COLEGIO DE STA . ANA DE VICTORIAS, INC.

Osmeña Avenue, Victorias City, Negros Occidental, 6119

CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Bachelor of Science in Criminology
CDIN 223
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT & ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

Schedule of Classes: Thursday 8:00-10:00; 11:00- 12:00

1:00- 3:00; 3:00- 4:00

_____________________________________________
Student’s Name

MR. Norberto D. Rios, MPA

Subject Instructor, Criminal Justice Education
2 nd Sem., A .Y. 2021-2022

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 COLEGIO DE STA. ANA DE VICTORIAS, INC.
Osmeña Avenue, Victorias City, Negros Occidental, 6119
CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Welcome to MY Class CDIN 223

Traffic Management and Accident Investigation

As I welcome you back to CSAV, I would like to remind you that this pandemic affects not only yourselves but
everybody’s life and every country in the world. This a real test of our faith to God and of how strong we are to
handle the situation, a test to make us stand firmly with courage and to continue reaching our goal. Let not this
virus stops us from doing our plans for a brighter tomorrow, we have to move forward and hopeful this crisis will
end soon.

This modular type of instruction could be different from what we have been accustomed to a classroom
setting, however, in this hardest time, this could be one of the safest way of pursuing our goal. Your teachers
have the difficulty as well in preparing your materials, but rest assured they are doing their very best to deliver
quality learning and instruction.

Distance Learning Modality provides you a different way of studying and developing your skills. As a modular
learner, self-motivation and discipline are paramount. This means, you are completely responsible for
establishing a regular study system. You are also responsible of the course materials and to maintain the same
standards of excellence required by your course and this institution. I expect you to spend enough time of
reading, studying and researching. Understanding the content of this module will serve its purpose.

Finally, if there are concerns you feel I need to address to and help, you can keep in touch with me during
our on-line session or by joining the group at face book messenger.

God bless us all…….Stay safe

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 CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

CDIN 223
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

MODULE 4
TRAFFIC CONTROL

l. INTRODUCTION:

This module presents a systematic program of study intended for the Bachelor of Science in Criminology. At the
start of this module, you are invited to revisit the school rules and regulations as well as to understand the
standard protocols of the CHED, DOH/IATF, LGU and CSAV to ensure prevention of spreading the COVID 19 virus
for your safety and protection.

This module in CDIN 223, a 3 units course with descriptive title as Traffic Management and Accident
Investigation. You are required to read, analyze, conceptualized and present your ideas of a given particular
topics. The activities and Self-Check Questions (SCQ) will help assess your progress. If you need help or
clarification, you can ask me through our group account / chat.

Module 4: This Module discusses the principles of traffic control which includes the various traffic control
devices and aids used in the controlling of traffic flows.

It is expected at the end of the semester the students should be able to learn and knowledge with the following
module:

Module 1 Historical Background of Land Transportation

Module 2 Traffic Management
Module 3 Traffic Laws, Rules and Regulations and other Related Statutes
Module 4 Traffic Control
Module 5 Traffic Supervision
Module 6 Traffic Accident Investigation
Module 7 Practical Driving

ll. Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, the students are expected to:

1. Apply the school policies and regulations of the institution, as well as the health protocols of DOH / IATF and
LGU under the new normal situation.
2. Gain sufficient knowledge and background on a prescribed traffic rules and regulations and devices, such as
signals, and markings.
3. Familiarize themselves to the various types of devices conveyed by means of words or symbols officially
installed for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic.

School Policies and Regulations

A. General Policy Upon Entering the School Campus

1. Must wear appropriate attire and Identification Card;

2. Must wear a face mask and strictly observe social/physical distancing;
3. Must step-on the stop bath (wet doormat for dis-infection) and submit himself / herself to thermal scanning;
4. When body temperature shows indication of fever, must cooperate and follow the advised / instruction of
the designated personnel who conduct the scanning.

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B. While inside the classroom / campus:

1. Should strictly observe social / physical distancing, maintain a 1(one) meter distance;
2. Should wear face-mask;
3. Should avoid physical contact, handshake and cheek to cheek is strictly not allowed;
4. Should cover the mouth and nose when coughing and / or sneezing, spitting anywhere is strictly prohibited;
5. Group activity should be avoided, if unavoidable, must always observe strict observance of social/physical
distancing and wearing of face-mask;
6. Must develop a habit of proper hand-washing and sanitizing.

C. Health Self-assessment:

No better person can say what you feel about your condition, as such when not feeling well, do not go out
anymore. Stay at home, take a good rest, monitor yourself and take medicine if needed. Let us be a responsible
person to help contain and fight against the spread of Corona Virus Disease.

