SELF-LEARNING MODULE

GRADE 9

QUARTER 3
WEEK 4
HEALTH
• demonstrates the conduct of primary and secondary survey of the victim (CAB)
• assesses emergency situation for unintentional injuries
MOST ESSENTIAL • explains the principles of wound dressing
LEARNING • demonstrates appropriate bandaging techniques for unintentional injuries
COMPETENCIES • demonstrates proper techniques in carrying and transporting the victim of
unintentional injuries
• FIRST AID GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES
• PRINCIPLES OF WOUND DRESSING
TOPICS • APPROPRIATE BANDAGING TECHNIQUES
INJURIES
FOR UNINTENTIONAL

• TRANSPORTING THE VICTIM

(DRAG AND CARRY TECHNIQUES)
(ONE PERSON AND TWO PERSON CARRY)

EXPECTATION

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. perform appropriate first aid for injuries and emergencies in physical activities and
dance settings (cramps, sprain, and heat exhaustion);
b. analyze the procedures in conducting primary and secondary surveys of the
victim;
c. explain the importance of assessing an emergency;
d. explain the principles of wound dressing;
e. involve oneself in community service through dance activities in the community;
f. demonstrate appropriate bandaging techniques for unintentional injuries;
g. identify the types of carrying and transporting an injured person; and
h. demonstrate proper techniques in carrying and transporting an injured person.

BRIEF
INTRODUCTION

First Aid Guidelines and Procedures

First aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or
injured. It includes self-helped and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.
It can mean the difference between life and death in extreme cases. However, we must know
the limits of the first aid we can give because improper first aid can do more harm than good
in some instances. Anyone who can give first aid is a first aider.
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 Unintentional injuries refer to injuries that are unplanned [1] and typically preventable
when proper safety precautions are followed [2]. The Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) defines unintentional injury as “the physical damage that results when a
human body is suddenly subjected to energy in amounts that exceed the threshold of
physiologic tolerance-or else the result of a lack of one or more vital elements, such as oxygen
[2].” Due to their size, development, inexperience, and natural curiosity, children and
teenagers are especially vulnerable to unintentional injury [2]. Some of the most common types
of unintentional injuries in the Philippines include motor vehicle accidents, suffocation,
drowning, poisoning, fire/burns, falls, and sports and creation.

Principles of Wound Dressing

One of the important lessons in Safety and First Aid education, is the proper application of
dressing and bandage. Dressing and bandage work hand-in-hand and are used to cover injuries
like wounds as protection from infection and sprain and to immobilize the injured parts, like sprain
and fracture, thereby, reducing pain and discomfort.

DRESSING

Is a clean and sterilized cloth pad or cloth-like material used to cover and oftentimes to
stop bleeding and protect the injury from infection. A clean cloth which absorbs blood and can
prevent infection to set in, can be used as an alternative for readily available dressing. Generally,
a dressing has three functions:

1. Control bleeding . Dressing helps control bleeding and, thus, prevents significant
blood loss.

2. Minimize infection . A clean dressing minimizes if not prevents infection. A less infected
injury heals a lot faster than one that is swelling from infection.

3. Absorption of body fluid. When a body is wounded, blood and other fluid plasma
and water are lost. Dressing with the help of pressure helps absorb these fluids, thus,
preventing further injury.

Principles Involved in Wound Dressing

❏ Micro- organisms are present in the environment, on the articles and on the skin.
Pathogenic organisms are transmitted from the source to the new host directly or
indirectly.

❏ Bacteria travel along with the dust particles.

❏ Cleaning the area where there is a smaller number of organisms, before cleaning an
area where there are more organisms. Minimize the spread of organisms to the clean
area.

❏ A break in the skin and mucous membrane acts as the portal of entry for the
pathogenic organisms.

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 ❏ Respiratory tract harbors micro- organisms that can enter the wound.

❏ Nutrients and oxygen are carried to the wound via bloodstream and are essential for
collagen formation.

❏ Moisture facilitates growth and movement of microorganisms.

❏ Fluid moves downwards as a result of gravitational pull.

❏ Fluids move through materials by capillary action.

❏ Unfamiliar situations produce anxiety.

❏ Systematic ways of working saves time, energy and material.

❏ KINDS OF DRESSING
❏ There are several kinds of dressing for different injuries. A large injury would need a
larger dressing. While a smaller one needs a small dressing.

1. Roller gauze is made from

strips of sterilized gauze
rolled firmly. Sizes are inches
and usually ten yards long.

2. Square gauze pad is a

dressing made from folded
sheets of gauze. This also
comes in different sizes.

3. Adhesive compress or
sometimes called “
adhesive strips” is used for
small wounds.

Dressing the Wound and Follow-up

Correct dressing of the wound will reduce infection and contamination. When applying a
wound dressing to a non-infected laceration, the first layer should be non adherent (such as a
saline-soap gauze), followed by an absorbent material to attract wound discharge, and finally soft
gauze tape to secure the dressing in place.

Following initial wound management, advise patients to:

Ø Seek medical attention for any sign of infection

Ø Take simple analgesia

Ø Keep the wound dry as much as possible even if wearing a waterproof dressing 3
APPROPRIATE BANDAGING TECHNIQUES FOR UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES

Wounds – is a break in the continuity of a tissue in the body. It may be closed in which there is
no break or damage in the skin. It is also called hematoma or contusions. A wound may also
be an open wound in which there is a break in the skin.
Use the following techniques to hold dressings in place, immobilize, and protect various body
parts. A dressing should always be applied over a wound before bandaging. The following
are the appropriate bandaging techniques for common unintentional injuries such as wound
in hand/foot, elbow and head/scalp.

Elbow Bandage
1. Bend the arm at the elbow and place the middle
of the cravat at the point of the elbow bringing the
ends
upward.
2. Bring the ends across, extending both downward.
3. Take both ends around the arm and tie with a
square knot at the front of the elbow.
Hand/Foot Bandage
1. Place the Hand/Foot in the middle of the Triangular bandage with the wrist/heel well
forward of the base (A).
2. Ensure that the fingers/toes are seperated with absorbent material to prevent chafing
and irritation of the skin.
3. Place the apex over the top of the hand/foot and tuck any excess material into the
pleats on each side (B).
4. Cross the ends on the top of the hand/foot, take them around the wrist/ankle, and tie
at the front of the wrist/ankle. (C, D, and E.)

Apply a Triangular Bandage to the Head/Scalp.

1. Turn the base (longest side) of the bandage up and center its
base on the center of the forehead, letting the point (apex) fall
on the back of the neck.
2. Take the ends behind the head and cross the ends over the
apex.
3. If short, tie at base of neck, or take them over the forehead
and tie.
4. Tuck the apex behind the crossed part of the and/ or secure
it with a safety pin.

Sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NwyMOtloUU&t=13s
https://www.cpr-guy.com/images/Bandaging_with_Cravats.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GojyP5JN2xA

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CARRYING AND TRANSPORTING AN INJURED PERSON

In this module, you will learn about the proper carrying and transporting an injured
person. This will challenge you to analyze the situation and use your muscular strength and
endurance to carry and transfer an injured person to a safer place.
Transporting an injured person to a safer place requires great care. A first aider must
undergo proper training. When doing the first aid, a first aider must consider the following
factors;
a. Weight and height of the victim
b. Status of the victim (conscious or unconscious)
c. Environment (safe, floor is smooth, narrow or wide)
d. Special need considerations (injuries of the victim)

One-Man Transport
This is used to move the casualty when the time or materials needed to make a litter are
not available to assist you in moving the casualty or the injured person. One-man transport will
only work with a child or a very light person.
Different techniques in ONE-MAN TRANSPORT includes;
1. Fireman’s carry
2. Piggy back
3. Pack strap carry
4. Shoulder drag
5. Fireman’s drag or Tied-hands crawl
6. Blanket drag

Two-Man Carry
This carry requires two people and can be used for any person who is conscious and not
seriously injured.
Different techniques in TWO-MAN CARRY includes;
1. Chair or seat carry
Three or More Man Transport
This is also known as stretcher lift. A technique used for lifting a patient into the bed or
stretcher, or for transporting the injured person along short distances.
Different techniques in THREE OR MORE MAN TRANSPORT includes;
1. Hammock carry
2. Bearer alongside carry
3. Six man lift and carry

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 ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Read the emergency action principles answer the activities below. You can open
this link for additional information:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCoYjRAOORk&t=939s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQws-29Yl-8

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

Source: Red Cross Manual

STEP Is the scene safe? If yes, proceed to the next steps. If no, do not attempt to go to the
1 accident. Call Emergency Medical Services Instead

STEP Make sure the victim is lying on his back. If not, roll the victim.
2

STEP Check for responsiveness by gently tapping the shoulder of the victim saying: “Hey, hey,
3 hey are you okay?

STEP If there is no response, call for help immediately.

4

Do the primary survey of the victim.

• Airway – check if there is a blockage in the airway (if yes, take it out using your pinky finger
STEP
in a scooping motion.
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• Breathing – use the maximum head-tilt-chin-lift method and look-listen-feel (if negative,
perform rescue breathing)
• Circulation – Use carotid pulse (if negative, go to Step 6)

STEP While applying the maximum head-tilt-chin-lift method, pinch the nose and give 2 initial
6 full breaths to the victims.

STEP
7 Take off the clothes of the victim that can block the compression area.

STEP • Perform CPR on the victim.

8 • Do 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths.

STEP If the victim is revived, do the secondary survey of the victim. If not, continue performing
9 CPR while waiting for the rescue team.

