Topic 1 stoichiometry

Glossary
from impression of to
RANDOM ERROR measurement , leading
-

a valve + / - the true value

SYSTEMATIC ERROR -
from poor expirarnental design or procedure
that result in measured valve always
deviating from true value

ACCURACY -
how close a measured Vane is to the true value

PRECISION -

how close together repeats are

( systematic
sources of
QUALITATIVE -
what
you
see , observe error ]
DATA
record
QUATITATIVE -

Numbers ,
Statistics ,
What you record ( uncertainty )
DATA

ABSOLUTE UNCERTAINTY -
random uncertainty estimate
from the equipment

PERCENTAGE UNCERTAINTY -

gives a better indication of the

significance of error

PERCENTAGE ERROR -
a measurement of how close the
calculated expira mental value
is to the literature or true value
I accepted )
HOMOGENEOUS -
All components in the mixture are

MIXTURES in the same phase ( solution ]

HETEROGENEOUS -
Components in the mixture are in

MIXTURES different phases

IMMISCIBLE -
Two or more liquids that Connor mix
LIQUIDS eg , oil & water

COEFFICIENT -
numbers in front of the formula
of the compound or molecule to

balance to balance the equation

sum of coefficient - add up

MOLE -
Just a number
MOLAR VOLUME -

Any gas that is 1 MOLE at RTP

room temperature ( 250C ) and Pressure ( 7- )
atm

occupy 24dm } or 24 000 Cm 's volume

-
Any gas that is 1 MOLE at STP
0°C and 1- atm
occupy
22.7 dm } or 22 700 cm 3
 Formulas
absoluteuncevta.int#
percentage uncertainty =
✗ , ,,
measured valve

percentage error =
ACUPtedvalue-expira.me#avauex,o ,

accepted value

Soluability →

Ions ( valencies ) S P A N C H

sodium.LY?ssgiaYya?-mnoniumNitraves-ccvbonaves
Hydroxides
-

Valency 1 SOLVABLE
Most
except
insolvable
SPAN
valence 2
NH4+
compounds

Ammonium
C. 032
-

Carbonate
Hydroxide
-

OH 's
1000cm
's
1dm
=

5042
-

-
sulphate
Nitrate NO } 0.001dm }
-
1cm } = :

1-103 Valence 3
Hydrogen
¥÷¥
carbonate I :-( ooo

10043
-

phosphate
-

Hydrogen sulphate 1-1504

divide by 1000
divide by 1000
transition Metal

5042 -
M3
-
-

- 3
NO } "
Fest Cms dm
Agt Fe g- g-
Nitrate
Sulphate [ v24 multiply by 1000 multiply by 1000

"

5032 Pb
-
-

NO ,
sulphite Nitrite znzt
3-
52 N
-

Sulphide Nitride Number of particles (N ) = Moles ( n) ✗ Avo constant CL)

,=:÷÷→,
mae.cn

mass
-

AVOGADRO 'S CONSTANT

µ
Divide by
,yIyn
molar ✗ moles
mass

Number of particles og no,

✓
Multiply by MOLAR MASS ( M )
[ Multiply by AVOGADRO 'S CONSTANT

nummb.ge?fcn ) gym ,

[ Divide MOLAR MASS ( M )

✓
by

V0lcm3
mY
>

moles =
V°YYe_dm on
24000

1- mole of a substance
f
11 of 9" has
contains the AVOGADRO 'S hole 1dm 3=1000 cut
24dm } volume

lpavtic.ie#yDiuidebyM0LARV0WME~parn.ae
number of

of of
Avogadro 's constant volume
( dms )
Mole
gas
6. 02 1023 "" "" "

Iggy
✗
" " " "" " ""

" "" "" " " "" "

No V°"me_
MOI - =
of gas
=

6.02×1023 6
3
Moles
=
22.7dm }

Theoretical & percentage yield

¥
Actual 100%
% yield ✗

__%f÷e
=

Theoretical Density

concentration ✗ volume = mole

 PV
g-
= nR or
PV=n
the IDEAL GAS EQUATION

pressure P = must be given in Pac Nm

-

2)
if kPa are given ✗ 10

✓ must be in m3 if dm3 ÷ 1000

Volume = ,
3
cm ÷ 106
Number of n = derived from n=I-r
Moles

Temperature = must be in K , if É ,
add 273.15
 -

Error Expectation
random error

measurements leading to value + 1-

↳ from imprecision of .