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL

Concept:
Traffic Control. Generally, it refers to procedures, devices, and communication systems that help vehicles and
vessels safely share the same roads, rails, water ways, or air space. Traffic control establishes a set of rules and
instructions that drivers, pilots, train engineers, and ship captains rely on to avoid collisions and other hazards.
Safe travel for pedestrians is an additional goal in highway traffic control.
Traffic Signs. Like traffic signal lights and road markings are used to convey quickly and accurately the wide
range of information needed by road users, particularly vehicle drivers, and to promote a safe and efficient use
of the road system.
Traffic Signs refer to any device mounted on portable support whereby a message is conveyed by means of
words or symbols officially installed for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic. Traffic signs are
installed to serve the following functions:
1. To control traffic
2. To safeguard the flow of traffic
3. To expedite traffic, and
4. To guide traffic and motorists.

Standardization of traffic signs shall conform to the standards set forth in the erection and display of standard
road signs and markers as prescribed by the DPWH as to shape, color, dimension, shape, size, height, letterings
or symbols.

Traffic signs shall be installed only under public authority or by the official having jurisdiction for that purpose,
and it shall not bear any commercial advertisement.

A thorough knowledge of traffic signs, signals and road pavement markings is necessary to all drivers. Every
motorist must be able to recognize and obey them without hesitation even with the absence of traffic police
officer.

INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC SIGNS:

As explained in the Vienna convention, the system of signs and signals which it has prescribed is based on the
use of shapes and colors, characteristics of each class of sign, and whenever possible on the use of graphic
symbols rather than inscriptions with few exceptions one of which is the Stop sign of the United states. It has
been adopted very likely because it is understood practically by every motorist regardless of nationalities. These
basic sign shapes are:

1. Round and red sign: regulates the movement of turning and passing traffic regulations;
2. Round black yellow signs: a warning that you are approaching a railroad crossing;

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3. Equilateral triangle red signs: a sign at the intersection directing the drives to yield the right-of-way to
vehicles in the road being crossed;
4. Eight-sided (octagonal) red and white stop sign: the most popular and understood sign by all tongues and
colors; and
5. Triangle red and black sign: approaching a danger zone slope, winding road, and others.

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC SIGNS.

1. Danger Warning Signs. These signs are also known as “Caution Signs” these signs have an equilateral
triangular shape with one side horizontal and having red borders. These signs are intended to:
a. Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road conditions,
b. Seek caution for the approaching road hazards; and
c. Call the reduction of speed.
2. Regulatory Signs. These are signs which impose legal restrictions applicable at particular location usually
enforceable in the absence of such signs. These are intended to:
a. Inform road users of certain laws and regulations, and
b. Special obligations, instructions, or prohibitions which they must comply with and violations of which
constitute misdemeanor.
Regulatory signs are usually round in shape with the exception of “Stop Signs” and Yield Signs” these signs are
further classified into two:
a. Prohibitive and restrictive signs, and
b. Mandatory signs
3. Informative Signs. These signs are also known as “guide signs or “direction signs” The rectangular shape
white-colored on blue background is used for informative signs. Green background is usually used for route
markers and destination signs. Informative Signs are intended to:
a. Guide motorists along established routes,
b. Inform the motorists of the proper roads, and
c. Help motorists along the way in the most simple and direct method.

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TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS

Traffic lights. These refers to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is warned or directed to
take some specific actions. Traffic light signals are used to control traffic at junctions and also to stop traffic to
provide safe crossing points for pedestrians and cyclists.

The color of traffic lights are chronologically arranged to give motorists better view of signals from the top, the
series of color is Red, Yellow, and Green. If there is a left or right arrow, the color alternates from green. If there
is a left or right arrow, the color alternates from green, yellow to red and is usually installed at left side of the
green, yellow and red lights. (See Figure below)

RED for “stop”. Red was an obvious choice for “Stop” It had always represented danger. First was red; man had
learned early on to keep a safe distance from it lest he be burned. Blood was red; to shed it, brought death. It is
no wonder that, therefore, red became associated with emergency and with danger.
WHITE for “Go” though “to give the green light” has become the proverbial permissive signal in many a
situation, green was not the original choice to “go” white first indicated that the railroad was safe and that the
train could proceed without danger. After all white had always been regarded, though unscientifically so, as a
pure and clear color. Consequently, in the language of symbolism it came to express purity. Therefore, it was not
surprising either that initially it was decided upon to make it the signal that the line was “clear”.
CAUTION. Two “lights” were to control the running of trains white for “go” and “red” for “stop”. It was then
realized that safety would be served better still by introducing a cautionary light to warn the driver of an
imminent change. Its color again was to be determined by considerations of contrast, distinctiveness and
visibility. The eventual choice was green.
GREEN for “go”. It did not take long for “white to prove the wrong color for “go”. Bitter experience taught that it
was far from ideal. In fact, it could prove fatal and for a very pertinent reason. At that early stage, kerosene
lamps served as the source of light. Any color other than white was produced by fixing a color glass plate in front
of the lamp.

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS:

1. Traffic Control Signals. These are signal lights designed primarily to control and regulate traffic flows.
2. Special Pedestrian signals. These signal lights provides regulation for pedestrians like the “Walk” and “Do Not
Walk” signal lights.
3. Train Approach and Gates Signals. These are usually installed on road-rail intersections designed to inform
motorists of any approaching train on the intersection.
4. Other Special Traffic Signals. These are installed on traffic ways where special regulations are emphasized like
“YIELD TO VEHICLES COMING FROM THE LEFT”, and other similar regulations.

TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEM. Traffic signal lights use different signaling systems which vary according to the needs
of the traffic way.

1. The fixed-time System. A traffic control signal by which traffic is alternately commanded to stop and
permitted to proceed in accordance with predetermined time schedule. This is the most widely used system of
traffic signaling. The duration of the green light remains constant and is set to favor traffic on the main roadway.
2. Progressive System. These are used on major arteries of a number of cities. Signals at successive intersections
along the artery are timed to change from red to green at staggered intervals, permitting a vehicle that
maintains a constant speed to proceed without interruption under normal circumstances.
3. Computerized Control of Signal Networks. Signal changes are ordered by the demands of traffic and are
directed by computers that that operate on the basis of traffic information relayed from vehicle sensors on the
streets. In this system, traffic detectors are placed at several locations-generally in the pavement. A computer
continuously scans the traffic information from each detector. The computer then selects the best timing for
each signal to reduce traffic congestion and minimize delays.

SPECIFIC MEANING OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS:

1. Steady Red.
a. STOP at the designated line.
b. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”.
c. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
d. Unless specified, you can TURN RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear traffic coming from the left.
2. Steady Green.
a. GO
b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to STOP.
c. Pedestrians are not allowed to cross in front of you.
d. Unless specified, you can move up to the middle section of the intersection and make a left turn when clear.
e. Vehicles GOING STRAIGHT have the right of way.
f. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN LIGHT.
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3. Steady Green Arrow.
a. GO
b. Vehicles turning left can do so.
c. On coming straight traffic is still RED to give way for the vehicles turning left.
d. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN ARROW.
4. Steady Yellow.
a. PREPARE TO STOP.
b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be given the GO signal shortly.
c. DO NOT BEAT A YELLOW LIGHT.
5. Flashing Red.
a. This is the same as a STOP SIGN.
b. STOP at the designated line.
c. Vehicles will be crossing from the other side.
d. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrians’ lane.
e. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.
6. Flashing Yellow.
a. This the same as a YIELD SIGN.
b. Proceed through the intersection with CAUTION.
c. You have the right of way aver a flashing RED LIGHT.
d. Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a FULL STOP.
7. Steady Green and Steady Left/Right Arrow.
a. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make a left turn.
b. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make a right turn.
c. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign disallowing right turn while the RED light is
ON.

PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS.

Pavement Markings and markers. The pavements of all main highways have certain markings to help you drive
safely. Those include the center lane lines, barrier lines, and directional arrows, depending upon the type of
highway and the needs for such markings to make the road safe under varying conditions.

A. Pavement Markings Defined. These pertain to all lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets except signs
set into the surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing or to objects within or adjacent to
the roadway, officially placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.

B. Types of Pavement Markings and Markers. Pavement markings and markers are further classified into the
following depending on their purpose and location of placement.

1. Pavement Markings. These are the lines usually white and yellow or a combination of yellow and white
officially set on the roadway as separation for motor vehicles traveling in the opposite direction or the same
direction in case of two-lane one-way street, two-lane two -way street.

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Pavement markings separate opposing streams of traffic and direct vehicles into proper positions on the
roadway. For example, pavement markings delineate turn lanes at intersections and establish no-passing zones.

2. Curb Markings for restrictions. These are markings placed on curbs or edges of the traffic for restriction or
for parking regulation purposes.

3. Object Markings. These are markings placed on objects on the road or beside the road like humps, rocks or
similar hazardous objects on the side of the road.

4. Reflectorized Markings. These are markings or gadgets designed to reflect and become luminous when hit
by vehicles’ headlight. These are placed or installed in the middle of the roadway to supplement separation
lines or on object at the side of the roadway which are too near or within the road pavement itself.
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C. Specific Meaning of Pavement Markings. Pavement markings vary depending on the traffic regulations in its
location or depending on the road or traffic condition.

1. Single White Dotted Line. This pavement markings indicates the following:
a. On two-lane road, it separates traffic moving in opposite directions.
b. On a one-way street, separate traffic moving in one direction.
c. Overtaking is possible when other lane is clear of oncoming possible.
2. Single White Continuous Line On a Four-Lane Traffic Way. This line indicates the following:
a. Separates traffic moving in opposite direction.
b. Could be found in road sections that are dangerous.
c. Passing and overtaking can be made but ONLY under circumstances when there is no oncoming traffic.
3. Single Continuous Line On a Four -Lane Road. This sign when found on four-lane streets, indicates:
a. When there are slow and fast lanes, NEVER overtake by passing over the solid white lane.
b. Lanes 1 & 4 (outer lanes) for slow moving vehicles. Vehicles on this lane should not be BELOW the
minimum speed limit.
c. Lanes 2 & 3 (inner lanes) are usually for faster moving vehicles.
4. Double Yellow Line or Double White Line. A double yellow or white line with a dotted line in between means:
a. Absolutely no Overtaking.
b. Overtaking is extremely dangerous.
c. Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid lines.
5. Single Yellow/White Line. A yellow or white line with a dotted white line means;
a. That you cannot overtake if the solid line is on your side.
b. If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the solid line.
6. Yellow Continuous Line on Road Provided with a Passing Lane. This line indicates the following;
a. These are common on mountain roads.
b. Slow moving vehicles such as buses and
c. Heavy trucks should always use the outer lane.
d. Inner lane is for vehicles coming from the opposite direction.
e. Vehicles coming from the opposite direction should not use the inner lane at the other side for
overtaking.
7. Crosswalk or Pedestrian Lane. This pavement marking indicates the following;
a. For pedestrian to cross.
b. Stop for pedestrians on an intersection with no traffic light.
c. DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane especially to load or unload passengers.
d. Pedestrians should ALWAYS cross a street on a crosswalk

8. Directional Arrows. These pavement markings indicate the following traffic regulations.
a. Directions of permitted traffic movement.

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 b. When approaching intersections where pavement arrows are used, you should enter the lane where
the arrow points in the direction you want to go.
c. If you get in a wrong lane, you should keep going in the direction indicated by the arrow until it is safe
to turn off and get back on the street or highway which will carry you to your destination.
d. Some have double headed arrows which means the lane is for traffic going in the two directions
indicated.
9. Stop Lines. These are painted across pavement lanes at traffic signs or signals. Where these lines are present,
you should stop behind the stop line.
10. The Barrel Lines. Anew concept in reducing the seriousness of accidents. The barrels are engineered to act
as impact cushion. Usually installed in front of solid obstacle or traffic island at an area of high accident
frequency.

TRAFFIC ISLANDS

A. Traffic Island Defined. These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish physical
channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.
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B. Functions of Traffic Islands. Traffic Islands as part of traffic control devices are designed to:
1. Segregate pedestrians and vehicles, and
2. Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict, expedite traffic flow or increase safety.

C. Classifications of Traffic Islands. Traffic Islands are classified according to the design, place of installation, and
purpose of construction.

1. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers). These are constructed between the pedestrian sidewalk and the
road pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and to prevent motor vehicles from
using the sidewalk for parking and passing purposes.
2. Traffic Islands. These are raised portion in the middle of the traffic way constructed to separate the streams
of motor vehicles traversing on opposite directions and at the same time preventing motorists from using the
opposite lane for overtaking.
a. Division Islands. These are constructed primarily to divide the streams of the motor vehicles.

b. Channelizing Island. These are constructed to channelize or direct the flow of traffic.

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c. Rotary Islands. These are constructed along intersections or “rotundas” for purposes of turning around. The
functions are:
* prohibit pedestrians from crossing major thoroughfares at points where such crossing are exceptionally
hazardous.
*minimize imprudence and delays to vehicular traffic, and
* channelize and control pedestrians.

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lll. Learning Materials

1. Darlito Bernard G. Delizo, M.P.A., M.S. Crim., M. Div. Traffic Management and Accident Investigation Revised
Edition (2009) Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.

lV. Learning Activities (see attached sheet)

1. taking notes while viewing videos given by the professor,

2. Participating in our virtual class

D. Learning Tasks

a. Read . . .Compressed Lessons under Learning Inputs

b. Watch – Power point/Videos given related to Traffic control. (lecture)

Feedback:

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