Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Differentiol
& lntegrol
Colculus
UY
FELIC|ANOand
IreIreI
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t
2, If y = , find x as,afunciioq of'y.
The function concep,tmay,be extended !o relations between
,or€ than two variables,Consider the equation" 3. If y = tan (x.+ 1), find r as a function y.
9f
It is irriportant that we he familiar with uhe functional nota: 7. A right circular cylincler, radius of base x, height y, is ins-
on In mathematics and the physical sci€nces functional no- sribed in a right circuiar cone, radius of base r and height h
tion plays a convenient and important 1rad. In the example Express y as functirin of x (r and h are constents).
rlow, we shall illushate how to set up a formula showing the
metional relation betwgen the variables. - f(0.
$. If f (x) = x2 + 1, finct f(x+h) ' ' h * o.
h
KAMPLE; The area of, a reetangle is 6 sg. in. Expre$s the pe. g
rimeter P qf the rectangle ,irs I function of the
I f f ( x ) = 3 x 2 - 4 x + 1 ;g 1 , 1 6 l ( ! * r y . ( 3 ) ' . 6 + o . .
h
length x of one side.
10. tf f (x) = +^ andB (x) = x2- 3, find r [s(x)] and'ufrt*t]
)LUTION: Since ct.: arge is 6.sq. in., then the length of the
other side !s perirneter is
f, and the 1.2 Limit of a Function
'Familiarity
with the limit concept is absolutely essentialfor
P=2(..*) a deeper understanding of the calculus. In this section, wO shall .
begin ourdiscussion of the limit of a function but we emphasize
that our treatrnent here will appeal more to our intqltion than
to rigor. And since our approart is a non-rigorous on", we there-
fore, expect you to traln lhiu itiea with eAse.
rThe notation
--., v = f (x, is due to the Swiss mai'rrematrcran Leonerd tiuter (1?(r?
E3).
The example above illustrates the fact that f(x) may have a
timit at a number c even though the varue f(a) of the fuirction is (x+312-t
5. ItII-t-
undefined. Moreover, it shows that the limit and value trr" x-O ZX
function are two different concepts "i
. . G / - - \ --^*",
6. , lim
EXAMPLE Z. Evaluatelim '(fl
f/ar\
if f(x) = x2 - Bx vt
X-O
r. X-'1
. x--+Z l(-ll ,. uifr -:-
Solution: *- i ru/x* 3- Z
A straight substitution of x = 2 leads to the indeter-
_n
minate formf. Since f(x),= 1z - 3x, then f(2) = 4 - 6
= - t. Hence. 8.
-
,r^ f(x) f(4 _ lim
(x3-3x) - (--?)
x,+2 X-2 x- 2 x-2 9.
v2 - 3 x + 2
: hma x3 -8
x.* 2 x.--2 10. lim
x-2 xz -4
_ :_ (x-1)(x-21
: t tu--rr x-3
{iz x-2' 11. li-
x*3 ffi -.va-=
=lim(x-1)
x+2 L2lr,*(+-*s
r. r/xz - I
13. Ilm---'-
r-3 X-J
EXERCISEI.3
14.
Evaluateeachof the following:
Iim t^\'?*
7 sec zx
x 3 - 64
4
1. trln -
x-4x2-16
'xz
+2x-B 5- -ttr I-
2. r.
tun
15. a-6 SIDX - tanx
x*2 3x-G
- -1 - c o s 2 x
-3-13x+12 16. it:t 1 * cosx
3. lirn4-
x-3 X3-L4x+15
sinx sin 2x
4.
L7. ,. .
x--+o 1-cosx
1-+oo as ;+ o
18. lim ii4ll- x
If cosx
\_r
Iff(x)=x2-2x+3,find '
Bear in mind that * is not a number which results from di.
vision by zero. Recall that in the real number system, division by
f(x) - f(2)
Zt.' lim zero is not permissible. In fact, it can be argued that the statement
;;2 x*2
-
- tim f(x) = €
zz. rim f (T+ x2) f(2) x+a
x-o
rs not an equation at all since - does not represent a number. It
is merely used as a symbol to imply that the value of f(x) in-
creasesnumerically without bound as x approacheso. *
'l
1.5 InfinitY
Let f(x) be a funetion. If we can make f(x) as large as we 1.6 Limit at Indinity
please by making x close enough, but not equal, to a real number
c, then we describethis situation by writing' A functign f(x) may have a finite limit ev.en when the in-
dependent variable x becomes infinite. This statement ,,x b.ecomes
lim f(x) : € infinite" is customarily expressedin symbolism by ,.x -+ o'r.
x+a
consider again the function f(x) = +. It can be shown,(in-
where the symbol - is read "infinity". tuitively or formally) that ] limit (tt e ,rrr*uu,
x "ppro".n., "trr,rr*
= tn" table be- zero) as x inereaseswithout bound. That is,
In particular, consider the function f(x) |.
the
low shows that as x takes on values successlvelyapproaching
.'mber 0, th* ;;;; J+;ows largerandlarger.we savthatlx be' - '*Tht
symbol 6 is us€d for infinity if no particular referenceto sign is made. The
comes infinite as i approaches 0 and indicate this by writing symbols1 o (read "plus infinity") and - oo(read "minqs infinity") are used in some
bpoks in connection with statemcntsabor1tlimits. The symbol * oo is used to indicate
that f (x) becomespositively infinite (increaseswithout bound) while -6is used to
meanthat f (x) becomesnegativelyinfinite (decreases rvithoutbound).
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1
*O asx-->€ hom the examplesaboye, we intuitively feel that if n is ayrypoci-
i l&o number,then
we shall consider this fact as an additional theorem
on limits
in symbol, we wrife 1 =0
tim
!<co xn
lim 1 =o
Lg
\eF X
lhf"tr sjryn as a theoremin somebooHs.Note thet whenrri 1,
. Theuseof Lg is il*strated in ilre fonpwingerampres. tr have L9.
E X A M P L E I l. i m + = p n (!.1.!t A function f(x) =# may assumethe indeterminatefomr
;+61U 1-o\X X Xl
I when ir rplace$ b;y'}. However,the limit of f(x) as x be-
I
Fmes infinite may be definitc. To find this iimit we'first divide
= lim .fttl and D(x) by the highest power of x. Then we evalu"t" d";
-X+@ +. Hm+. lim 1
5' X X
hrit by useof Lg.
X-€ [+6
tbf t 3xz - 6
Bnupr,n: Evatuate lim
.1
x * 6 2 X s+ 5 x + g
=0
solution: the function assumesthe indeterminate fotm
EXAMPLE 2, lim L = 4 lim 1 fr when x is replaced by -: Dividirrg the numer_
ator and denominator by xs , we get
[+o,)12 x+o X2
+3x2 -6
e +x9x-t e
= 4- r i m & . 1 \ i.
lim -4 x 3 3 ilm
;:-\* vl x-@ 2x3+5x+3 x;6 2 +L +l
x2 v3
= 4lirn +. lim 1
oo X
X-+ *_*-* X 5+0-0
2+0+0
=0
by =2
EXAMPLE g. lim 1
---f = lrm
xiPo
(*tj- wh EXERCISE1.4
XT
Limits L?
16 Differential and Infegral Calc
x.
x+d
(3) L = f(c)
FIG. 1.2
$This def,rnitionwas formulated by the French mathematicianAugustin Lou
Cauchy(1789-1857). ,
-n
t+5tr12
= lim G i v e n V =+ z d , f i n d d V
At* o At s
d-;
14, divenS= 4rrr2,finddS
= 3(t+at)z -3t?
lim
At-* o At
t 6 . Givens - 2t + 1..find ds
3t- 4', At
= lim
6t'At + 3(at)z
At- o At
(hometricSignifrcance
"t #
= ^lim (6t + 661
o
At*
(lonsider the graph of y = f(x) shown in Fig.2.2.LetP(x,y)
Q(x + Ax, y + Ay) be any two points on this cunri. Line S
Intersects the curve at P and Q and having inclination d is
6t
the secant line of the cunre. Note that th6 slope of S is
EXERCISE 2.1
m= tan q = 4Y - f(x + a\rt - t(*)
ax Ax
-
Find the derivative by use of Definition 2.1 Y
f Y'f (x)
1. y-4*'-5x 7. y = V4x+3 I
I ,-Y+AY)
3, Y=4tE 9. v:
'
-&-
t/ 2x+L
,6
4. y:;
tr-2
1 0 . V = :. r-X%
- l'
5. y= {r
6. V=2-5x
= - ;24 (2x+1)-a
I v=Vi +f* V;
= .-2+. r y:.vF6_"-
( 2 x +1 ) a
a _
I y: t/2x-7
4
-_._-:-
3rd Solution: :
" (2x+1)3 t u=13xr-4x+1),
2x+1
=' - L 2 rzr
6if n r, = $.+1
--24 h"'.z
-
(r-.1tT ', v (2x+5)VE:T
lil \, (3x+4)2 (x-b),
4l
Differential and Integrd I)ifferentiation of Algebraic Functions
40
l_L. v =/2*--il-
5 x +1 l
Find the values of x for which the derivative is zero.
[
\/ 26. Y= x3+4x2-3x-5
= 3x* 4
12. v -
2 7 . v : x4 -- 8x3 + 22x2 24x + 9
V 2x+5
/ \r
=
2 g ' v " 12x.u g;1
1,3. v =fr-s-\' 1
\.t,..n/ x-
29. Y' ;1#6
L4. y. = W - 4 x - '
44
Differential and Integral
Caleulus nnt.iation of Algebraie Functions
45
The functionl f
g ar,e said to be inuerse
tinguish betw.en.rTaani functions. To dis_
;-;" E shall
D''rrr ca' i1t"
r tl dtrect function and dv 1'
g the inuetse iunction -4=
"a' &:spsv
Let us now focus ourattention,to the problem EXERCISEZ"S
derivativeof v.witl.airodto"*"oi#,"Tinction of finding the
form x : gd). firis'is a wrirtenin the lhn (ihain Rule to find
u.compifrhedby and expressthe final answer in
inuersefunction ntte whichwe state-aslofioi* us)ngthe so called of x.