the true value

Random error can be reduced w/

→ use more precise measuring equipment

→ Repeated measurements

systematic error

↳ from poor expire mental design or procedure that result

in measured value always deviate from true value

calibration of equipment - to know that I g =

19

Accuracy -
how close a measured value is to the correct value

Precision -

how close together repeats are

High precision i low

accuracy ← true value
→ systematic error

low precision but high

accuracy
=
average is close to true value
✗

Qualitative : what
you see , observation
( sources of
systematic
error )
Quantitative : DATA , numbers ( record uncertainty )

must find the reason to the error or deviation to true value

never use operative error to explain →

When dara is collected , vales are not Certain

uncertainties can be REDUCED nor eliminated

random uncertainties MUST be recorded

?⃝
 conventions for recording uncertainties

1) LEAST COUNT -

reflects the smallest division of the

scale . Only w/ digital intrvmenrs

+ 1- top balance
0.001 g on pan

2) INTRVMENT LIMIT OF ERROR

↳ taken to be HALF of smallest division on non digital equip

¥
-

10,05
uncertainty =
+1 12.5 r

]
smallest : 25 25 ÷ 2 = 1215
)
Division

3) Estimated random uncertainty takes into account the

concepts of Least count & instrument limit of error

but also higher levels of uncertainty

eg .
Reaction time of
stopping stopwatch
Knowing When Colour Change

Empirical Formulas

Magnesium Oxide Cexpiramenr )

magnesium strip =

Crucible t lid + magnesium - Crucible t lid =

magnesium

37.935 - 37.725 = 0.2095 Mg

Oxygen =

Mass increase

38.035 -
37,935 = 01103 0

of these Of -11-0.00
all measurements have uncertain toys .

log
we subtract 2 measurements Thus uncertainty becomes

+ 1- that to
0.002g Must use determine
% of
uncertainty
 0
Mg
Oi 2095 : 103
Mass 0 ,

;¥÷
° :
9%-0
more

more 8,618×10-3 : 6.438 ✗ 10-3

} 3
6,44
-

✗ LO
-
smallest
number
÷ 6.44 ✗ 10 :

3✗ 1.34 i 1.00

4 : 3

Mg 403

Absolute & Percentage Uncertainties

Absolute uncertainty is the random uncertainty

estimated from the equipment

percentage uncertain often gives a better

tey
indication of the
significance of the error

absolute
uncertainty ✗ 100
percentage uncertainty =

measured valve

random error in raw data to give error is final

the
when Adding on Subtracting quantities ,

absolute uncertainties are added

es 22.3 +1-0 . I
0.1+0.1
.

27 - 3 + 1- Oil
=)
<
temp rise = 5.0 4- 0.2
 when multiplying on
dividing ,
then Percentage
Uncertainties are added
Percent uncertainty
-3
Eg +1 0105 dm 0.05/1.00 5%
✗ too =

1 00 -
tho )
,

cone of NaOH

percentage uncertainty

3
10 ,
O t/ - 011 cm
0.1/10 ✗ 100 = 1%

Volume of NaOH

calculated moles of NaOH in solution

= CXV

= 1.00 ✗ (10/1000)
= 0.0100 moles
+1 6%
Final total percent uncertain tey should be cited to

no more than one 5. f. if ir is greater than or equal to

2% & to no more than 2 Sif . if less than 2%

Total percent uncertainty can be converted

back into an absolute error

tf 6%
eg .

53.6 kg
= 53.0 Tt ( Koo ✗ 53.0 )

=
53.6 4- 3K )

Percentage Error

↳ is a measurement of how close the calculated

experimental valve is to the literature
or accepted value

expiramenral Value Valve

accepted
-

✗ 100
Percentage Error =
accepted Vane
 Determining Cu 504 . xHzO
= -
water of
white
Anhydrous cvystalisation
to

blue hydrous

heat the Cu Sou .

xtlzo Until water evaporates

Graphical Technique
scale NEVER 90 up by 3s

Lines of best fit or smooth curves

never join the dots

proportional &
inversely proportional relationships

Ef of CU 504 XHZO
5,76
.

