river, but Orange 716 11.4 100.0 0.11 1
even 5 km off the river mouth. Despite considerable export during Colorado 708 0.1 190.0 1, 2
the wet season a major part of the increased TSM and POC loads Columbia 664 236.0 22.0 0.10 1, 2
Don 413 20.7 18.0 0.25 1
was deposited in the river (Fig. 6) as could also be seen in the
Senegal 369 24.4 8.0 0.07 1
distinct seasonal differences in color, carbon contents and C/N ratio Northern Dvina 329 110.0 13.0 0.20 1
of river sediments downstream of the “Lusi” input. Rhine 156 69.4 4.0 0.58 1
The oxygen consumption rate in our incubation experiment was Brazos 127 5.0 140.0 0.28 1, 2
much higher for pure “Lusi” mud than for an estuarine sediment or Loire 107 26.0 13.0 0.73 1, 2
Rhone 97 54.0 340.0 0.44 1, 2
a mixture, corroborating the above findings and indicating that
Tana 83 4.8 1000.0 1, 7
benthic decomposition will also be enhanced in areas where large Garonne 79 44.0 1.00 1, 2
amounts of the mud are deposited. This and the low DO in the Po 65 48.9 280.0 0.88 1
water column may adversely affect organisms, particularly the Gambia 63 10.0 0.12 1, 2
Rioni 16 12.9 630.0 1.84 1
immobile benthic fauna. The extremely low DO concentrations
Tiber 16 350.0 0.62 1
observed in the river during the dry season are lethal to almost all Waikato 12 12.1 12.0 1.13 1
aquatic organisms. However, even less extreme oxygen depletion Ems 9 1.9 27.0 0.97 1
during other times of the year or in areas of enhanced benthic
Brantas 11 4.9 122.8 1.81 1a
decomposition can impair coastal biota, because sublethal and le- Brantas þ Lusi 11 4.9 406.9 4.32 1a
thal oxygen thresholds are species-specific and can be much higher
References: 1 e Ludwig et al., 1996; 2 e Cole and Caraco, 2001; 3 e Depetris and
than the conventionally used threshold of 2 mg DO l—1 for hypoxic Kempe, 1993; 4 e Semiletov et al., 2011; 5 e Martins and Probst, 1991; 6 e Alin
waters (e.g. 4.4 0.4 mg l—1 for fish and 3.2 0.3 mg l—1 for et al., 2011; 7 e Bouillon et al., 2009.
crustaceans; Vacquer-Sunyer and Duarte, 2008). a This study.
 T.C. Jennerjahn et al. / Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130 (2013) 152e160
between 43 and 532 × 103 m3 of sediment per year the reservoir
had only 7% of its initial storage capacity left in 2005. In total, the
Brantas River basin has eight reservoirs with an initial gross storage
capacity of 647×106 m3 that was reduced to 390 ×106 m3 (60%) in
2010 (Subijanto, 2010). It is therefore conceivable that the relatively
low sediment yield of the river on a global scale is a result of human
activities in the catchment with sediment retention in reservoirs
outmatching the high erosion rates in deforested and agriculture
areas. Although the mud volcano is a point source calculating the
total sediment load of the river on a per unit area basis (yield,
t km—2 yr—1) may help to elucidate the effect on a global scale. It is
evident that the mud volcano input raises the Porong’s sediment
load and yield strongly, but even then it is only moderate on a
global scale (Table 1; Milliman and Syvitski, 1992).
The POC load of 15,300 t yr—1 (Fig. 6) calculated for our most
landward station upstream of the “Lusi” input represents the in-
tegrated input of the Brantas River catchment (at B1: 8440 km 2).
The calculated POC yield of 1.8 t km—2 yr—1 is at the upper end of the
range for major world rivers (Ludwig et al., 1996; Table 1). Agri-
culture soils in the catchment, mainly rice and sugar cane, contain
1.5% organic carbon consisting to a large extent of labile compounds
which are easily degradable (Jennerjahn et al., 2004). Hence
erosion of agricultural soils rich in OM from the upper and middle
reaches of the Brantas River is probably a major contribution to the
high POC yield besides the generally high weathering rates of the
region (Gaillardet et al., 1999). The rate of erosion of agricultural
soils is at least one order of magnitude larger than that of natural
erosion (Montgomery, 2007). The POC load of the Porong down-
stream of the “Lusi” input amounts to 36,500 t yr—1 (Fig. 6) indi-
cating a 21,200 ton contribution from the mud volcano. This load
translates into a POC yield of 4.3 t km—2 yr—1 that is much higher
than for most major world rivers except for the Changjiang,
Huanghe and Ganges/Brahmaputra which drain some very erodible
regions (Degens et al., 1991; Ludwig et al., 1996). This yield is
fictitious as it is not the result of an input from the whole catch-
ment. However, this number and the large difference between the
calculated POC loads and yields nicely illustrates the quantitative
significance of the “Lusi” input.
5. Conclusions
The Indonesian mud volcano provides a unique example how
geohazards in a tectonically active region can add to the impacts of
human activities in a river catchment on sediment and carbon in-
puts to and ecology of the downstream aquatic environment. In
contrast to most of the natural disasters which lead to short-term
pulses of water and sediment input, the Indonesian mud volcano
has been a continuous source of sediment and carbon to the aquatic
environment since May 2006. As no end of the mud emanation is in
sight, the observed carbon and ammonium input and resultant
oxygen depletion will probably become a quasi-permanent feature
with long-term deleterious effects on water quality and ecology of
the Porong River estuary and adjacent coastal waters. The effect of
these extreme events has to be taken into account for the man-
agement of coastal zones particularly in the SE Asia/western Pacific
region, which is tectonically very active, characterized by high
precipitation and sediment inputs and suffering from high human-
induced nitrogen and phosphorus loads (Milliman and Syvitski,
1992; Smith et al., 2003; Seitzinger et al., 2010).
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the German
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant Nos. 03F0456C
and 03F0301A). We thank Venu Ittekkot and John Milliman for
159
discussions, Didik Agus Wijanarko for sample collection, Mocha-
mad Saleh Nugrahadi for providing discharge data and Dorothee
Dasbach and Matthias Birkicht for laboratory work. We also thank
the five anonymous reviewers whose suggestions helped to
improve the quality of the manuscript.
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