$
'|{,.€9'
t3 x-
Solution: Since x : Vr _ 4y,
, then
$}-Byr-8y
and by D11,
# : r"'(x):
Y"'= Div
2.7 Higher Derivatives
3rd derivative
Recall that,from the equation ! - f(x), wc get by di
tiation the equation : 1(a)
rx)= y(4) : D; y
4th derivative
$#
g_ rf (x)
dx-
dny : 1n) (x) - y(n) =,It I u nth derivative
The derivativ. $f, or f'(x) of the function f is a nu{nber
pends op x. Hence f is itqelf a function of"x and may be di 1.,t.. t,hat parenthesis are used in y(n) ani fn) (*). The
prl r' ( n) rs used to distinguish rt trom the symbol yn. Re-
tiated again with regpeet to x" Thig proce,ssis represented
$rrt yn indicates the nth pou)er of y -- f (x) while the pre-
lically by any of the followihg notations:
n,trrt.i<rny(n) indicates the nth deriuatiueof V: f (x). The.
frirrr)r) holds for the symbol 1(n) 1xy.
, d , 1 ! X\ , - d 1 y _
m l..d,r':- ,l"t
IfY= x4-2x3+bx2- 4, then
gy= '-
*rf'(x)l= f"(x) Vt : 4x3 6x2 * 1Ox
dx
Dx (Dxy): D3,y
s3 Y"' : 24x- 12
dx3
.
d a Tv:
If we refer to4* as the first derivativeof y = r(4), y ( 4 ): 2 4
dx*
d2v .dx
shall refer t" (read ..d ffquaredy clx squared'l)as the
fri d5v -
deriuatiuesf y + f(x). The operator da inOicatesthat Y ' y(s)= 0
at dxs
fr;
t
is to be differentiatedtwice,
EXERCISE2.4
Further differentiations give us the derivatives of
It*l tlr. second and third derivative of each of the following:
higher than 2. These derivatives'are defined and denoted
lows*:
I r xs+3x'2+4x
( - practice,the
.. F lytsPoly" (ready doubleprime)andy" (ready rriple
usedin placeofy(z/616y(r/ respectively.
Similarly,
f'(x) andf' (x)areused
d
4?Jt-l *o 63)-1x)respectively.Thesymbor y" shouldnotbeusedin placeof
da)rxl.
7. v- = 1+\E-
L. x2+4xy*4y2:O
l&--
x 2:. Z- (1 *x)lny= 9
8. y=
VFT 3. yz =4x2+9
9. x2
-! = 4. l&-fy * xy : 2l
x*l
r0. If y = \tE, find f' (g) and f" (g). 5. ex -- cos y
11. If y : x5 , find ya and ye). Equationl (3), (a) and (b) can be written in the form grven
by equations (1) and (z), i.e., the right mernber of the equation -
is zero. Then, in general, an implieit function may be represented.
L2. Find ttre point on the cunre y = x3 * Bx for
by the equation
y' = y".
E (2.3) f (x, V) = 0
13. How fast does the slope of the currr€ 5l : ( x 2 + x
change at the point where x = Z? An implicit function given in the form E (z.g) can be conyerted
t.o the form y : f(x). For iUstance,the explicit form of the'equa-
L4. Find the rate of charrge of the slope of the tion(3)aboveisy:JWwhilethatofequation(5)isy-
y=x3-1at(2,71. Arccos ex. The reader is urged to obtain the explicit forms of '
equations (1), (2) and (4). How-ever,there are implicit functions
2.8 hnplicit Differentiation which are quite difficult (and may be quite imposible) to convert
to their corresponding expricit forms.-Thus findine g{ from an
In the preceding sections, we have been concemed implicit relationship between x and y is of particular*iinportance
with functions defined by the equation in those cas{eswhere it is difficult (if not impossible) to obtain
:rn explicit solution for y in terms of x.
y = f(x). A
To find ff or y' of an impricit .function, vr€ differentiate
both sides of the equation with respect to x and then solve for
,* ot y'. The pro."r, inqolved is called implieit differentiation.
1+W"ry'y'-0
EXAMPLE 2. Find y' if x2 + 4xy+ 4Y' : O. 1+yy"+(y')t =Q
-x
EXAMPLE 3. Find y" ifx2 + Yt = 4.. Substituting ft 3-
in the equation above and simplifying;"we
v
Solution: Differentiating with respect to x, we have ,rt4
get y
2x*ZYy':0
r-X EXEncrsE2'5
i-- =-
v . dv . . i. ..;-
Find Te bv implicit differentiation
clx
Differentiating further with respect to xo
Y(-1):(-x)Y' 1. x3 + y3 * 6xy,= 6
Y":
y2
2. x2+xy2+,y2=L
x
-r
= ' y 2 .(f)
v 3. /EE * xy.= 21
4. /I+\,6= VA-
-y--x-
7,
5: b? X2 * A.2y2 ,= ,Al b2
yr-
- (x'+y') 6" (x" y')r = (x+ )"
v' 7. y =4(xz +y')
e' v2 =
R (3SA
" \2*-3)
9. y2-3x*2y:0
It Y - x . , 2- , (1,2)
Pe(xo,Yo;
)f1
ffiz=
u l f12 r * r l ^ +4tD r
'{* | \'\,' |
uAJo
dvx
t=T= mr
dy -8 -xy -v
S-Fl g=
, += JII^
ox x, x" x.
ml -
4
_ - l
-1
4 FIG. 3.3
q =- 2 - - I EXERCISE3;2
42
Find the acute anglebetweenttre given cules.
Thenby E (3.3),.weobtain
lrl
I
t-+-r
tanQ=l-#l
I 2 .x2+y2:5andy2:4x+8
lt .1l + ( - + ) ( 1 ) l
3, x'y * 4a'y - SUi andx2 = 4ay
=l-31=
r 4. =9xqpd3x2=. 4y
,2y'
5. x2y* 4y:8andxzy:4
Hence, 0 =Arctan3
6. xy = 18 antl y2 : 12x
Q=71"34'
12: [1,3'!
I.:. [3r'- )
EXERCISE 3.3
I f(x; : 2x3+3x2-36x
I f(x): xt-3x+3
I f 1 x ;: (*t - 9)'
I l(x) : 3x2-6x*9
In each of these subintervals, f(x) is either
sing or decreasing. In the subinterval I' if
(choose any convenitlpt value of x within I
I f(x): x3-6x2+4
binterval), we see that f'(x) ) q and
t f (x) ==xo * 8x3 + 22x2 - 24x+ L2
ouently f(x) is increasing in r 'It t
f'{x) < o and f(x) is deereasrngin Ir. If : ' whether the function is increasing or decreasing in the
f ' ( x ) > o and f(x) is increasingrri :Ir. The
|lnrl'rrl. -
of the function is shown in Fi,t. 3.6
v f11;: \6 (1,4)
tt
I
I f(x): xt- 4, [- r, t]
I I f1x;= 6x- x2, t- l, al
a.
i
I
I
l.r flx; = x8_ 4x3+ 2x,
Lr
'_l
,l
,I It f(x) - 6x* 3x2-
1 y- xl6*+9x+l sx',
:*'[l'l
2)
| +
a It f( x ) - = 3 x -
t
2
Inrrrrnand Minimurn Values of a Function
: (-) orY' ( 0 Find the value or values of x for which the given function has a
when x ( 8. y' : (+) (-)
rrraximum or a minirnum value
when *18, y'= (+)(+): (+)orY')0
1. v=8x3-9x2+1.
This. satisfies (2) of FDT and therefore, y is a -4x2 * 4x
2. v:x3
minimu'matx- 3.
(b) Substituting x :'1 in y =-x3 - 6x2 * 9x - 3, 3. y=4x-r *x
we get y = 1 which is the maximurn value of the
function. Likewise, substituting x = 3, we get 4- Y=xa
y = - g. ttris is the minimum value of the func-
tion. 5 ' v = x 3 - 3x2 + 3 x
(c) Therefore, the mucimum point is (1, 1) and the
minimum point is (3, - S). The graph of the x2+ 1
6. y:
function is shown in Fig. 3.?.
7. y = x 2 ( x - 1 ) 2
v -
i^I
8. 4y : 3xa ' 16xt + 24 xz
I 3y=x3+3x2-gx+g
-
I 1 0 . o,- x2 4x + 5-
x-2
31
't 11. Y:x3-3x2+3
e
'1 12. V=x3-6x2+9x*3
fl
at
-oi 31t
___)x 13. V:2x3--9x2 +72x+4
"l
-37 3.6 Significance of the Second Derivative
(3.-3)
In section 3.4, it was shown how the sign of the first deriva-
tive or y' of a function y : f(x) determines *tt"tfr"i the function
tr n maximum or a minimum at a critical value of x in a given in-
FIG.3?
lr
'l'he graph
of y = f(x) is concave upward if y" ) 0 ano
('()ncavedownward if y" < 0.
v
I n ;r maximum and C is a minimum point, then we
'lrrrk'that
-
y =f ( x ) I'he graph of y = f(x) is concave downward at a maxi-
rnum point and concave upward at a minimum point.
-- lN'.f. tlrirt if f" (q) == 0 or if f" (c) does not exist, then SDT
lrl ,rrr<lerthis particular situatton' we may use FDT.
-7'
tl."
ft l',l: F i n d t h e value of x for which the function
d
y-x3 - 6x2 * 9x - 3 is a ma:rimum or a mi- I
FIG. 3.8
d
nimum. r
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llr1rl 11',r1ions
of the Derivative 77
70 Differential and Integral
Solution: Since y : x3 - 6x2 * 9x- 3 r,rrrf s. statement (1) says that y = fhd has a peint af in-
- i2x* 9 = 3(x -- 1) .t il if the second deriuatiue is zero ot s : a and the
then Y' : 3x2 jttriutitte changes slgn as the ualue eI x inereasesthrough
and Y":6x-1.2 rrt (2) states that if the secondderiuatibeis zero buuhe
lrlr' rs not equal to zero a.t x : a- then ! : f(x l hos o
talltctionatx=g
Setting Y' : 0, we ggt x = 1 a n d x : 3 .
note that
,I ll: Find the values ot x for which the curve of
when x:1rV" <0 v:x4-4x3has points of inflection.
when x:3 ry" >0
fott: Y' : 4x3 - L2x2 : 4t<2(x - 3)
Therefore, the function is a maximum - 2 4 x - * L 2 x( x - 2 )
and a minimum at x : 3. The res/ults y": !2x,
with the results in the example grven
3.4 krtting Y" : 0, we get x = 0 andx - 2. Now we test
lltrttt'valUes.
'A
point where the sense of concavity changes ir
point of inflection. For instance, in Fig. 3.8, consider (rl B y s t a t e m e n (t 1 )
-
The curve to the left of Q is concaae downward
right, the curve rs concaue upward. Hence Q is a pbmt Forx: 0 : when x( 0 ,V" ) 0
tion. Like the maximum and minimum points, the. wherr x)0,V"(0
flection is an essential feature of a curve when one is
graph of a function. Forx:22 when x(2,V"(9
EXAIIIPLE 2: A closed cylindrical tank (Fig. 9.10) is to be made and solving for dh , we get
with a fixed volume, Find the relative dimensions dr
of the tank , which will require the least amount
-
of material in making it. . dh _-2h (4\
qrr
Solution: This problem arnounts to finding the relation bet-
Fir
ween the height ft and the radius r of the tank of Equating (3) and (4), we have
minimum surface area and fixed volume.
- 2r- h -2h
- --*
lli Let
4
A = total surface area of the tank
: area of the top - rr2
r
H__,
Brc.8.l0
Ab
As
v
=
:
:
prea of the bottom = .rt2
area of the side : 2tth
volume of,'the tank (consmnt)
:
{ r' r,rrr ,rf fl oor area L8 m 2 is divided int o six cubicles of
2tt3 nr2 h
r ll'or &r€zrby erecting two wooden partitions 2 m high
!1,'l l() one wall and another partition 2 m high parallel
h: 2r
rf r'1f 11'pwall. Find the dimensions of the room if the
which agreeswith the result of our first solution I r r r r o r r not f w o o d i s u s e d . '
above.
| \ ,rru.urwindow, consistingof a semicirclesurmounting a
EXERCISE 3.6 ln,r', p,l,',has a given perimeter. Find the radius of the se-
il*, .,, l,' t o admit the mOst light.
A'closed right circular cylindrical tank is to have a capacity
of. l28n ni' . Find the dimensions of the tank that will re- ) t'sttt rrrculor cone of radius R and altitude H is circums-
quire the least amount of material in making it. *rtii..,'i.rlrorrta sphere of radius r. Find the relation between
H and r if the volume of the cone is to be a minimum. Jor,,l t.lrepoint on the curv* y :+ JfS - x2 (first-quad-
t4. Find the lengths of the sides of an isosceles triangle Irnt I wlrere a tangent ttiuy be drawn so that the area of
given perimeter if its area is to be as great as possible. ll,r' trr:urgle formed by the tarrgent lir:e and the coordinate
3le r rs lr minimum.
t5. An oil can with a given volume is made in the shal
cylinder surmount"A Uy a cone. If the radius r of the I r,','t:rngularfieldis to be fenced, one side cf which is the
equal to 314 of its altitude h find the relation bet !l,. ol' a straight river. It is given that the material for the
the rreight I{ of the cylinder for minimum surface F.' ,,p1>ositesides costs P3.00 per meter and the material
can. t, tlrr, side opposite the river costs ?6.00 per meter. If an
,rrrrt,of P600.00 is available,what should the dimensions
16. The sector of a circle of radius r has a given Itr un(:losea maximum arca?
Show that L = 4r for ma:rimum area of the
nrnnufacturer of a certain brand of 'appliance estimates
L 7 , A rectangle is inscribed in the etlipse b'*t, I "'J2 lrl can sell 5,000 units a-yuat at P900.00 each and that
with ehcf, of its sides parallel to an a:ris of the ellil | -ur sell 1,500 units more per year for each P100.00
the gredtest perimeter which the rectangle can have. r.ns(.in price. What price per unit will give the greatest
1 8 . A wire of length J, is cut into two pieces, one of t tts'/
bent into the shape of a circle and the other into { r l,rr,tl rectangular box whose base is twice as long as it
of an equilateral triangle. Find the length of each rrr[' has a volume of 36,000 cmt. The material for the
that the sum of the enclosedareasis a minimum' r o.st,s10 centavos per sq. cm.; that for the sides and
1() Find the length of the lopgest beam that can be m t,nr t'osts 5 centavos per sq. cm. Find the dimensions
rizontally from a conidor of width c into a' rtrll make the cost of making the box a mihknum.
width b if the two corridors are perpendicularto fnfurt{()-grower observes that if 25 mang<r trees are planted
24. A man in a boat 6 km from the nearest point P on a lrr,r't.ilre,the yield is 450 mango_esper tree and that the
shore wishes to reach a point Q down the straight r l.l 1rr,r tr€€ decreases by 10 for each additional tree per
12 km from P. On water, he can travel 4 km/hr and lrrrr, How many trees should be planted per hectare to
5 km/hr. How far from P should he land iir order Irrr l l l t, maxi mum crop?
mize his total travel time? .'R rr'(, to be charted for an excursion. The bus company
2 L . A line is drawn perpendicular to the x-a5is cutting rp,,..fIQ.QQ per ticket if not rnore than 200 passengers
- 2x at 1
rabola y : 4x - xi and {he line y : 12 r rtlr the trip. However, the company agreesto reducethe
and L qespectively. Find the value of x which . ,l' rv€ry ticket F0.05 for each passengerin excess'of
distance from L to P a minimum' ) 1r.r:,S('ngers.
What number of passengers will produce the
oI a rectangle he on tl rrrrunlgross i ncome?
22. The upper'5 and lower vertree-S
x' - - v and x2 -- 4y rfspectwely. The siA;s oj t rrl ll.ate
iangle are parallel to the codrdinate il(es. Find the
areaof the rectangle. rr r;1l l that i f y - f(x) , t hen is t he r at e of change of y
' ,, r r. x. H ence i f y : f ( t ) , f i
23. T h e p o i n t s ( 3 , 2 ) a n d ( 1 , 6 ) l i e o n t h e e l l i p s ey 2 + 4 : t hen $i ir t he r at e of change
; r.sfrr,ct to t. If t denotes the
Find a point on the ellipse po that the area of the tirne, then $t iq simply
having thesethree points as verticesis a maximum' | ,,r ;rs the time rate of change of y.LikewiJe,
$1 is the
rr ,'l t'lrir.Heof x. Theserates of changearerelated
24. .Find the point on the curve Y = x3 which is by the
point (4, 0).
E (3.4) dv
--J-- :
dv.dx
+
lVOl'rlme. v= sqT
64
(4)
I
v
r0 /Tkm/hr
t*
Frc. 3.12
Differentiating -
It is required that we find f,f when t :. + hr.
Using the right triangle in Fig. 3.12, we get the d. - ? (20 , lot) (-- 10) + 2(30t)(30)
relation Ar-
s2:(20--x)'+yt (1) Substituting t : l12, we get
Differentiating (1) with respect
plifying, 10 ruat km/hr
9,|
* v-+
dt " _ct_.
dr S
EXERCISF 3.7
Whent= +,weget I . The radius of a right circular cone is increasing at the rate of
6 cm/sec while its altitude is decreasingat 3 cm/sec. Find the
x.:10(+-): b rate of change of its volume when its radius is 8 cm and itsi
altitude is 20 cm.
y:30(tf=15 '2. A ladder 6 rn long leans against a vertical wall. The lower end
of the ladder is moved away from the wall at the rate of
Solving for s in (f) an<l substittuting these values
2 m/min. Find the rate of change of the area fo_rmedby the
of x and V, we have
wall, the floor and the ladder when the lower end is 4 m from
the wall.
r=ffi
3 . A boy 5 ft tall is walking away from a street light at the rate ,;' 'r lrr.h his shadow moves along the wall of the house when
of 3 ftlsec. If the light is 12 ft above the level glound, deter- 1., , , i rneters from the house.
mine (a) the rate at which his shadow is lengthening,(b) the \ lrrrlr post 3 m high is 6 m from a wall. Aman2mtall is
rate at which the tip of his shadow is moving and (c) the rate r rl l i rrrg di rectl y from t he post t owar d t he wall at 2. 5 m ls.
at which his head is receding from the light when he is 24 ll,,rr l'rist is his shadow moving up the wall when he isl.b,m
ft from the point directly below the light l ' , r r rl l r e w a l l ?
4 . Water is running out of a conical tank 3 m acrossthe top and
I t', \'lume of a cube is increasing at thq rate of 6 cmr /min.
4 m deep at the rate of 2 m3 /min. Find the rate at which the
ll, * f irst is the surface area increasing when the length of an
level of water drops when it is 1 m from the top.
} l l ; , ' r s1 2 c m ?
5 . A reservoir.is in the form of h frustrurn of a cone with upper
,*.rrrrlrs poured at the rate of 10 m3 Tmin so as to form a co-'
base of. raclius 9 ft and lower base of radius 4 ft and altitude
frr' rl rrrl* whose altitude is always equal to the radius of its
of 10 ft. The water in the reservoir is x ft deep. If the level of
l.ro, l"rnd the rate at which the area of its base is increasing
the water is increasingat 4 ft/min, how fast is the volume of
l l r ' 1 ,t l r c r a d i u s i s 5 m .
the water in the reservoir increasingwhen its depth is 2 ft?
NOTE: The volume of a frustrum of a cone o{ upper base A t','rgh whose cross section is an equilateral triangle is 6 m
radius., R and iower base radius r and height h is [,,.p ;rr(l 2 m wide across the top. If water is entering the
V- $zrh(Rz+f +Rr). lr'rrrrilr :rt, 15 m3 1min, at what rate is t*re water level rising in
.J
6 . At noon, ship A is sailing due east at the rate of 20 kmihr. ll',' I'orrgh when it is three-fourths full?
At the same time, another ship B, 100 km east of ship A, is l,rf ,'r is poured into. an inverted conical cistern of altitude
sailing on a course 600 north of west at the rate of 10 km/hr. l,' lt ;rnd radius of base 5 ft. If the water.level rises at 86
-
tlow fast is the distance between them changing at the errd Jl find the rate at which the dry surface of the inside of
",rr,
of one hr? When witl the distance between them be least? ftr , r,rrr is decreasingi.whenthe water is 4 ft deep.
t. A ship is sailing north at 2J km/hr. A second ship sailmg A ,1' l r.ri cal i ron ball 8 cm in diam et er is coat ed wit h alayer
east at 16 km/hr crossesthe path of, the first ship 85 km ul :,,, ()l ' uni f' orm t hickness. I f t he ice r nelt s at t he unif or m
ahead of it. How fast is the distance between them changing trr, ,,1' l0 cm3/rnin, how fast is the thickness decreasing at
one hour later? When are they closest together? l l ' , r r r s t a n tw h e n i t i s 2 c m t h i c k ?
8 . Two roads intersect at 600. A car 10 miles from the junction
'moves towards it at 30 mi/hr while a bus 10 miles from the fl ,rl ,' r' {' l oW s out of a hem ispher ical t a'nk at a r at e which is4
l.,n,'\ the square root of its depth. If the radius of the tank is
junction moves a\ryayfrom it at 60 mi/hr. Calculate the rate
t tt lrow fast is the water level falling when the water is 4 ft
|: at which the distance between the vehicles is changing at nl,r 1r"' llint: Use the formula for the volume of a spherical
the end of.2O min. - h)
rt l r r ' n r l r r Li ,. e . \ ' = 1 " h'(3r
9 . A bridge is L0 m above a railroad track and at right anglesto 3
it. A train running at the rate of 20 m7s passesunder the lr. t rlnloar Motion
center of the bridge at the same instant that a car running
15 m/s reaches that point. How rapidly are they separating \ r,,rl! which lnoves in a straight line is said to be moving
, 3 secondslater? fi' 'r,'tu' tnotion. If the moving body is small in comparison
10. A light at eye level stands 7 meters from a house and 5 me- frt,.,,tr',lrrnt:€ it covers, then it is customarily referred to as a
\
ters from.a path leading from the house to the street. A man
t walks along the path at 2 meters Der second. Find the rate l, L lx,the directed distance of a particle P from a fixed
r I , r r i r coordi nate line ( Fig. 3. 13) . I f t he m ot ion of P along
As: ds
,r: $: B t 2- Izt+ 9: B(t - t) (t - B)
E (3.5) lim
At*o at dt
dv
a:aT: 6t-al':6(t-2)
E (3.6) lirn A - du
A;;" at dt Hencev: O when t : 1 and t _ B
and a-Owhent:2
We obsenre that
O=96-32t
t :3sec.
Conslder a body in rectilinear motion which moves In each of the following, s (in ft) is the directed distance of a
upward or downward. The effect of gravity is to srorv rnoving body or particle from the origin at time t (in sec) on'a
down if it is rising and speed it up if it is falling. Supposea ,'oordinateline. Describeanddiagram the motion foryt 2 O.
thrown vertically upward from a point A with an initial
vo. It can be shown that its distance s ft from the starting L s:2tt -75t2 +36t
-
A at the end of f sec is 2. s=t3-912 +24t+3
: t . s = t 3 - - L 2 1 , 2+ 5
E (3.7) i=vot*16t2 (vo in .t. s-tr-9t2+15t+4
-(vo
E (3.8) s : vot -- 4g\t2 in l'rnd the valuesof t for which the velocity is increasing.
Note that s > 0 if the body is above A and s { 0 i f i t i s
S: trr-6t2+4
If the body were thrown downward, then we consider vo
5- t3-L2t2+5
EXAMPLE 2: A body is thrown vertically upward t4 - 8t3 + 5
glound with an initial velocity of g6 ftlsec.
(t - 3)o
the marimum height attained by the body.
I f s : V8t + i/ 4t, find the velocity and acceleration when
+- 2.
Solution: Substitutingvo = 96 in E (3.7), we have U. -
f (u) = ai$!L
't'his
functibn assumesthe meaningless form,${or
u : 0. Howevlr,
the limit of this function exists roheo-,rappiJacnes
zero. To prove -
this, consider Fig. 4.1 where arc AC subt€nds
; ;gt" i-"rr"""a
rrr radians) at the center 0 of a cirele of radius "
r.
FIG. 4,1
91
cosu ]rluti<lrt:
'r@
10. lim 1- coszt = lim
x2 + 4x x2 cosx Au*o
Au
5 . lim X+O
x +o sin2x
Zcos1u + # a u ) _ s i *na u - (why? )
lim
Au, o Au
4.2 Differentiation of Tligonometric Functions cos(u + j-Au) sin * lu
- Iim
The following formulas are uted for,differentiatihg Au*o t6u
metric functiont. Tt e symbol u denotbs an arbitrary diffa
function of x. = lim cos(u +*au) lim en i a"
Au,o Au'o+Au
D12:
$sinu): "ort* -_cos(u+0).1
:-sinu$|
f t"or,r)
Dt3: rfore,
dv
+ -- cosu
ou -
. D14: sec2"*
St*rrrr): trptying both sidesot we get
*
D15: t) :-csc2
$t"ot "* -ry du-
- cosudu
-
du- dx cx
D16: : secutanu
t S{r""rr) S .dy- du
&- COSUi-
.ox I
ib
D17: : -cscuc*"
$t"r.o) * r. y -- sirtu; then I
I
C
I
r( Proof of D12:
Let y = sinu where u is a function of x; Then we
, its pr.oof !s based on the result already achieved for
t r t . b y usingD12.
: cos4x (4)
Proof of D14: t
dv .^ ;
tanu = sing IXAMPLE Find#ifY=sin34x
. cosu
v- sin34x
d{= The vdlume of the cylinder is
3sin2'4xcos4x(4)
dx , V:nrzh (1)
, - 12sin24xcos4x Since we are going to solve this by use of trigo-
nometric functions, we introdgce O as our new
tt y: tana5x variable. From the right triangle in Fig. 4..2, '
EXAMPLE 3: Find
# *"
obtain the following .et tionr: . :
= (21
Solution: v: tana 5x .h 3Ocosg
r = 15sing (3)
dv
--l* =
4tan3 5xsec25x (5)
dx Sub$tituting (Z) and (A) in (f) and simpliyi4g,
Z}tan3 5xsec25x
V = 6T5Oz sin2 Ocos{t (4)
f-
Then we have
rft
(b
T-
h/z
3cos2o_-1=A
./T
c o s t t =Il T = : t
l}r\ =y
EXERCISE4.2 \, x
y = Arcsin( - 1) = - + (Arccscu) =
du
u.1f[z_f a;
The notation Sin-txis often usedfor Arcsinxbut in
we shall use the "Arc" notation.* The definition of the fltx:
inversetrigonometricfunctionsareas follow: l .t' t Y = A fcsinu (1)
Y = Arccosxiff x = cosyand 0 7 y 1n l'lr,,rr u : siny (2)
-
V = Arctanx iff x = tany and - *< v <+ llrf fcrentiating (2) with respect to x
clu dy
C O S- V- ; - (3)
V = Arccotx iff x = cotV and O ( y ( rr clx rlx
t i u l r s t i t u t i n g( 1 ) i n ( 5 )
The studentwho is not so familiar with the propertiesof unversetr
\h functionsshouldrefeqto any standardtext on trig-nometryfor revibw.
q ** The notationSin -rx is consideredinconvenient
by somepeoplesisceil
readas"sinxwith exponent-1" The- 1 i1 thisexpression
is not an
il fore Sin-rxdoesnot mean(sirx)-t or
sffi^
Lqt y = Atcsecu
dx
Vl -(gfl
Thirn u - secy = I .,
Differentiating (2) with respect to x vl-:Til-
g = 'ecYtanY I:XAMPIE 2. If y - Arctan
i, ti"A'ff
0x ff
Solution: By D20, we have
tor $f
solvins(s)
d' + v= 1 d u
d y =--
dx
+
1 J.
1---
/"\'
*F)
c)
-
il- secYtanY dx \T/
'l/se =T= {v' - =L,
But secy: u and tany :
positivesign of the radical-is chosen since tany 1+#
:"; 1;'? - + ."0 o s v' < F). substituti
2--- z'
4
valuesin (4).
qL=
- +s-
16+x2
dt uvlf- 1_- dx }:XAMPLE3. A ladder 25 ft long leans against a vertical wall.
If the lower end is pulled away at the rate of
Since I = Arcsecu' we finallY get 6 ft/sec, how fast is the angle birhreen the ladCer
and the floor changing when the lower end is
e $tor..ecu)-;#* 7 ft from the wall?
y = Arctanx + ArcsecV-ffi
y = (x - 1) 'Jffi - Arccos(x-1)
YV
Arcsini+Arccos?=t -
x.
ArctanT= x - V
u - v*'Il + aArccot(lG)
\f
-,
fr y -t/T-T +aArcsih*
-
EXERCISE4.3
.3, Find 9-.rra sirnplify the resirlt wheneverpossible f o t' = ab Arctan
* ^ \ /ry"\
b
ox )
G
1. V=Arqsiny'1-x'? ]r y = Arccotilh
^x
I flr 2 . V = Arccos
[! t,lr' the following problems by making dse of irrverre trigono.
rrrrtrl(' functions.
4
./ 3. y: Arctan;-
II I'he lower edge of a picture is 4 ft, the upper edge g ft
!-,
irbove the eye of an observer. At what horizontal dlstance
olt 4. V = ATCCOI'ton2' ) should he stand if the angle subtended by the pictu.e ir-"
1 rna:cimum?
5 . Y = ArcsecV 4x+
.)l
108 Differential and Integral Calculus r, n I ri rtron of ' l ' ran.scendent alF unct ions 109
rg I
y = (1 + *)* I
I
-D
assumes tfre meaninglessform 1* for x = 0. However, it can be
'the
I
I
rBi shown that limit of this function exists when x approachec {-
I
zero.* This li-i! is denot€d by e. That is, I lo
lbt I
t------T
lim
XTO
(1+x)* =.
I
I
I
I
l*
I
hr I
2
\,,
fA rigorous proof
showing the existenceof this iirit i, beyond the scopeof this
rl book. vuluecan be computed by'the infinite sericsmethod which is not discuesed
-rl
Gii 1 x2-16
5lY=. 4ex+1)t2:
TEh
dx (2x + 1)'
EXERCISE4.4
rl rr i
rq 2x+L l ,rrrl )^,{ and simplify whenever possible.
clx
t?n
Alternative Solution: Another solution y =log\ffi-
I
\rr1, apply first P3 and then use D25. Thus
Elll I Y = log sin2 4x
Y= 1n(2x+ 1)o
dlrl
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' ,\'t)+2Arctan|=O
3. v=losd @
f'r
4 . y= r " el ( x -1 ) ' ( x* z l oI tt ) xy
LJ
5. V= 1n(x+ 3)a r y l r r x= L
x2(r+1)
If y - (2x + r) /3?F-$-; tino ff by logarith-
v = ln mic differentiation.
(x+ 2)r
B 'l'aking
'''@rl the logarithm of botJr sides,
y = xArcw2x- + 1n (2x +
-
lnv: ln (2x + 1)\rE-i:5
1;
Ei
v = xa(1- 1nx')
lrr(2x + 1) +-f ln (3x + 5) b y p l , R Z ,p g
-; y = *r vCffi + fa' ln (x +',/ffit )
fe rr.rrtrat,i ng
w i th respect t o x,
y = x A r c t a n +- ? 1 n ( a 2 + r 2 ) 'ii
q
,*-J, e)+f $; tsr bvD25
)) 18. V=1n(lnsecx)
fif1 ^'|ri
l'-*l " + = 3 I
* ,
Iltt
L- zx
dv ,< ,du
ffi: Y (rnarai;- il y - 4xln4x
$t""t = aulrna)$|
0 y: exelH
oZx- r
6 Y:lnffi
Note: D28 may be obtained directly frc
by replacing a by e. ? v - ln ("**2)
t ' : i l
tf y=x€x
Solution: Y-42x
ftl 3x+Bv-6
g = +2x1tn+)
(z)
<' cx ll *Y+zv-8
,- 42x(2ha)
iID fr ,-'xv+h(xy):3
= e2x 1tnt6;
G qr lr eX+eY-exeY
EXAMPLE 2. If y- usinx ;find
1-J' dx
lr .Ysirx:
*
Solution: y - gsinx
-
lr, ,,ln4x1"In4y-t
^- : (cosx)
t7
I
".-)
** "sinx lfi ,,** v:1tt+
*t
l't *Y+ eX: a
4
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18. Find the value of A so that Y : Ae2t will satisfy the equation H2,
y"- 2y'- 3y- e2t. fanh2x* seeh,x:1
19. Find the minimqm value of y : 4e^ * ge-x. H3. coth2x- csch2x=1
20. Find the ma:<imum point of the graph of y : "-*t H4. sinh2x = 2sinhxcoshx
2L. Find the area of the largest triangle cut from the first quad- H5. cosh2x = cosh2x * sinh2x
rant by a line tangent to V : e-2x
= 1* 2sinhzx
:2cosh2x- 1
4.9 The Hyperbolic Functions
Certain combinations of the exponential function ex and l'l,E 1. Prove that cosh2x - sinh2x : 1.
e-x occur frequently in mathematics, science and engineering.
These functions are called 'hyperbolic functions*. They are de' ?rrrrtf: Since by definitions 4.1 and,4.2
fined as follows:
Fnhx)- u*;"-* andcoshx: .1!#-
DEFINITION 4.1 sinhx = e1=-ql*
2
tl rr,n, w e have
DEFINITION 4.2 coshx = ex + e-x
-
sinhx * n h zx - s i n h ''-x = \hT* +- ) -t -\ -T\ t)- f u \ t
DEFINITION 4.3 f,annx = ----;--
cosnx
DEFINITTON 4.4
co.shx
cotnx : JifrE,x etr+ Zgxe -x 4 e-zx e2x-2exe
-x
+ e-2x
4
Gi
DEFINITION 4.5 sechx :
t.D,
e2x+ 2* e-?x- e2x+ Z- e-2x
fThey are called hyperholic functions becausethey can be related to a hyperbolr. x) :- e (-x)
-i sinh (-x) = "(-
Recall that the trigonometricfunctions are also calledcircular functions becauseof thob
relation to a circle.
3t
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EXAMPLE2. I f v :
-1(z*-
cosh 1),findff'
thrrr
Solution: dy: 1d
.ffifr-(2x-1)
C
dx
r-l|ll
-lilt
)[,t]p
The Indeterminale
Fortrrs
I r |IOLLE'S. THEOBEM
135
v
TI must be a number c in (1, B) which satisfiesthe
conclusion'of the theorem. At, X = c, f,(c) = 2c - 4.
I But f'(c) = 0. Therefore, 2c - 4 = 0 and we getc =2.
The mean ualue theorem (or law of the mean) is one of the
P f'(c)=O
rrrrportant theorems of Calculus. For instance, it is used to esti-
I
I
Y.f (r)
ttt;ttt) the values of functions when direct calculation is diffi-
r rrlt. It is also used to prove that two functions having.the same
--oi rh'rivative must differ by a constant. These are but only two of
rls rmportant uses.
: f
T(5.2) I{EAN VALUE THEOREM
t-
t
/i[
lfl
E(5.1) f'(c) =
b-a - '' t tI
I
'l
l
lat
l1
t 5ecant
ancl c= th
P t" J(".i1
Ep
uil l \ \:\l l'LE 2. Use the mean value theorem to prove lhat
tb , i (
y=f(x) 7V1r.?< 10.85.
L0.7<
,t
r-l Grt
tll Solution:Let f(x) = \fx, a = 100 and b = !L7. Then f(a)
= f(100) = €00-= 10, f(t3)= f (11?)= r,fff7 ancl
evaluate
' lim I(-) = g , w€ apply LHR. Consider the EXERCISE5.2
*-' . g(x) 0
below llvaltrateeachof the following limits:
e2 t - cosx
EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate lim ,l . r:_- tanx - x
x+O um
x - - +o x - S i n x
Solution: The quotient assumes
the fornr *n*n * - x2 * x.
f Z. lim xlnx
x--+1 (x-l),
Applying LHR, we get (1 - g* 1z
.,rr . r:-^
llm
.g2" - cosx = x-+ o xSinx
nm lim:-;
x-o x x* o I
x-s-ln{
4. lim
: 2eo * sinO x-+ o x2
*2(1)+ 0 ?
i).
,:
rUil
lncos2x
x-+ ?r (tr - x)'
=-t
t: 4"h* - 4
lr. llm
If the lim f(x) = lim g(x) = oo, then the fraction x --l ?I- lnSinX
X-*€ X*oo -
2
tr said to have the indeterminate form 3 ut x = a.
P
g(x) x - Arctanx
7. lim
applicable for this form x - - +O x2 tanx
1-vG-x
EXAMP LE 2. Evaluate lim -)(t- tl. lim
x-*F e2x x-+ 2 4-xz
=tim 1
(reapply
x-* 2e2' ,tanx
t:l ilm
'
. f,tanSx
=0
'fhe
Diffeiential and Inteenl calculue Indeterrninate Foms L47
L46
lim xcotx = x
a2x
lirn
13. Iim -- x+o x-ro ]/Cotx
x-+€ X"
x . 0.
= lrm
x -+ o tanx
(=T-)
x2
L4' IT* 1""
= 1
trm (by LHR)
g.x2 x* o sec2x
15. lim =T- + 1
x-*AX-L +X
=1
1n2x
(1)'
-A r.
Ib. llm
X--+ .oo X
=1
i
* sec2x
---
1/,
LI
lfm If lim f(x) and lim g(x) = oo, then the function defined
x _ f r s e c 2B x x-t a x+ &
2
bv f(x) - g(x) is said to have the indeterminate form - _ o o
1 - cosx ,
18. lim -- 'l'his
form can be, changed to the form
x+o x2 * oti uv algebric mani- U
prrlation so that LHR can be applied. I
- F
5.5 The Indeterminate Forms 0 (l o) and oo -
I:X,\MPLE 2. Evaluate liq (secx - tanx)
,rlr*f(x) = 0 andxrirn,g(x). = f€r then the function defined x-L
2
I
In general, one ,form is better than the other but the choice wi['
dedend upon the given product f(x) g(x). =rim i-'it* ,=o
x-* lL cosx , 0) i
2
lli
EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate xcotx
lln
1)
rj* 0 - cosx
Solution: Let f(x) = x and g(x) = cotx. The limit of their : rgtt
- SlnX
(by LHR)
x--!
-) product is of the tYPe 0 - since f(x) = 0 and g(x) 2'
tllrl
rf$ ,=@ atx=0.ThuS
etl
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= lim cotx
'x*4.
2 1\
/ x -
= c o 0.;T l [Ft ,"")
a
/ 2
1 -;i"';/ \
\1 - cosx
-0
G --r*\
EXERCISE5.3 \ x sinx/
4-
- r' [n \
tanx oo if f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0
l'+ (t-,
l'" if f(x) = 1 and g(x) = €
5. lim *rir, I
X+oo X '''" if f1x; = ". andg(x) = o
)
I
6. lim (4 - *'1 tan* $ nr**\* f(x)rtxl when any of the indeterminateforms above
x+z 4
) l, we ma Perform the following steps;
t 7 . lim xcsc2x
p
x-O I l,r,t N = lim f(x)st*l
- 'l'uke
the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation
8: lim (cscx - cotx) r r r( 1 )
x* O
t = ln lim
e' I'T,(;-* -#)
ln N f(x)s<xl
) x"+ a
f(x)rtxr= eL
lY"
rim (r*a) = e2
r.@ x
lio, ( 1*3\' \ /
EXAMPLE. Evaluate xx**\ I
EXARCISE5.4
t
t=3l xl
-
1.
x
i
(tanx)G
t
st (t.a\
rl
*/
\
ill
Il
1
9 . lim (x + cosx)r
x*0
The Differential
10. lim (1 + sinx)cot"
x*O
t^r we have regarded ttre notation-$f, as a single symbol
11..lim (t*3x-r). far,t. the limit of the quotient * . !0, or
lbvv^vrru *A X ur
e u nx
o.L Ur to
L \ , | represent
I.y|Jfe5gllU
dy = f'(x) dx
I ) } : F ' I N I T I O N6 . 2
il
-rr)
f rr rv<rrds,Definition 6.2 statesthat the dlfferentiol of a func-
tr t'qual its deriuatiue rnultiplied by the differential of its
{#
-Jss'
t . .--r)r ,,rr,ttt,ntuarigble $
l+
GI
GI 153
fi
#
qf
tu,
--t- ay
by dx. Then we get 4v
= f'(x)
*
The differentiai may bc given a geometric interpi From analytic geometry, we know that
<
Consider again the equation y - f(x) and let its graph be-asslt
in Fig. 6.1 Let P(x, y) and Q(x * Ax; y + Ay) be two pointr sloPe of PT = ;;an 0 'l',
the curve. Draw the tangent to the cune at P. Through Q,
a perpendicular to the xra:<is and intersecting the tangent at lfrrt rn triangle PRT, we see that
bt
Then draw a line through P, parallel to the x-axis and in RT RT
tanO :;; (2)
the perpendicular through Q at R. I,et O be the'inclination of
G, tangent PT.
Err ll,wr.V€r,Ax = dx by Definition 6.1. Hence (2) becomes
tan0 = RT (9)
tsrt F
JrP'
7r,,rn Chapter 2, recall that the value of the derivative of y = f(x)
\er rt l' is equal to the slope of the tangent at that same point P
gii *Recallthat Ay = f(x *Ax)r- f1v). l l r . n c ei n F i g . 6 . 1 ,
d,ll
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157
156 Differenti'd and lntegral
But by Definition 6.2, the right member of (6) is dy' ft.rr.ntiation formulas for other tvpes of futrcbions
trr Ohapter 4 may alsorbe expressedin terms of diffe- '
RT-dY
we see that dy is the increment of the ordinate of the l'ind dy if (1) V = x3 '-' 4x2*.5x and(2) v: #n
Ay ir
line corrpsponding to an increment of Ax in x whereas
corresponding inerement of the curvenfor the tT:^i ,
f'tx)I gives the
in x. We also note that the derivitl":#.9I ot S
nf
(1) y =x3-4x2+5x
the
if tn" tungent white the differential dflives the rise tl
v2
=6(6x -2
.dlil
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- ?dx EXERCISE6.1
=
(3x - 1;z
,rrrnplify wheneverpossible.
Note: In practice, we simply get
of the right member of the !'
'3xa-4fr*2x
multiply it by dx. Thus for
lem, the solution will si v ffi
as follows:
y = x3 -4;z +5x v 4eZx
dy = (3x'-8x+5 v = x -32x _
EXAMPLE Z. Find tUn meansof differentialsif
dx v xlnx
$olution: xy * sinx : lny v *r
"-2x
xdy+ydx*cosxdx:idt v *x + fsin2x
-.4 (xy- 1)
*{:
-y (y + cosx) xy + Arctan (xy) = 0 I
r{
-atrl
,l
dy = -v (v +.qol9- :tln (x2 * y, ) : Arct*
* I
It
dx xY-1
lh1;p
r' I xy, - y
dI
tr
(- ,.\' = sin (x - V)
\_
-s[ lx t 4Y: 32
lrrx l. Zlny: xy
-rHili
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lOMoARcPSD|16041435
'l'he
160 Differential and I Differential 161
where (recall chapter 5) the symbol ":" is read "is then dy - (3x, + 4x)dx (2)
equal to".
t
When x: 2, then from (1)
EXAMPLE 1. Compute lF approxirnately by u
tials. V:8+ 8-3:13
Solution: Let t/ffi: y + dy and when x : 2 and,dx : 0.01, then from (2),
and 37:x*dx d y : ( 1 2 + 8 ) ( 0 . 0 1 1= 0 . 2 0
where x is a perfect square nearest to
€' Therefore, the required approximation is
Obviously 37 : 36 + 1'
y+dy-13+0.20=13.20
x = S6anddx = 1
\r
Hence
<, Let y: /r I';XAMPLE 3. Each side of a square is increasedby Ax. Find the
approximate and tme increase of the area A of
dx
hr
Then dy = t;F the square.
By differentials,
The differentials ,ar-.ealso used in approximate computation
dA: 2x Ax = 2xdx of certain quantities due to small errors in measurement. For
if y = f(x); then an error dx in the nteasurementof x leads
rrrstance,
Thus Zxdx gives the approximate increasein lo ah approiimate error dy in the quantity y. The approximate
In Fig. 6.2, this approximate increase is
rr.lativeerror (RE) in y is the ratio d v and the approximate per-
by' ;
'',,ntageerror (PE) in y is.dJ (100). -]r
RE=#
1002r . . I
il
= 0.01
tb
f
\- Since V: xl
G, FIG. 6.2 then dV - 3x2dx
4,
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_3 x 2d x ( 1 0 0 )
fl rrn error of L.|o/o is made in measuring the side of an
x3\'
rrlrrilateral triangle, find the percentage error made in the
ronrltuted area.
= r(q:,100)
'f'lrc
radius of a sphere is measured to ,be 4 cm with an error
of ().002 cm. Find the relative error in the computed volume.
: 3 (2%)
hr rr right cirgular cone, the radius of the base is half as long
= 6c,6 l t lre altitude. If an error of 2% is made in measuring the
flrlrus, find the percentage error made in the cornputed vo-
.l uttt,' .
EXERCISE6.2
ltlrrl the approximate surface area of a sphere of radius
I u2 in.
Find the approximate value of the following by use of differentials
-
?lrrtl the approxiinate area of ,a square when the side
1. \@6
| {)l cm.
2. :ffi l ,'ircular hole 4 inches in diameter and 1 foot deep in a
bh,r'k of iron is drilled out to increase its diameter to 4.1
3. $Z1tt+
ln I'ind the approximate volurne of the rnetal removed.
4. (63.4)2/3
Tlrl diameter of a circle is to be measured and its area com-
prlr,rl. If the diameter can be measured with a maximum
br 5. ffi6
firor of 0.002 cm. and the allowable error in the. area is
3 6. (1.98)4
O (ll uh2 , find the diameter of the largest circle for which
ll',. sneeifications are met.
(br
7. ln (2.3) if In2 = 0.6931
],,r' a ri ght ci rcul ar cylinder of height 25 cf f i. , t he r adius
rns measured as 20 cm with an error of. 0.05 cm. Find
hr 8. if.e2 : 7.3891
"2'4 lll' :rpproximate percentage error in the computed volume.
a
\,
Use differentials to find the approximate value of y:
9., = ( 2 x - 1 ) o w h e nx : 0 . 9 8
tl
10. y=x4-2xr +3x2+x-1 whenx=1.02
Jl
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x,ep
x : g(t) , V: h(t).
x:acost, V=aSint
x:g(t),Y=h(t).
dy
_r
)tt
E(7.1)
4y=
,-t dx dx
l' rnrttt dt
iltt
Iilll
t67
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dt
EXERCISBZ.r
B y E ( ? . 1 ), dv - dzv
l " rnd I' and +- and simplify whenever possible.
, dx d xz
- q y= Z t + I
dx gt2
,- x=
I
1r ,r 1, y = t2 + 1
< and by E(7 .2) , ,)
x = t-3, y = t3 + gt
a
: .i
bu d'v =g ?t:1\dt
dx2 dt gtt ) d* :f. x = u3 + 1 , V = 4u2 -4u
4, - (2t + 1) (6t)
_ ( 3t') (2) ,t. x* t/ffi,V='u2-3
hr
9t4
10. x= Os[,,V=g0
k'^gth from a fixed point A to a variable point p(x, y) be
denoted
= y = a (1 - c osO, l,y the srnall letter s (Fig. 7 .l). consider a nearby p"int
1 1 . F i n d t h e sslope of the cycloid x a(g- sing), e(*l+ ax,
TI v + Ay) and'let As be the arc pe. since s is a function of t, then
when 0 = 2 ' rv(' may wish to find the rate at which s changes
with respect to
= ds.
L2. Find the sslope of the curve x - e0 sinO , Y e0 cos9 w hen
t ia
f
" ""''dt
a = aT
Ity definition, ds rr --A s
= 2 iint, aF=A lun (1)
13. l'ind the equation of the tangent to the curve N t*o At"
f
= ; .lt
Y = cos2t rw h e n t
lltrt we may express A s
: lnt ZT U'
L4 Find the requation of the 0argentito the curve x 'V
rel)t = fl.
flil
: t-l whe
As = EA 'sA TP Q (2)
Tt
T.2Differentialil of Arc Length
Let a cu urve be defined parametric4lly by the equa
t
(3r x
v
4I l'hen (2) may be written in the form
li
II As _4s
<l II At PQ
r
At a
.l
ff
,illt
I
hrr
I ,I\
angent
1-Tansen
or As - As-
At PQ
(4) ffi
alt
frq1
I
I .Q/
t
-
\z
,l[rt
I Srrbstituting(4) in (1), we get iilq
b;,
{
I nrlt
F I G . './' . J' .
ds
aT- (*)
2
.(#)' Irf r' <rf change of O with respect to s is called the curuature
lrrrye at P and is denoted by K. That is
E(7.6) 1. (*i) dy
v
ds=
a, R=*
' ds =L'
|,+/gr\'l-''
\d*/ J
lTlifving'
E(7.e) R=ls
dd dty
dx? next derive a formula for R which is applicable if the
of the curve is given in the form y f(x). By the chain
we obtain
Substituting (6) in S(?'9)'
r t3l2 ds =ds dx (1)
d0
p
ru =
[: :-(fJ'l dx d0
a''vy
d I II tion (1) may be written in the form
rt ds - ds/dx
(2\ .
d0 d@/dx
not needed in the
The absolute value symbol is
w€ may write (7) in
/ av \ z ;' 0. To simplify notation'
'I
l:(7.5), we obtain
\dx./ ? -rv -.._t
E(7.10) R = [t i [y']'Jn
lv" l ds
dx
r-
(3)
d'Y
whereY' -- fr *o Y = AF
dv ,'--,, . rlcfinition of slope,
tan$ = g
is given by x - g(y)' dx
4:, If the equation of the i*-"
for:p
fining equation for R takes the
lh-.,
E(7.11) dy (4)
<" O = Atctan dx
brr, -,d>A2x =
where x = qy
,: and x" = rtiating (4) with resPectto x,
dy'
dry (5)
b,
/t)
form
When the equation of a curve is
given
ar ;Ts
d0
Ao
dx'
dx2
/ A.,\ 2
\rr,
x:B(t),y=h(t)
-ii
G),,
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dx g"=#,h'=#,&d
where g' = -
r
dt'
THE'REM' tr'IG.7.3
ff fi"'H,ilf,f,:"1ff"1*: a = 0-e (1)
point P(r, 0), then
tana = 9n0-tane
Er 'dr r =
w lnere 1 + tanOtang iz) "
do
G lrom Fig. ?.3 and by the definition of slope, we have
Frh We shall now give the proof of the
be the angle between the x -a:<is and the radiul tang = Y (3)
x
d the inclination of the tangent to the cune at I
Frrn between the radius vector and the tangent (seo
e.0, and a are related by tne equation tan 4t (4)
C
qx
u'o
dx = -rsingOb + cosgdr, dy = reos0+ singdr Zl
-d1
Letting r' = , w€ obtainE(7.14).
# EXERCISE 7.2
EXAMPLE 1. Find the radius of cunrature of y : ;r )'tnd the radius of curvature at the given point:
dlt,
-lttr
Solution: x=sint-1 V: 2cost+ 3 x=tl-2t,V=L-4t at t=1
--"1
'1S.
x2l3+y.213-,213
16. V2:8x
18. t2 = az coshl
FIG. 7.4
19. x = cos@+psinf , V =:tnp:@eos@
r,rtruationof the circle of cunrature is
20. x2+y2=az
(x- h)? + (y- k)2 : R'
2!. Derive E(7.12) (1)
r n gE ( ? . 1 0 )i n ( 1 ) , w e h a v e
Itr 22. Derive fi(?.13)
(x**h)'? + (V-t<;'
1: 7 .4 Cents of Cunrattrre
- [1+(Y')1 ]3
(t'tr- Q')
-l
Through any point P(x, y) on the cunre y = f(x), we * slope of the tangent at p is y', then the slope of the nor-
construct a tangent.circle whose radius r'is equal to the | ,,v'.The equation of the norriral is
-l
of cunrature R of the curve at P as shown in Fig. ?.4. This
Jt
circle is called the circle of curuature and its center is called v k=-+(x-h) (3)
center of cuntature of the curve. This center of curvature v
hascoordinates(h, k) lies on the normal to the cune at p. we
+
A" E(7.15) h = x - V'[1 (Y')zJ
ytt
, I + (y,)2 Partfal
E(7.16) t(=y+---
v
Differentiation
EXAMPI- E. Fincl U're eenter of cunrature of the grreceding chapters have been concerned with the dif-
at the poin! ( o) , s of functions with one independent variable. In this
""
we shall stucty differentiation of functions of several
Solution: Since ' =e-x
Y l)xamples of these functions are the following familiar
t -g-x
then Y'
V = rrr2h (1)
Y" = b-r
A- | absin6 (2)
At (f'0) Y' = -1
( t ) expresses the volume V of a right circular cylinder
y" = 1 of the base radius r and the altitude or height h. That
I function of two variabbles, r hnd h. Formula (2) shows
B v E ( 7 - 1 5 ), h-/ uea A of an oblique triangle is a function of three vE-ria-
y a, b, and 0.
BvE(7.16), k:3 -
Derivafive
Hencethe center of curvatureis (2,
,, := f(x, y) be a function of two independent variables
EXEBCISE?.3 . lf y is held constant, then z becomes temporarily a func-
lhe single v,ariable x. From thls point of view, we can
the derivative of z .with respect to x by employing
<: Find the center of curvatureat the point indicated.
f.r ordinary differentiation of functions with single
'l'he
derivative found in this manner is called the pqrtial
1. y = * (". + e-.*) at (0, 11 5. v = lnx at
lbrrl 'f z with respect to x and the processinvorved is called
'ferentiation.
6. y ={tan2l The derivative of z,with respect to x is de-
t',: b.y= slnx at6 ,1) nny of the following symbols:
-rrr 3.y2= 8x at (+ t) ;)f . ,
zx, f" (x,v) , f*
;;;'
4.xy= 4 at (2, 2)
hrrp
: 185
Differential and In l'artial Differentiation
184
+ Ay)
and f(x, y.* Ay) = xt (y + Ay) + 4x* 3(v
dz af zy , f, (x,Y) , fy
6ly ' T'y , By E(8.1).
tot ffl
It shouldbe noted that the svmbol# = lim
Ar-- o
thoughtofasafractionsinceneitherofthesymbqlg
2 x y A x + ( A x ) 2 Y+ 4 A x
meaning*' The symbol = lim
(or dz and 0y) has a separate Ax -' tl Ax
with respect to x wh
means to differentiate partially
a
it. The symbol it interpreted in like manner' - lim (2xY*'Ax.V + 4)
fi
Ax' o
Foimally, the definition of partial derivatives
:2xy+4
as follows:
partial derivative of z withr Ily E(8.2)
lf z : f(x, y), then the
- [x'Y+4x"+3YJ
x is sYmbolicallY defined as *
n2 = lim [ *'(y + AV)* 4"_. tjY ALI]
ily Ay'j o Ay - ' , i i
x2AY + 3AY
= lim
with respect to y is AY
and the'partial derivativ e of z Av; o
"1
I
function f of severl
two variables. in g"ttttul, with with ln piactice, we c<lmPute;Y tn in the examPle above bY consi' I
lr-al
.tnJ* is a partial derlvative 0x
;:;,';:':--*-". f,
Gi:, inalir""aent variable,i'e', f* ' fy ' rlcring y as constant and then differentiate with respect to x by
Ot rrpplying the rules"for ordinary differentiation'
*o
l!r-rr EXAMpLE1 f z =xzy + 4x +3v, find# # 'l'hus
E(S'1) and E(8'2) resPectivelY'
: x2 Y * 4x + 3Y Since C= x2 y + 4x + 3Y
lfr- rl Solution: Let z: f(x,Y)
tl
Then f(x + Ax, Y) = (x + Ax)2 Y
+ 4(x Then = (x'Y + 4x + 3Y)
# u?
L "--ll
letter deltr
*The symbol 0 which is a special form of the Greek -tvY*4
-y,
by'Jacobi(180+1851)'
ll
i''
l--
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To find P. *" treat x as constant and differentiate with It shotrld be noted that before performing any partial diffe-
dy rentiation of functions of several variable, it is important to know
to y. Thus first which of'the variables are considered or held constants.
dz = 8.2 Geometric Interpretation of purti"t Derivative
+ 4 x +3 y )
0y #a"'y
We shall now give a simple geometric interpretation to the
:x2+3 concept of partial derivative. Let the graph of a surface* defined
lry the equation z = f(x, y) be as shown in Fig. 8.1. Let P(x^,
Vs, 26) be a poirit on the surface. I'hen the plane passingthrouglr
EXAMPLE 2. If z = xsiny + ysinx, find P'arrd 31. P and parallel to the xz plane has the equation V : yo. The inter-
dydx
section of the surface z = f(x, y) and the plane y : vo-is the curve
APB as shown in Fig. 8.1. As a point moves along the cunre APB,
' Considering y as constant and differentia its coordinates x and z vary while y remains constant. The slope
Solution:
of the tangent line at P represents the rate at which z changeswith
l-
with respect to x.
dz = respect to x. Hence the partial deiivative $ is the slope of the
siny+ycosx
a*
tangent to.the curve of intersection APB at,the point P.
,^
Considering x as constant and differentiatinf I d
with respect to y, I
II
d z = .xcosy + I
a ,
sinx
0y
EXAMPLE E. I f u : x z + y z z * x z , f i n d u x ' 5 '
<l Solution: Considering y and z as constants and differen.
t., tiating with respect to x,
h, uy:
a
"
Tangent
/-' C o n s i d e r i n g x a n d y a s constants and differen.
\--., tiating with respect lo z, ,+
rEg
!z: Zyz* x v FIG. 8.1
fi,y, .The student who is not familiar with graphsof zurfacesshould rafer to any text
on analytic geometryfor a brief rwiew-
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I Tangent
lbrl
f?:
thq
.. )x
\1
C
-i
FIG. 8.2
-:
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f inite Integral
222 ZZg
f(
( 1 ) Formula L2 can be extended to the sum of
,t)2. te" + 4)rdx+J.te*, + 24x+.16)dx
J
number of differentials.
(2) Formula I3 tells us that a constant may be =T. ry+ r6x+
c
the integral sign. (Note: You can not do this
ble.) 3x3 + L171,2
+ 16x+ C
(3) Formula 14 is used for finding. the integral
of a function. Note that it holds for any 'r'i3 * !)a*
n except n = - 1. Note further that if u : x,
fies to I(+. *)0,.=l(*-'
+c = rl*
,[""*: # I4x-'dx+
= '
f
$* 2Lntx1r c
EXAI\,iPLE 1. Evahrate + 3x2 + 6)dx
J ts*o
Solution: =-3+2rnlxl+C
: y* *Jr*,
+ I 6ro*
J.u* Bx2 I **J,
:sJxodx+sJ*
=H*c,.+*cr+6r
I 2dx+ 6
tht' following:
EXERCISE9.1 -
'-4x+5)dx
<q :xs+x3+6x*("1
:x5+x3+6x+C
+"2+
1) (3x + 4)dx
b-rrrll
r/i -- l)dx
72n, where* C : .1 * -enraluited
*
_"1. In Practice,
bq,
integral is siinply"z in the
bqrrir manner:
' t_,4x-- g
dx
f
\hr
/tu*-+Bx2+o)dx=Y*T* x'
,_ililt
=x5+x3+6r './;-- Zx rE)ox
rtqrr
Effii
E3ilil rConsturts cbn d(ways be combined into a dngle oonEtant.
f ' ff fd F ( u ) =
8'Jq#26" JJ
lf (u)du (3)
i;
( Alro, since u = h(x) (4)
F e. lffia" = h'(x)
J l'ltcn +
dx
(5)
ble, say tiom x to another variable u' The pgrPq .rr dF(u):f[h(x)ttr'(x)dx (?)
i is to bring the problem to a foro "
""*'variabte
dard formula can be applied' This integration Intr.fratingboth sidesof (?) :
justified by the so called Chain Rule for in
briefly state below.
=/rrnt")Jh'(x)dx (8;
fot,",
, Let F(u) be a function whose (lrrrrparing (3) and (8), we seethat
tt"l = i1.t;. If u is a differentiable
* rf
rlupu=J rlntx)lh,(x)dx
then J .
= (
E(e.4) J tluyou [ lf [h(x)l h' rhrch is what we:wanted to prove.
dF(u) = f(u)du
rr{.
Flp-' J te*+ 4\'dx:J "'. to"
'{::. Integratingboth sidesof (2)
: *J"'ou by IE
'b*='
l-gl
t
I
*othErmethodsofintegrationbysubstihrtionrviltbo
J
Flvaluate f-r*,
-;=T-ox 4
quite difficult.: [t seemsnot easy to J
which expression should be equated to
time, we need that little "trick" we llere f(x) _ 2x2 - 6x * 4 and g(x) :
x _ B.
above. To do the trick, all we need ()urryine out the indicated
f(
algebraic maniPulations. Thus
2x2-6x+4
*lT-
_ ozx
= +
divlsion, .u get
4
_ _+x-=-
nil i
+ 1 .Ix = | x(4x2 + 1) (4x2 +
| (a*t + x) t/ 4*
Jf.3J
ti
: l4*'-+1)Txdx (letu= where Q(x) = 2x and R(x) - {,
J'
"
(nf= 'l'herefore,
=1.{1*.'+1)+. 11
8-+c 2
f z x ' x?--36 x + 4 d x : f r-r4ou*a*-fJ ; 5 o *+ r.
J J
=(k1+1.)*
20
*" :x2+4ln
l*-gl +c
Consider this time the problem of evaluating the
]
/
of the rational fraetion -
EXERCISE9.2
rel
e(x) ol t lre following indefinite integrals.
C brr
tstl
Therefore, we have l[
r- brr
fBdx=[h,.,.#-e]*
) s(xl J L-'-' s(*I
1
Ir
eltl
G, bl
=f 't*)dxi'Jffi* i11
ittt
Jttt
illi
l
Itatt'
f x2dx
", t' ${0,.
Jffi
f
| y'ln4x dx !.'- 2x. o*
8. x"2+]-;
2+L
J ---
It t 4x t
9. fdx -b-
-L
ox
J xln2x t'
10. f "'*u
JVF
f ,' of Ttigonometric Functions
11 J#T
l'rd formulas for evaluating the integrars of the six
functions are given below. The first two can be
dtff*rentiation and the remaining four may be proved
r
Jsinudu--cosu*C {
r
cosudu- sinu * C
I
:- rnlcosul
+c
JItu'uau
.
cotudu= ln
-/f fsinul+ C
,
: ln
secudu
J fr""r + tanul+ C
,,r.udu=- lnlcscu* cotul + C
J
tt"t
I t.n.,du- [ 0,,
.t J cosu
Fg
J,nr
F r-[l
J cos23x . By EZ,
r t
L2. I sin2xsecxdx' ( i
rtll o r ,r3x
J
f.fu
f4dxax= +c
,al 13. ( sin2xdx
IQr
J zri"-"*'- : axB
+ c
f 31,14
Egl L4. | (cotx * tanx)2 dx
J 43x
2 Jr : - _ E . _ ^
' \-/
D-u, In64
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r
EXERCISE 9.4 sech'?udu: tanhu + C
J
f
Evaluate the following: csch2udu =-cothu + C
I
"f
1 f a* ,tanhudu=-sechu * C
r' .r-.."n
J
"2* f ,,schucothudu= - cschu* C
f
Jn
!,. + t12a:r
J ,"t* tanfrudu= ln lcoshul+ C
/- / ?
g.
f "sin4x"os4xdx cothudu- ln lsinhul+ C
I
4. f"*=+e-** cosh(4x+ 3)dx:f sinh(4x + 3) + c by Hl
Jex J
f
5. dx =f r"lcosrrx'[+ c
J,.,Fa* /r*rr*r*2
byH?
6.
Iro** +'
7. dx t';i
fa,-2r EXERCISE9.6
f\
fntr.gration 247
246 Uifferential and
P3. - v]
cos(u il)cos(x+ 5)dx
J I
frrr^usinvdx
lr
The right member of Pl is then '|4..t'x(lx
and those of P2 and PB by T2. Considerthe.
EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate
I
Solution: We have the product of two
2r)cos(x* n)dx
h )sin(2x + 3)dx
-{ )a"
r { ysin12*
=+ (ltitta*+dsin{r
.
: ,{ sin8x + i sin4x i [;eos(x+ 4)dxt
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate /esin5
J
Solution: We have the product of a rlno
u : 5x and v = 4x. Hence,wt
by usingPl.
rf : +J
SsinSxcos4xdx 2sinSxeos4xdx
/
= +f$nex*sinx)dr
_ + (- *""t9x - .oo)+
-
:- + cosgx -i cosx* Q
of lntegration 253
xdx
5. f sir,o'*"os2 and then use the identity
J-
6. / tto xcosaxdx sec2v=1+tan2v
rf,
7. (!ffi+ cosx)2dx to reduce the grven integral to the form
J
f f
t. * cos4x)2dx
J_(t | (sum of powers of tanv)sec2vdx
J
9. cos2x)'dx 'tanu.
which is now integrable by 14 and with o. =
- f/tri"a**
f
tO. sin2Txdx I . Evpluate
J I t"nt xsecaxdx
J
11. f 4xdx rll:
t "or'
b-,- u. [
f
rx.t:axdx : I tant xseczxsec2xdx
Fr-rn
J. "osTxdx J.
I
13. I sint 2xdx = | t*t x (1 + tan2 x)eec2xdx
\,- J- J
r f
Iq L4. I sint x cossxdx
J
: | (tant x * tansx)sec2xdx
J
f
-* ,U. sin?xeos3x dx _ tgrn *_ + jg!,t * +
J c
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lOMoARcPSD|16041435
l
1. tun'2x$eca2xdx; r
f
ur
,2. I cotmvcscnvdx
*"t xseca
xdx J
J r(, v is a differentiable function of x, is similar to thai for.
f
3. xdx
Vt""* sec6 trcl rurtingthe integfal
-rI
4. tanTxax f"turr-*ectrvdx.
J J
b. I +*0" ' identity esc2v = 1 + cot2v or cot2v = csc2v - 1 is used to
-f
uce the original expression into an .integrable, fonn. It also
6. *"t 4xdx of three possible easesand it is left to the student to write
|
-ftr""* n the procedure for evaluating each case.
7. + tanx)2
dx
rf
- sec4x)2 EXERCISE10.4
8. dx
J tt
'Jm'dx I
luateeachof the following:
xdx
--:t
f -"otoxcsca
10. f*rr'xsec3/2xdx I xdx
J J "ottxcsc3
r1. f-e"'.l_o* I
-| - f "ot'4xdx
1/secx r
a - 1)'dx
f,_ J-(csc'x
L2. VsdCExsec2SxtanSxdx
J o
J,tffiicsca Bxdx
'rt-*
I coss2xdx
f
.l sinE2x
r-"
L,rr-r,,
t
./
t"r"+* * cot4x)2dx
-q,' c I
t't& o*
/ t:ot6 x
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