Nome: SWAGATAM BAZ Roll: ooinaoiois (018) PART- 6: oF Given data Prom amestion Netting paint of lead (Pb) = sate , A (C0, 37) Heting point of Tin (i) = Q32°c F (v0, a2) Eutectic Temperature = gave. Maximum Aol bility of Pb in Se = 107. G Go 183) sn io Pb = QY, BAC 2, HA) Maxiroum " 4 Euteche coreponition will ocow? ab 62% tn , te Euteche pink can &@ reprenented a F (,'83) Tre polubility decreas cleng the aolvus Une aod a become 27, at oom temporctare. So finally woe get the pan ¢ (2, 85) © # (9%, as) comidening @ acm Hhe veom temperature . + Wy) Foe the alas containing t0%. Hin at [arc we dyaw hvviaontal Une ab T=!8ae , Which pasods Hheough the polok T( #0, 188). Here Alloy conkadning 8 Ov Hin ab 182°o Wy reprerented Or 3(%0/ 102) The dvawn hovizental Une cu the aolvus inn 8C and GiH ak points DB anh FT rerpeck'vely Sine the Aolvr tne BC and CH cere Abecighb- liner , we can fin® oub the Peinla D ant T by inteepe latingore Let D be (Ca, 183) tT be (4 /!82) Foe Bc Aohur tine it~ Here BC 20, 183) ©Ce 4,122) cg-2 SA a nom NBS yy GR LSE 2 = atx St Py eg= 2 Tm cCa, 95) 2 Cy = 19-986 Th OPED = D Cia-ee 6,182) For GH Aolvan ine 1 ~ © C90, 183) T(a',182) Hee Bacal Qe-40 25-184 FJ Y= 4-osd o. Pe (a0: ty nae, 25) © £40 -o5v 182) Novo appiyng, Levers Rue in OT wee , eo Pachon Fh total oe tn te give ally / oppostive aero lver arm - © (14 -eg, 181) £(20-05,122) a Fo 183) °Ore — www. blocklayer.com, ‘Ad = 210 x 297 - Grid Size 2mm - Bold every 10mmOw oi or qo-09-80 _ 10S py ad 40-05 19.886 FO“1bY are athens dofal et io the given callog = 0-1U9% 1432 7. (Ano). "Ow col TT TTT se [ete oe [OT “Yadula fy Semitbox MO) || Magnus Hy Skat bow — hoot babe Fe-c eau libri urn. — phase diagram e= AasteniteOw 3a) / || Sed | Lulede le sted. Younis > Suits too'e X ortia =) Logartthimic "cD “Thempen tare tt] ° 4 { |. | Wot) ot 10 toy et 04 108 “VWime \egtto ae #) My= Nartemie Aue. Nes Mertemiie fork | Pm tee. [ Morlenstte conversion ip eeuO18 Abd " Spray Cork fron. bs brite and weak in Yemton” Corponthon af gray cask fron primarg comfituenls of. gray icon In fron. other components Pottows - Carbon 9 25" 42 wh’. Zilicon 3 10 7 30 VEY Mar qaraiaae, » ors bo ory Sulphun 9 —0-0& —9 O 2st, phosphorous > 0037 bo wty Se gray task Feon, the cawbon YA present te the Pamen. of graphite fleves which ave nevrmally fe iver ) Aurrousded by O% ferrfte or poate qo make x . Vahardened gray iron» fragile cormpared to theo Cont metals. The Hp f- US graphite flaxer ove sharp smct poined rath glue rey Aewe aD pelo f Alves concontmtion Pewee When an external tem Atrom »w opplied. : ao auprite Ptaxes eveate crear & weakneur io tre nota eoruve fractures ean hegio that ott Apt Hye enetol . Due toa metioned reason guy cant irom is brTHle anQ poerk in tamive,Oe 4a) Te calauate the band KP foe the wemiconductors ° 4 Tero'e) [ con ductivi F C¥0%) [con suc tiviy at itt] = 1800 (2m)! ——@ay at note |] = 260 (Rm)! Gen From the oxpromion of’ dependence of conductivity () coith, temperature (T) we act — (3) cohere £5 = Ackvation eneny¢ . K= Rollzman combant (8: sre x10 ov/x ) T= Temperate « from £9 wo get. ~F Gave) = Fo & a/aen - @) neve a “ [" = BOFRTIK ° 03x. | In 3 &) poling & 2 ~ Fy Gore) e Jaen, feo equation 4h Ks we yet.Ore - Ey Gao en tax a aquore) oe Fal aet Fy Lob “ac Tt Th > Qeg = te L208 ppt natural Legaeithen (tn) both aides. 