Do the secondary survey. Record all the data and surrender to the rescue.
Interview:
S – ymptoms A – llergy M – edication P – ast medical history L – ast oral intake E –
vents before the accident
• Vital signs – Carefully check the following vital signs:
Eyes: dilated – shock; constricted – stroke or drug abuse; pupils are unequal
– stroke or head injuries
Nose – watery – fracture or skulls injury;
Bluish skin color – lacking oxygen (cyanosis)
Body temperature
Blood pressure
• Head-to-Toe Examination-Check for the following

D – eformity C – ontusions A – brasions P – unctures B – urns T – enderness

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L – aceration S – welling
 ACTIVITY 2

Direction: Analyze the pictures below. Arrange the sequence of actions on the proper
procedures in assessing emergencies for unintentional injuries and in doing the primary survey
of the victim. Write letters A-H on the space provided.

1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________

5. _________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

Tell Me!

1. Why is it important to assess the situation first before proceeding to the primary and
secondary survey of the victim?
________________________________________________________________________
2. When should a primary survey of the victim be used?
________________________________________________________________________

3. When should a secondary survey of the victim be applied?

________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 3
Determine the functions of dressing
Answer the following:

1. How dressing controls bleeding?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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 2. Why does a clean dressing minimize if not prevent infection?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. How does dressing prevent the loss of fluids and prevents further injury?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 4
STOP, LOOK, AND HELP
The learners will demonstrate the proper bandaging in specific unintentional injuries such
as a wound. The learner will apply bandaging in hand/foot, arm, and head. They will perform
together with any member of the family portray or will act like an injured individual. Stop, look
(Assess Emergency Situation), Help (Techniques in applying a dressing and bandaging), Record
or take a video of your presentation and submit to your teacher via messenger or G-Classroom.
Level of Preparedness Completeness Consistency
Achievement
5 – Excellent Very Good – The student Very Good – The Very Good – The
was able to follow the student was able student is very
procedure of bandaging to performed competent,
techniques given with great entirely the observant, accurate,
procedure of focus and show
accuracy, completeness,
confidence and consistency bandaging eagerness to perform
within the time allotted. techniques while doing the steps
correctly. of bandaging.
4 - Good Good – The student was Good – The student Good - The student is
able to compose oneself was able to competent; the
while doing the every step perform totally the student is less
of bandaging techniques procedure of observant, accurate,
with accuracy, bandaging focus and less
completeness, confidence techniques with a eagerness to perform
and consistency within the little inaccuracy in while doing the steps
time allotted. doing the steps.. of bandaging.
3– Needs Fair – The student had done Fair – The student Fair – The student is
Improvement the every step of bandaging was able to partly competent; the
techniques but showing a perform the student is not so
little unpreparedness doing procedure of observant, accurate,
the steps. bandaging focus and lack of
techniques with a eagerness to perform
lot of shortcomings while doing the steps
and inadequacy in of bandaging.
doing the steps.
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 ACTIVITY 5
Know me well

Paste a picture that shows the proper way of carrying an injured person.

Fireman’s Carry Hammock Carry Chair or Seat Carry

Piggy Back Along-side Carry

REMEMBER
• First Aid – an initial treatment given to an injured person before the arrival of a medical
practitioner.
• First aider – a person giving first aid.
• Unintentional injuries – injuries that are not expected; also known as accidents.
• Survey – an act of investigating or examining something.
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many
emergencies, including a heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing
or heartbeat has stopped.
• Emergency - a sudden, urgent, usually unexpected occurrence or occasion requiring
immediate action.

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 • A primary survey of the victim is used when the victim is unconscious and to find out and
immediately treat life-threatening conditions.
• A secondary survey is used when the victim is conscious or has revived. It aims to
detect everything about the patient’s condition.

Steps for Applying a Dressing

1. Clean the wound with running water and soap. If there is no soap, wash with water and
wipe dry with a clean cloth.
2. Apply anti-infection solutions like tincture of iodine if available.
3. Completely cover the wound with the dressing. Never let the dressing become dirty.
Apply the dressing firmly on the wound and secure tightly but not to impede blood flow.
To reduce infection and promote healing, the correct dressing of the wound will reduce
infection and contamination. The correct dressing of the wound, are :
1. non adherent ( such as saline-soap gauze )
2. an absorbent material to attract any wound discharge
3. Soft Gauze tape to secure the dressing in place.

Techniques in Bandaging:
1. Keep in mind the following:
a. Always use a square knot.
b. Keep the cloth sterile to avoid infection.
c. Always keep the ends.
2. Bandaging Technique depends upon the size and location of the
wound, your first aid skills, and materials at hand.
3. Bandage firmly over bleeding and securely over the broken bone,
not so tight so as not to cut off blood circulation.
4. When wrapping bandages around the body, such as knees, ankles, neck, and small back,
use its natural hollows to slide the bandage gently into place.
5. Since most injuries swell, check regularly to ensure that the bandage is still comfortable
and that it remains firmly secured.
Secure the bandage with a tape, clips or a bow or square knot. Ensure that the bandages,
especially the knots, do not touch the skin.

CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Before I move on to the next module, I will assure you that…

I understand…
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I will apply for the lesson in…

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I will practice…
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

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