Crucible
1 cuS04 H2O
percentage error
1,824 11182

÷ 160 ÷ 18.0

5176,5-5
MR
✗ LOO

0.0114 0.0657
÷ 0,0114 ÷ 0.0114 + 15.2%
A
ratio Hµ : 5.76
Shows systematic
[ USD4 .

5.761-120 errors, +
likely source was
incomplete decamp
percentage uncertainty ( random)
01002
✗ ' 00=0-1
divided by Mass of Cusa, ¥-
Uncertainty +

uncertainties divided by Mass of H2O

T.IE?-xioo-- 0.2
0.1 -10.2 = 0.3% Percentage uncertainty
 Quantitative
HOMOGENEOUS -
All components in the mixture are

MIXTURES in the same phase ( solution )

any solution / air cannot see

separate particle

HETEROGENEOUS -
Components in the mixture are in

MIXTURES different phases

insolvable solids in a liquid

IMMISCIBLE -
Two or more liquids that Connor mix
LIQUIDS eg , oil & water
use a separating funnel

COEFFICIENT -
numbers in front of the formula
of the compound or molecule to

balance to balance the equation

sum of coefficient - add up

liquids ( L )
-
H2O c.) -

Hg c.)

Br (1)
Cz Hs OH (e) [ethanol ]
-

z -

Decomposition of copper carbonate -

CUCO } ( s)
→ Cuocs , 1- ( Oz (g)
Black
green

this graph should be a linear shape ✓Mass Cuco } (g)

 State of Matter

as energy increase w/ temp this win allow , particles to

overcome intermolecular forces and change stare

svblimatimeuo.gg/boilinTmeiting#
& •
I
Solid - Liquid • Gas
^
freezing condensing
\ Deposition
✓
evaporation only
occursat the surface & takes place below the temp of Boiling
Boiling though is characterized by particles leaving THROUGHOUT
the body of the liquid ( Bubbling )
.

temperature is a measure of kinetic

energy of
particles

a- b. = As solid heated ,

vibrational energy of
" particles increase . so

temp increases

100
- "Ñ e
9
b- C =
Melting point
vibration strong enough
for particles to move
.

µ
away from fixed position
* ammonia .

^
energy used to break INTER PARTICLE forces
liquid

g.g
-

not raise kinetic Temp stays constant

to
energy .

, , ,, , y, , n.am , , , , ,,

energy In =
temp T
w

solid d- e =
Boiling point .
enough
a ALL
- 20 - energy to break inter -

particle forces & form gas

time needs MORE energy
inter particle forces
than

must
be
melting
broken .
As ALL

Kinetic does increase

energy nor

e- f = gas heaved under

During Melting &

Boiling pressure .
Kinetic energy
the energy is used to increases

overcome Intermolecular forces

Ionic Equation

Shows what happens to aqueous ions during reaction

ions & show the ions than
They omir spectator only have
reacted or changed

HCl Cag , t NaOH → Nacl coast Hzoci )

cog ,

only aqueous substances can be split into ions

Htcaa , + ☒
-

cant ☒ +
can -1 OH
-

Cass → ☒ +
Cass + ☒
-

Cass -11-120

remove what doesn't change

↳ spectator ions

Ionic → Ht OH → Hzoci )
-

( as , + ( as )

eg .

Mg ( s ) -12 HCl Caa ]

→
Mgclzcag , 1- this>

2 Htcag, 2¥ Mg2+cag , +2¥

-

ions Mgc + +
( as ) → -1 this;
solid
"
Ionic Mg Cs ) -1
2 Htcaq , → Mg Caa ) -1 Hz (9)
equation i

CASWC-cavbonaretn-cid-salrtwa.net#tCaCO3csst2HN0scag ) → ca(NO3)z¥ CO2 t H2O

2#
>+
Cato } -1214% ,, -12¥ → Ca cant as ] tcozcss -1
1-12047
ionic Caco ] 1- ZH -1
→ Ca >+
cast CO2 + thou,
csy Cag )
ca ]

cannon spiir UP SOLIDS or GAS or LIQUID

Naz COs caq ) t 1-12804 ( aa ) → Naz 504 ( ag ) t CO2 cos > 1- H2O,

(032 -12 Htcag , -15¥ -72T¥ 504¥

2N#g
-

, 1- can
-1
,,

( 032 24-1 CO2 cast

-

can t Caa , → Hzoci )

 Mole REVISION
1 mole = 6.02 ✗ 1023 ( just a number )

Mass 5g of CO2
- = Mole
Molar
Mass
,z¥I×J ,
= 011136 mole

Mole is ALWAYS in grams

Mole ratio always balance equation FIRST ! !

-
C + Oz → ( Oz mole ✗ molar mass =
mass

5g
04100 ✗ (12+(10×2))
to find mass = 18.339 Coz
%
=

/
0.4166 mole 0.4166 not

Formula

20% C 60% H 20%0

most simple ratio
of a formula
209 60g 20g µ
Divide bD
TJ T [empirical ]
tolar Mass TT
( 41414403¢
↳ 1.25

Divide by
Fs 725
smallest
1. 33×3 48 ✗ 3 I ✗ 3

4 144 3
Molecular formula

E. F.

CHZ
molecular

42
mass -5
Cz①
( CH a) n
= 42

( 121-2 )n = 42

h=
4¥
4=3

Molarity
↳ concentration Cnoldm ] }

concentration ✗ volume = mole

÷
}
5M Hcl in 50 cm

5 ✗ 0.25
T
dm3
Tooo = moi
moi

} }
0.001dm ALWAYS IN DM
>
1cm =

50 cm } of 20 not NaCl

Mx Ito = so

400 M
 Mole calc 1 more = 6.02 ✗ 1023

How many shared electrons are there in

35.5g Cla gas
35.5

1¥
In
Mole - -
=
0.5 MOI of Clz gas
=
Mr
35.5×2

shaved electrons lone pair electron

• -
✗ ✗
←
to

: CI ✗
Cl I 7- Clz gas cencists Shaved e-
2
✗ ✗ T f
Bonding 0.5 mole =
1 mole
electrons

6. 02×1023 shaved e- in
35.5g
Of Clz gas

the
which of the
following compound contains

SAME number of IONS as 2.34g of NaCl ?

= mole 2.34£ = 0,04 more of

]
23.1+3515 ✗ 2
singular

NaCl] = mole of ions

Nat CI
-

= =
2 ions
one of each

2h ( 12

2.984g potassium chloride B. 3.125g Zinc chloride

KCI Kt CI
-

gf.jYY-z.g.gg
= Zions 2h
"

µ,
z?j§§g= 004m01s
✗ 2 = 0,08 hole of ions
Mr

znciz
of
= 0.0229
✗
not

3=0.0687
Zhclz
CI
-

CI
-
=3 ions

og ,,, holes

3.598g Copper ( il ) svlpnare

"
C. D. 5.529g magnesium
bromide
-

CVS 04 552-9
Mg Byz
am = " 03h01
→
of Tau = 010225 of I ofmgizr 24.3-179.9×2
EY ,
no ,
✗ 3 =
✗ 2
" 2-1
CU Mg
f = Zions =3 ions
° ' " m"

z
- -

goa Br Br
-

0.045
thole
?⃝
Limiting Reagent

2A -1 413 → 8C

8
2 4

if
Only need
g
16 ] ✗ 2
4 →
13
8

4 ?
always 16, A =
limiting R
4A w/ 813
only react B = excess R
negaua ,e , , og
MAXIMUM how much
B you give
1 : 4m

Use limiting reagent to calculate the hole

#fff

Example 1.369 g of Hz formed

ÉHz
r

]
2 Hcl : He
2 Na +
wie rano

2 : I
1. 369
50g 505 = 0,6899 not
-2
Must identify limiting reagent 0.6889 ✗2 =
1.369g

¥ =
Not
¥2 15 Limiting
this to project
/ we use
1.369 H2 hot
= 2.174 =

↳I
not
if I have 1.369 of HCl

then 3 Should have 1,369

Ng : HCl of Na
excess g- because I :L ratio

TOO MUCH , ; y
 Aluminium Oxide

4A I 1- 302 → 2 Alz 03 ☐ g AKO ]

60g 1009
=

¥
=
-
-
not

2. 22 not 3. 125

Al : 0
ifs 11665 need
4 i 3

2. 22 : ¥5 /
I excess
none

g. fear
cm

7 Na -1211-4 → +
AT
"
40g
Yai 50g p
1.111 ✗ Be
"
÷ 36.111m¥
"

= :

2.174 not 1,111 ⑥g

"" i "" 11063
←
excess 1 i 1
timing
.li#-
c
2.174
'
 Mole

Mg ( s )
t 2 Hclcaa , →
Mgclzcaa , + Hzcg >
All elements in the periodic table is relative to

CARBON -
12

[ Avogadro 's constant

]
mole is the
avogadro 's constant

6. 02 ✗ 1023

a mole is just a number

]
§ÉÑɧ
60
Divide
to find how
everything by 12
many
you
Of
can have

ANYTHING
a more

60 bowls b- dozen ← dozen

180 oranges 15 loosen

oz?
10 dozen
40 dozen of fruit
120 apple
Mol =
120 bananas dozen 3
10
-0 Ie to find the number g.
60 pineapple b- dozen
of fruit we have .

10 dozen ✗ 12 = 120 bananas .

[
example ]
2 atoms

3-01×10-25 molecules of CO2 " 50×27

of °

↳
6,02×1023 50.0 mole 6.02×1025
100 ✗ aw =
we can figure out

91¥
how 0 we have
many

3 atoms ✗ 50 = 1501s
( go

¥¥ÉE¥ 1-120 = 18.02 5m01

-1

5. 00g Of H2O
 '
a) 18.02 H2O
-

gnrol

1%02 =
0-277
b) H ?

2
=

0.55①

,,.
✗
0.277
?
c) 0

= 0.277

hole
d) How
hrauyffatom
0.277×3 = 01831

e) How many H2O

0.277 ✗ 6.02×1023 = 1,67 ✗ coz }

a. * ✗ go.am .

Times avogadro 's

g) everything by

⇐ = moi

N = Chol ✗ GUO

Mass = Mr ✗ Moles
L
Mvof H

mass of H = 01554 ✗ 1.01 = 0.560 500s

-4,4
=

mass of 0 =
(G 4
0
zyy
=
.
× ,
Avogadro 's constant
All atoms have different mass
of mass the same
regardless , ratios stay
1 lb 32
Mass of 1 atom

H O S

Ratio of mass 1 : 16 : 32
same ratio
T T p
Mass of 100 atoms 100 1600 3200

if we take 6×1023 atoms of H

↳ eavivilent of
1g
the same ratios then the same number of atoms of 0

would have
16g
mass of 6.02×1023 1g 16g 32g
atoms

6.02 ✗ 1023 = AVOGADRO 'S CONSTANT

1 mole of a substance ↳ is the basis of the unit of

contains the AVOGADRO 's ammovnr used in Chemistry
number of Ñ known as
[ MOLE]
Mole =
a number

we can refer to a mole of atoms , molecules , ions etc

it can be applied to any entity as it is just a number

↳ from this we can calculate number of particles

in any or of
portion multiple a mole of a substance
AVOGADRO 'S CONSTANT
✗
Divide by
)
Number of particles Number of mots

[ Multiply by AVOGADRO 'S CONSTANT

Example

1 tablespoon holds 0.500 moles of H2O

how many molecules of H2O are there

7- molecule =
H2O [the full thing]

1 mole of 1-120 = 6,02×1023 molecules of H2O

-
'

. 0,5 hole > of H2O = ° ✗ 6. OZXWZ } molecule ,

= 3.01 ✗ 1023 molecules of that

solution of water & ammonia contains 2.10×1023

molecules of water & 8.00×1021 molecules of NHS
how many holes of Hydrogen atoms present

H2O = 2. I ✗ 1023 Number of H atoms

= 2 × (2.10 × 1023)
=
4,2 ✗ ( 023
"
of flavours
Nfl ] = 8-0 ✗ 10 Number

= 3 × (8,0×021)
= 0 . 240 ✗ 1023

Total = 4,2×1023 + 0,240 ✗ 1023

= 4.44 ✗ 1023
Convert atoms to holes ,
divide by AVOGADRO 'S CONSTANT

¥j"¥%° = 0 . > 38m01

1-1 atoms
 How Hydrogen atoms in
many

0.020 moles of CzH5 OH

I wrote of CzH5OH contain SIX mole of H atoms

71 mole of CzH50H contains 6 × (6.02×1023)

( first figure
out how many of
the substance is in 1 mole
>

612
H atoms

✗ 1024 H atoms

times Avogadro S
by 7 Divide by AVOGADRO 's CONSTANT

,u yn
because we are going Number of particles , , no , ,

from moles to particle ) [ Multiply #

by AVOGADRO 's CONSTANT

0.02 moles of CzH5OH therefore contains

(3.61×1024) ✗ 0.02 H atoms

= 7,2 ✗ 1022
H atoms in

2. 50 moles of H2O

1 mole of H2O has 2 mole of Hydrogen atom

(6.02×1023) 1024
=
2 ✗ 1,204 ✗
tr
1. 204×1024 ✗ 2.5 = 2 H atoms
=
3.01 ✗ 1024J
H atoms in 011 Ca ( HC 0372
1 more 2 mole of H

2 ✗ ( 6.02 ✗ ( 023 ) = 1.204 ✗ cot

✗ Oil

propane ( 348 = 1,2 ✗ 1022

↳ 0.2 moles of C
H ? ammovnr of 1-12504
0,2 3 = ¥ mole of ↳ V18 Which contains [Aw] of Oawm

6. 02×1023 ÷ 4
⇐ ✗ 8
23
1 atom = 1,505 ✗ to

0.53 ✓
 Relative Atomic Mass & Avogadro 's

The scale for comparing the mass of atoms

needs a reference point

This is the isotope of carbon -

12
1
4,2 of an atom of carbon 12 is exactly

weighted average of one atom of element

relative atomic of
=
y,z mass of one atom carbon 12
Mass Ar
-

with the Ar of each element we can the

Obtain the Relative Formula Mass Mr
ions
↳ add all Ar of atoms or

present in it 's formula

ie Mr of chlorine Clz Mr =
35.45-1/2 = 70.9
Ar of CI

Molar Mass is the mass of one mole of a substance

the avogadro 's number is CONSTANT so the mass of

1 mole of a substance is Exactly equal to a substance 's

relativeatomicmassexpressedinsramf-n.is
is MOLAR MASS ( M )
-1
unit g moi

Element or Compound Molar Mass (M )

-1
Hydrogen 1.01 9m01
'
16,00 gmol
-

Oxygen
- '

sulfur 32.07 gmol

Definition of the Mole

-
mass of substance that contains as
many particles
as there are atoms in 12g of carbon -
12
 We can now link number of PARTICLES & their MASS (g)

Multiply by MOLAR MASS ( M )

nun
moles
( n) gym ,

[ Divide by MOLAR MASS ( M )

✓
EXAMPLE
what is the mass of

a) 6,50 moles of NaCl

M ( NaCl ) = 22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 g moi

-
l

58.44 ✗ 6.5 = 380g

Divide by Multiply by
AVOGADRO 'S CONSTANT MOLAR MASS ( M )

✓ ) f-
Number of particles µu , hummboieresfcn ) (m )
,jp,y by
[ AVOGADRO 'S CONSTANT
[ Divide by ✓
MOLAR MASS ( M )

Gas expands when heated

is to find the of gasses

24000cm } use volume

at ROOM TEMP and PRESSURE

Ms + Hz

reaction No longer room temp

so results are
increasingly heavier
 0.64 copper 0.16
Oxygen 0,8 Copper oxide

÷ 63.55 ÷ 16.00
16+63-55--79.55 Mri
0.0101 0.01
( v0
f- 0,01
÷ 0,01

1 I

b) 4.14 Pb 0.64 0

÷ 20720 ÷ 16.00 Pboz

0.02 0.04
I 2

C) 64.9% C 13.5%4 21.6%0

molecular formula
÷ 12,01 ÷ 1.01 ÷ 16.00 ( 4h ,oO
( 4h10 0
5.4 13.4 1,35
10 I
4

d) 53.33% C 11,111-1 35.560

÷ 12.01 ÷ 1.01
C4HioO2
:-( 6
c 30

4,44 11 2.22 ao÷zao-

5 8. 881-5+16
2 I -

29.88

e) 40<1 % c 6.6%4 53.3%0

EF 180=30 MF
÷ ÷ 1.01 I 16
•

12.01
C. H2O CGHIZOO
6.53 3.33
3. 34 30
12+2-116 =

2 1
I
Molar mass = 172

:-#
11.63%4 18.61%0
69.76% C
f) Ef z
÷ 12.01 ÷ 1,01 ÷ 16 Csthoo
MF
5. 81 11151 ' 16
'

60+10416 Clotho 02
10 I 86
5 H
Formula mass

g) 781=130--6 ? MF " -

T ( - H

CH Cotto
EF 11 I

be CH ( C -
p,
can only
/
iz -11--13
H 1C "
l

1 mole :
22700 cm }
in STP
 Combustion Analysis
organic compounds are analysed by complete combustion in Oz

All C becomes coz I 1 Whole of C produces 1 mole of CO2

12/44 Of the mass of CO2 produced is due to C

All H becomes H2O j 2 mole of H produce 1 mole of H2O

24g of the mass of H2O due to H

if compound contain oxygen then mass of oxygen is determined by subtracting

the from
mass of carbon & hydrogen the mass of original compound .

Combustion of 1g vitamin , 1,5g of CO2 & 0.408g of H2O produced

H2O O ?
"
"
"
[ -11° H
CO2 -11° 1+1 °
-116 I - 01409 -
Oi 0457
, '
,z.o 12 ✗ 115
0.408
y =
✗
-44
= O '
0457
=
0.545g
=
0-4099

holes 004571 1.01 0,0545/16

0,409/12.00
= 0.0452 =
0-0341
= 010341

Divide
1,33 I
smauesr I
number

3 a 3

( 3 1-14 03

example Molar volume & Hydrocarbon Combustion

volume of 02 required for complete combustion of Ethane Cztlb ( 100cm } )

2CzHo -1702 → 4 Coz -1 61-120

100 ]
cm

t
2 : 7
011dm }
4,17 10-3 Of 02
-

= ✗ mole : hole
G. 0146
-

-24
0,0146 ✗ 24
Volume of CO2 produced
350cm ]

of hydrocarbon [✗ Hy burns in excess Oxygen 30cm ] coz

WÑÉMOlecvlav fovmvlar 250 cm
} Steam 1-120

( ✗ Hy + 02 → 1-120
✗ Coz +

if 1 tho 7- hole

volume 50cm >

pn-g.cm#zsocmz ( 500
,
2 H 2 note

1 : 4
Cin } of H )
5001-5=10

Cy Huo
 µ
percentage yield
( theoretical
yield )

1 : 1 : 1
Caco } → Cao + Coz →
actual
☐
4 ,
82.14%
,
=
Thermal -5,6
decamp

10g 416g Obtain

to
40-110×3+-12 = Oil hole

oil mole Cao → Oil ✗ (40-116)

5. 6g Theoretical Yield
example

5g of KC / 03 decomposed
2 : 2 : 3
ZKCIO }
☐→ ZKCI t 302

a) % yield if 1,78 Or produced

5-
(39.1-135.51-3463)
= 12%-6 = 0 -041 moles KCIO }
2 i
: Oz
3
01041 i 0.0615
48
0.0615 moles of 02

g =
90.45% 0.0615×246 )

of 02 THEORETICAL
¥9
90.45% o

78.5%
b) how much Oz produce if % yield 78.59 ¥8 ✗ ' 00
=

li545_
 Volume 25°C 1- atm
Molar
1 hole of any gas at Room Temperature and Pressure ( vtp )
means
↳ 24dm }
any 99s occupy

1
2
more

more
CO2
CO2
24dm
48dm
?
'
Volume
µume
=
Mole n
>
( 24dm )
dm }
12
0.5 mole coz
2 NaOH t Hz
21-120 →
① > Ziva +
280cm ?
example

go cm3 502 rtp ( ?g

0,0233 not
Hi

2801=1000
Sas

0.28dm
]

,o5÷ = 0,05dm }
502
0,0237 ✗ 2)
02¥ :

0.012 mole
10-3 MOI 0,5451%
0Y 2.08 ✗
=

equal Volumes of all

CO2 's measured

Caco , ☐→ Cao t = 4800cm gases ,
when

7. Chis at the same temp &

209 24 contain EQUAL
0.2 ✗ pressure ,

enrol ao¥¥× ,
= ☐ ' 2h0"

no,
418 ✗ 1000
number of particles
CO2
1 : I
:[ Oz
] -

= 0.2 ✓ 0 the
Caco }

Example molar volume

Mnoz t 4 HCl → clz + Much -1 21-120

What mass on concentrated HCl ( 36.090 by mass of HCl ) is needed to produce

845 cm
?
Of Clz ( rtp ) remaining 64 % is impurities

molar volume of Gasses

}
1 mole of any gas at standard conditions =
22,7dm

( Stp )
0°C and I atm

Moles of gas =
YLYYF-m.rs
h = Yzz . >

Volumes of gas does not hepevsent size of particles

in hepersenv spaces
0
between particles 0
tire
0
✗

called absolute temperature

Temperature in Kelvin is
0 0 Kinetic of particles
absolute energy
=
where

temp ( K ) = temp (c) + 273.15

Mole ratio is the same as volume ratio

1dm 3 of methane C. 1-14 (g) + 2oz (g)

→ ( Oz (g) +
21-1204
? volume of CO2 1dm ] 2dm } 1dm } 2dm }
 ¥eYEe
Relationship of volume & Pressure

,
"÷"
÷ "

Volume of gas = volume of container

EE:
↳ spread out
Particles all
s

PRESSURE is when particles collide with the wall of container

thus increase when
frequency or energy of collisions A

If temp is constant .
INCREASING PRESSURE p = f-
DEA CREASES VOLUME

h ¥
A- A-
po 'T at constant temp

,
>
p

Relationship of volume & temperature

Increase in temp = Increase in kinetic

energy
INCREASING →
INCREASES
TEMP
^
VOLUME
¥ = constant

> V0 T ar constant pressure

0 >

zero
T

Relationship of pressure &

temperature p
as temp f. energy T :
collisions against T so pressure
-

.
.

wall

if volume the same INCREASING INCREASES

TEMPS PRESSURE
n

¥ constant
= a
a-

POT at constant volume

>
0 T
 Ideal gas is a hypothetical gas where :

-
Molecules occupy neseiigenr volume
-
No forces between molecules
-

completely ELASTIC COLLISIONS

between molecules ↳ energy is conserved
ie . doesn't slow down

Equation for FIXED MASS OF GAS

PV
= a constant
g-
or

=
%¥ 2
( 122 refer to initial &
final conditions respectively
)
can be in

]
pressure pa
Nana - if P , is one unit Pz
atm must be the same

value of constant is directly proportional to fixed mass

of gas , or the number of moles

P¥ an

Example
}
2. 5g of CO2 occupies 0.450dm at 3.00 atm & 16°C

a) volume ? mass of gas at 5. tip ( 0°C & 7- atm )

P, 3.00 Pz 1

'¥
=
=

3.00 ✗ 0145
T '
=
289 (16-1273) Tz =
273 - =

V1 = 0.45
0.057 moles = 1.28dm }
2 §9
2. 5 Emine am >

[ moles of coz ]
"

01057
=

-44 ?
=
zz¥d "
1,28 =

b) Volume ? I mole
1. 28dm } ✓ of 0.057
7- more = ¥1 =
2¥73 moles of gas
 Real gases don't behave like a hypothetical gas ( '¥ce
)
when the Sass is under LOW TEMP Or HIGH PRESSURE
Particles moves slower & becomes
very close together .

meaning intermolecular forces form ,

constant R is the UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT

PV PV=nRT
nR or
g-
=
-
the IDEAL GAS EQUATION

value
R can be calculated by substituting known

pressure P = must be given in PACNM -2 )

if kPa are given ✗ 10

✓ must be in m3 if dm3 ÷ 1000

Volume = ,
3
cm ÷ 106
Number of n = derived from n=I-r
Moles

Temperature = must be in K , if É ,
add 273.15

Example

105 Pa ( Nm 2) PV =
HRT
p
-

3
✓ = 2.27 ✗ lo
- z
m

T = 273 K

h = I

105 ✗ 2.27×10-2 = 1 ✗ R ✗ 273

R = 8.31 Nmk
"
moi
-
'

or

8. 31 -1
'

JK
-

mon