7 Bled] 4) an a S-[eajeo > Fas [ + 4] = hsaq 9 oa Oa yy | = 124 16524 x BGIF XIDTD xX BYR USS =f Eq = 180 > E4 = o24lev exit Yoakley tq = Tre weaned = acl vation meq 4 bh O- aH ev. 7 AuyPons 5) Consider a volume of Liquid phase unden — Condit ona Auch that tre foe mation. of poitd vo theemodynanieally pomibl: ie Volume free energy per uib volume (Fv) in negative Now, iP a Apherical paokele oft Aolid with vadinn 2 ie te be formeck an Anterface musk be weated betoeen He Aolid eck the Aucvounding Lanid . Since ¥ wv the on ergy yeauive@ +o create one unt aren f interface the overall charye in energy (4h) cm be coriHen as — APp= ry + 4p dF . pre aerpens —___a The Piva doom in the equchen Gy Ww the purface ences. weautved +o create the inten face - The second term bs te enegy velwed due to Ao iidf ging phone of the voume on ith called Airaply volume eneay: differents ating ewmcabhon WU) wrt r and canating woth zo ave. 2 Sy? OFy t bu >| ol8 Where, ° we = critical vadiun. Now Ary vy He delving fore and Pa manitucte depends. on ternporature . AE equilibrium Aolidificaion Temperature Tm value of Fy =0 ank AFv decvene, a> Tincream Sr, Ary Cen ke werHen In tema of T ow, ngs Latent heat fusion Ary = 44¢(Te-T) dom di) and Gti) WC et Thin the floal expronion fe rachun fa homegersculy Ducleating during Aolidification melt.O16 Coe So = © Unaterble i = & & ernbryos y* Nace? oes ‘ rrodius CO) Lia Voume | \ free, enegy | = Ene Fy | Voriation of he Peon on ergy fo Aphericad pavticle aa finetion. f Fh wmdiur,or 5 & we have A@n that tm alt conductors ‘nara condudiova aund innutoting rnatenial , only electronic condkttiun enkb and the mn cant ade ofthe — electeical conductivity us Atwon dependent on the number of electro walabl. 0 p ache pate in conduchon procam. HeWeven nok all electrons in ev atom will aceelvate im the PYeence of eleclvic Field - Te number 6 electrons vata. foe elecivical conduction. in a pack calor material elated to $e axrangement- of cluctvon atecter 08 level with senpe c- to energy: On a single Yotatech atom, the elsctrona in each orbit howe deffatie — meray amocaed with PF, bub in case f poids al the alos ave cloas to each otfies . Ro, the enevag tevet of fhe oukerrmoae orbit electrons ave abfectea by the reighhosning aborns. When +wo Ainge ee rotate ctor are rough Cloag 40 each othe then tHe outermost or Atk eLetens cf 0 atoms ave inforacted 0 Ahaved wrth each other , an the clectrom in the cukenmosh ovr Gaye ef one, atom experienc: an aftactive Ponce from sag baniyg 100 the merges of the ABE electrons will fee in pame Wel. The energie Wes of electrons oxe changed to a value highes ower that of tHe original energy love. of tre eleiwon . atom nuclur nokOe “The cleelvon, fa the same orbit exh? bili di flecent— enecgy tevela the gross eR Percent energy wel However the energy wea of— called energy hand Sanee B® orbik elecivom ave oot much afPected by the proence of nefghhoueh ws abv Man & . Banda in aotids. There are anumerour numben of en boaods in. Aous bab only 4 torn. ave of autte importance . ND Vote. Rand 2) Conduction Band. 1 Ths nok a bao actucd tout co dransthon. » Fontan ar cw band x conduckion— wegton. bw véun band - Conduction Band. Band energy — ) Vounee Bond + The eneegy band which la Poomed bg grouping the came oP energy \uvels of the voles electors on outermost onb?k electra vo cated 0% Valence baud.The euclvina pronenr tn the valence, bomd ore locarly bound to the nactuus of tom. 2 eee The energy band which to foormed by. eerryy the ran Ae 4 ene ng4 teuelo of. the Pree Lleteom Ww called cx conductoo band Generally conduction. toand. la emphy bul— tohen exteenal ened iw applied the euetwns in the Valence bend ‘jumpa i to the conduchon hand and become free Oleelrons - “Tae elecivors have bi ghee on orgy Bran Bay that fe the electrons preseok mm vaknce band. “TAr conduction band — citms ave nol bound to the Huceus of atom 8) Fooridden gap | “The. energy JOP which % present betwem Re Vance band conduchon band and atperating them \ . called forbidden band or forbidden gop. Qn Aolfds electron cannok Atay in -fovsdin gap wecome there br ne allowed ener atecte iw tod wegen: Fon brdd en qe in the major factor -foo determining the elects em conduch uty & ow noléd. SVAN NDAD» The clamification fi rolidas an con ductow , Wrulator or Aemiconductoe dipends on Ae Lorbidden ge: For inulatows the band gap ls very lenge Cageremreniney R00),OR }- = — : Hie lavgew than Rev ner i¢ on dechocs , Wheee ley = rexton > | A Foam? — Dime Electron. energy dishe’bution finetion : | pone | | > | The Poor? dine fi | functor Ww a Kpaxb probabiuity dem ty | function (PDF). os wheee E ta te energy wet of ioleracck, @p Eg iv the Peem divvac kvel. K > Reoltzman comtank ; ea T = abrotute Temperature (in Kelvin) N= Tetou nuenboer fave lable eluctrons ato n= Number of ekctron promoted above Femi kvel.vig The following contderations axe ureh +o duelop of tha Batt or + ‘ty ndin hinguishabhity of cuetrom . ii) electron « toane nature i) Re pan Exolusion principle at Ts0k | Poo ED EP feo (e>y) = —L— ~o " (! at TSK foo Ed Ef $C Ep) = ios aneemnree Ite" atk eK every vai isbk energy state up to EP ts filed with —aliebors , all ptater above Ep we ermpty ok hi ghee demperature thaw OK , same pro bability fic) Otol| Ow Pon states above the fenm? wel fo be filed wil lector and tre bs a eorresponeling pre ber bid ¥ [i Peer] thar Mate, below EP are emply The Aymmetry fe the diotwibusion, ef comply and filled Atales ghoul Sf makin The Leomia wel a netural weference prin in calculakon of euchon ana hele concentration in aterm condurclors. :O18 ») » LW ° ° 314] > ° From. Ferm? - Dirac — Peopubfity distil bution Function CED er e Where PCED the mathemabeal probabitly cf finding an elctron 1 the energy Akete E ak temperature cohere i) T bs the absowte temperature » Wy EP w te feom! level “tit KH te Boltzrman comtant * “New number of electrons in conduchon Band vn given by ne Oo \ AG ep) /Kr © Eo = Conduction bend energy (evel) now, number op electrons in volince band wo given by (ov) ! we A . 14 ge-EO/xp |S Where N=nern, |——— tty Ey = Valence band eneray wel.ow from iy, Gin iid We gee ote mn 1+ e (be EAI KT 7 me (Even) IKT ey far Ler er olfe ter 28) KT 224 {orgie 2&7 y fer > e (bet Bre 48) /kr oa taving fn beth vide we ae 3 In cr -0 5 7 (Ee+ ev- 2e4) /KT = 0 2Ef =O 2 Eg + Ev- Fy Ect Ev = 2 Pp. roon XO Vaunee |band Now, the donsity eh Pow free electron in conductun band is given DE) (ae PE) (a<) r = ee) * where “Yer, the Peer: ferefion FE) qe by 1 Fe) = pe a j foc Aieopli city we Can amume B-% >> KT, 40 FE) becornes Ee re. eS DR] lyore he _ The electron comity io the ‘conduction band ls now qin e On oo f frome Fc © fp ty, [ame\% ok “EV /er oe > n= ie (= C-F) e ~(E-ce ree KT. de e 2 [Ge ) (= ee) 1 V( ame SE“ Her fig eye - ERT » nea a BO Ee Ec by toncing F-Fe wg 2. dea de et KT > ne so ( Say” % Geer Qh oie Ma eXda, D ne Q (= = ery ~€c-Fe) /er cw (+ Yan)“= aa —— orm . intogral kw wh e% can be L Pound a rotegration by. | pot [ve otdn = Fee] + 4 fede and ae % n= 2 2 (2222) 2 2 ne ON (e ~Ge-ep/xr ) Q a 2) = Ect&v Fo | ae w(e ~(Fe- fot Ev ye) where 4 z je Ne a& (# me KT ne nw (e (Ec -Ev) Ager ) ‘3 ~ = emtant 7 N= N ether 9 mere 3 Fy spend asp coergy vel proved,Or’ cb Given A Te a Cambunization proces 5 the ene dium Pow carburization hax a casbon comleok BE (Cs) where Cys rHHC caver) BePowe Cavburization. , the cambon con croteativn a Co= 0-37.¢ the concentration at depth ff OS mm Ce stg = OKC Lime t = lbs 3:6 x104 A the foo etion f concenteation arftem — cavcburiaiug ab a depth x « Hme + we Fren by. & from qn dota , CCot) = cs> o-ol4 Cor) e Cx, y Co= 0003 ——— c (FS, 10h) = 0-008 ———— Now puting valae Rh CCor) ia Oor C(0,t) = A= Cra 00m int) puttivg co) | Now the value ¢P constonh Ax B in the entation ewe cur worte rc) c Cat) = Cy - (Cs Co) en See Here ew is the erroe fancti on which be given by cf = & fee enh Cr) ed pew) du where DB Ww the diffusion coe ficient 4 ww the be of cam buwialug after reawramaing the #auatior diy we get. + Sy COED eof ¢ * Cy - Co RV BE puliyy tre values Be Cg, Cop t( OF 5mm, tobe) freee ty ye at = OFS hom = OTE X ITSM = WhrA= F6K 10H:. ow 3 Batt= O10°8 uf @) ge He 0.014 0-003 2vor =} ef (2) = O-SUTy--. fee the voule f R, we intewpolate Gnewnly. b/w the given Q porats z ewP@) os O-5205- z O- busy oss 0-56 33 Now in lineae interpolation, we can write Z- 0s = O-S454 — 0- 52057 O-ss- 05 O-5b33— 0: Saps~ 2x OFX TE os xio> Ax OSRMIXS exe me aBT > Vo = —*~__ eoOe Prom temperature dependence of Lippert vty CArbeoius pe] a \pb= Be ef Pex) TD oe Do = aoxiw ? 2/4 (giver) 14a KI fmol (Qiver) B " Sosy I/evolk paar x07" C gt) o Ul poting all the valuto in equation Vil) x an ~ 1u2x 103 haga xi" = 2ox% woo @ \ eater ' > ~ > Avar) vaagt aio! = Ro x 10 & 3 Applying aber l Lgae! thr bith Ade, wegel— -u Pata? ig, fee a BMaxT aox 107 & > 9 = 14a 10 oo OOS 3x T = ee ee T = WTOC The ve quired temperature Por cacluvatin be: Presser] Om).D Showt Notes On phos Se b) Lever Rue The lever Rule is une 4o detemmine the mol. action (xf) of tne mam fracton (Wi) of each phare fa binary equsilieium phaat diagram » Of te uatd to difecmine the fraction & quid and Aotid phaser (0 different types of Aolid phasls Aomebme of, ¥ ee) for a parkcular binany cornpon' Hon And temperature [ahat mney Oo ray not lie bw Gaurdour + poli das, tire) . Let un unclirrtand ths by uaing binary phare diagram mn= Te Une. | 0 = falerum i + 3” m é ' 2 : £ ! ( F t ! ' ' A oL to fa. 5 ° ory &— oo the follawing binary phaas diagram with (ye aud we have a particular comperiton (Cy at temperature (To) , Here we howe total & phass and b Let's define C= comporition of Gauid ab (Co, Te) Ca = Composition of. Avlid (xy ab (Co, Te)| oe from the “Tie Une vule’ Loe howe er thak- aba porficuton composition Te if we draw a bottynm (Te) which interaccrs fre Gowda line arving lawid comporition of the atag ot (G,Te) tohich CL Md Aame Ca fom (CoTe) with solidus Une. (7) Fhun foo our convenience. we cussme ot ver, vofth falovoum at o. dun we qn Praction. ( by weight or oumbor & atom )) 5 oppoatlé arm mo total arm eonade > Eutectoid TKanPoomation in steel. The breaking down ef a Aingle Aotid phare into duo different Aotid pane at TH cools ia what futectotd Avan burro ation Thin tramPoomation takers plow at ce Ain gle fixed ternperature and corepoAth om - Fon steal we can assume the Folroroing puct Prom Fe- phase Sagram - (Awtenite ) a0 “Temperature ——> °c x & FY Fe 0.02 og — wt. C ——> Eukectotd Reaction of Abeel where y-ivon = Auntentte a-ivon = Ferrite Feyo = Bron carbide / cementite. Bo the teasPoornatio of Yeivon (Autente) at fixed. composition of O-8% carbon econdont to a iron (ferrite ) with 0:02 ¥,cabs content and Feye (Cementite) th Gory. of carbon conten wher Y- iw woh below FaATe Wh Known ay Eurecteid tram fare ation: