POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

JAMES CLARENZE OCON VARRON

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
MAJOR IN SOCIAL STUDIES 1-1
2021-2022
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PHILOSOPHY OF THE SELF

Philosophy • Philosophy means "love of

wisdom."

• Philosophy is a basic term for

pursuing basic truths about
oneself, one's environment, and
connections to others.
Philosophers are always asking,
responding, and fighting for
solutions to life's most
fundamental issues.

• As the subject of one's own

Self
self-reflective consciousness.

PHILOSOPHERS

Socrates • One of the earliest

philosophers and educators. His
philosophy emphasizes the
need of "knowing oneself."

Self
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• Socratic Method or Socratic

conversation is a discussion
between teacher and students,
prompted by the teacher's
constant penetrating questions,
to uncover the underlying
assumptions that influence the
students' perspectives and
attitudes

• He is a student of Socrates,
Plato
which is why he adhered to
Socrates' philosophy of knowing
himself in the manner that he
did. He was referred to as the
"Father of the Academy."
According to him, the follower of
truth and wisdom will never be
lured by evil, and will always
behave in ways that are good,
moral, and ethical.

• He believed the soul is divided

into three portions with distinct
perspectives and acts: (1)
Appetitive Soul is accountable
for satisfying the demands of a
person; (2) Spirited Soul is a
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brave aspect of their personality

and; (3) Rational Soul is the
part of each human being that
thinks.

St. Augustine • He believes that everything will

be better if we are with God. He
believed that God and his
teachings had an impact on
many aspects of life. He
emphasized that even we may
disagree with what others say,
we can always agree with our
own thoughts. Our purpose on
this planet is to educate the
church and grow in our
relationship with God as he
reveals it to us.

Rene Descartes • He employed a radical early

scientific technique to
substantiate his hypotheses and
assumptions, garnering him the
label "Father of Modern
Philosophy." The self is a
thinking entity. One of his most
famous views is Cognito ergo
sum where in order to improve
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himself, man must rely on his

own intellect and thinking
talents, which are different from
his body yet essential to his total
health.

John Locke • A philosopher and physician

from United Kingdom. He is
considered to be the "Father of
Classical Liberation." He
claimed that a person is born
ignorant and is susceptible to
learning via experiences,
failures, references, and
observations. Experiences and
perceptions shape who a person
becomes.

David Hume • A philosopher from Scotland.

As he sees it, man doesn't have
a "clear and comprehensible"
idea of who he is. He says that
there isn't a clear picture of the
self; rather, the self is the thing
that all of a man's thoughts and
feelings are about. Furthermore,
even if there was a sense of the
self, it would have to stay the
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same over time in order to

establish one's identity.

• He is the theorist of both

Immanuel Kant
empiricism and rationalism.
According to him, to fully
understand oneself, one must
use intuition to combine all of
one's experiences, impressions,
and perceptions. This will help
them find out who they are. But
he says that "transcendental
apperception" is an important
part of our minds that combines
our experiences, intuition, and
imagination.

• An Austrian psychologist and

Sigmund Freud the father of psychoanalysis.
Many people know Freud
through his studies on the
unconscious and human nature.
He felt people had distinct
notions of themselves. He
considered the many levels of
consciousness and how a
person develops a sense of self.
According to him, our behaviors
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are shaped by our desire for

pleasure and shaped by our
prior experiences with suffering
led him to assume that we are
the sum of our past experiences.

Gilbert Ryle • It is his belief that the person's

behaviors constitute his or her
self. A reflection of our thoughts,
emotions, and deeds, we show
the essence of who we are via
our acts and words. However, he
does not believe that the mind
and body are separate entities,
as shown by the inexplicable
occurrences or abilities that may
be found in the mind when the
soul is explored.

Paul Churchland • He is a philosopher whose

work is centered on the physical
brain and human self-
perceptions. According to him, a
person's identity may be
determined by the brain's
continual movement. He is
particularly interested in the
statements of eliminative
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materialism, and he believes

that knowing the many
neurological pathways, how they
function, and the repercussions
of their movement on humans
provides a quantifiable
description of one's conduct.

• He is best known for writing

Maurice Jean Jacques about existentialism and
Merleau-Ponty phenomenology. He came up
with the term "phenomenology of
perception." He thought that the
body and mind were not
separate things, but rather were
made up of the same thing.
Perception shapes our actions in
response to what we've seen
and done. As we have many
different experiences in the
world, our bodies sense and our
minds make sense of them.
These perceptions may shape
who we are, and how we feel
about ourselves.
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Thomas Aquinas • When it comes to a human

being, the human body is
something that even animals
share. The cells in a man or
woman's body are identical to
the cells in any other living,
organic object on the planet.
What distinguishes a human
being from a dog or a tiger,
though, is his soul, or his
essence. People who follow
Aquinas think that souls are
what make us human. The soul
is what makes us alive.
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George Herbert Mead • His theory about self implies

that the self does not exist at
birth. Instead, it emerges
through social interaction, from
seeing and engaging with
others, from reacting to others'
perspectives, and from
internalizing exterior and
external sensations.

Self-awareness and Self-

image. Self-image was formed
by figuring out how others see
us. We always try to put
ourselves in the shoes of
someone else and think about
how they see this event,
situation, or action taking place.
This is imitation. We may
become self-aware by assuming
another's position.
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Henri de Saint-Simon • He was a French social theorist

who was acknowledged with
founding French socialism.
Saint-Simon envisioned a new
and beneficial rebuilding of
society in the aftermath of the
French Revolution, ruled by
industrialists and with scientists
acting as priests. The purpose of
this society would be to create
things helpful to life, and
universal association would
ensure peace.
His advocacy is for the
establishment of a "science of
society" inspired the formation of
sociology and economics as
scientific disciplines.

• Synthetic Philosophy, as his

Herbert Spencer grandiose ambitions were
dubbed, intended to cover all
aspects of the universe:
physical, psychological,
biological, social, and ethical.
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Moral Philosophy

• In Social Statistics, only when

people are able to do what they
want and need without putting
the rights of others at risk is it
possible for people to be happy.
To be completely happy, one
must enjoy seeing other people
be satisfied.

• Principles of Ethics is a
fundamental rule of ethics and
morality. In Moral dictum,
humans should abide by the
rules of the physical and
biological worlds as soon as they
are known and stop attempting
to create social forms that break
these laws through political
legislation. While in Scientific
Position, as with the laws of
nature, breaking the rules of
social order will only result in far
more serious consequences in
the long term.
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• In Social Statistics, it’s a good

thing that moral rules and
laissez-faire capitalism rules
work together, but it's also a bad
thing if they don't work well
together. War is bad, but it
allows more organized "races" to
conquer "less organized and
inferior races," which increases
the level and complexity of social
organization, even though war is
bad.

David Emile Durkeim • According to him, there were

some parts of logical thought
that were common to all
humans, but they came about
through collective life and
weren't set in stone. This is
because the content of
categories changed from society
to society.

• According to him, an
Albert Bandura
individual's identity is shaped by
others' expectations, not by the
unconscious. People around us
have a significant impact on our
behavior and attitudes.
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• Self efficacy refers to people's

perception that they are capable
of achieving certain levels of
performance that have an
impact on their lives. People's
feelings, thoughts, motivations,
and actions are all influenced by
this notion. The four main
sources of self-efficacy are (1)
Mastery Experience, (2)
Vicarious Experience, (3) Social
Persuasion, and (4)
Psychological Responses.

• He characterized modern
Karl Marx
society as alienating. Alienation
is a term that refers to a state in
which a person is cut off from his
or her society, work, and sense
of self.
Max Weber
• According to him, as the
religion became less important,
capitalism broke away from its
roots and became the most
important force in society.
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Lewis Morgan • The family and social

institutions evolve in a certain
order. In the beginning, people
lived in undifferentiated masses,
then created social hierarchies
with priests, kings, scholars, or
workers and lastly, they acquired
knowledge that was divided into
the several disciplines.
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Anthropology • Anthropology is the study of

humans systematically, and it
helps us understand how
humans evolved, how unique we
are as a species, and how we
have lived in a wide range of
social situations over time.
Anthropology seeks to
comprehend our common
humanity and variety and
engage with various ways of
being.

Marcel Mauss • He asserts that each self has

two faces: personne and moi.
Moi refers to a person's sense of
self, while Personne is
concerned with what it means to
live in a certain institution, family,
area, or country, as well as how
to act in the face of external
expectations and pressures.

• He asserts that language is

cultural. Language and culture
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are ingrained with this concept.

Typically, a language refers to a
group of people. Developing an
understanding of another
language necessitates
interaction with the culture that
speaks it. Without their
language, it is impossible to
comprehend another person's
culture.

• According to him, culture is a

Clifford Geertz
collection of inherited ideas
expressed symbolically through
which mankind communicate,
maintain, and expand their
knowledge and attitudes about
and about the world.
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Psychology • The term 'psychology' comes

from two Greek words: 'psyche',
which means mind, soul, or
spirit, and 'logos', which means
discourse or study. When these
phrases are combined, they
form the phrase ‘” Study of the
mind.'” It studies behavior and
mental processes. Psychology
focuses on the person, their
cognitive functioning, and
outside influences.

William James • He was a pioneer in studying

the self. He saw the ego as
consisting of two parts: "I" and
"me." The "I" is how an individual
responds to the attitudes of
others, and the "me" is how an
individual thinks about the
attitudes of others that they
have. The "I" is also the person
who thinks, acts, and feels.
While "me" is what makes
yousically and psychologically
unique.
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You who you are, it's also what

makes you physically and
psychologically unique.

• His theory is that the "I" is the

Carl Rogers one that makes choices and
acts, while the "me" is how you
see yourself. The "I" depicts
what individuals perceive or do
in the actual world. While
the" Me" Self is a more intimate
and psychological concept.

• Self-Schema - Our "system of

knowledge" is how we think
about ourselves., interests,
employment, course, age,
name, and physical features are
examples. This is a resume.

• Unconditional Positive
Regard - This is called "non-
judgement." It's when you
recognize and respect another
person's uniqueness without
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criticizing or criticizing them.

• Identity and Self Concept

Overview - Personal features,
societal duties and obligations,
and relationships define identity.
However, Self-Concept is how
one perceives oneself. "What
the individual believes about
themselves, their attributes, and
who and what they are."

The Self-concept is comprised of

two distinct perceptions of one's
own identity: The existential self
and the categorical self.

Self-Concept/Self-Schema is
made up of three components:
Self-image, Ideal self, and Ought
self.
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Carver and Scheier • Carver and Scheier have

established two sorts of self that
we might be aware of: the
conscious self and the
unconscious self: The private
self and the public self.

• He asserts that self-

consciousness is when you
worry too much about how
people will see and judge you.
When we are in big groups, we
may not be able to be aware of
ourselves and be responsible for
ourselves. The more we connect
with our group's emotions and
become anonymous, the more
likely we are to lose self-control
and act in ways we wouldn't act
on our own.
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Sigmund Freud • He believed that mental

disease may be a result of
psychological rather than
physical problems. Then he said
that dreams represent a
person's suppressed desires
and libidinal (sex) drives that are
not visible to the conscious
consciousness.

• It is assumed by Freud that

we're all biological organisms
that need to be fed and have
motivating forces that drive us to
do what we do. His theory says
that the id, the ego, and the
superego are all parts of the
mind.

The terms "true self" and "false

self" are used in a variety of
psychological and spiritual
groups, and they have varying
meanings in each. Each of us
contains two wolves: one wicked
and one good. The wolf that
receives the most food wins.
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Western Thoughts • Westerners place more value

on equality, even though they
know that the individual can rise
above everything else. Because
everyone is competing against
each other, one might say that
they also promote the idea of
"fair" competition and individual
protection.

• They emphasize their own

characteristics and
accomplishments while defining
oneself.

Eastern Thought • Due to their collectivistic

culture, people in the East place
more emphasis on hierarchy
because they want to keep
things together and in order.

In overall, they talked about their

social positions or the social
conditions that led to certain
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traits that they think are good for

their own personal growth.

WESTERN VS. EASTERN

PHILOSPHERS

Confucianism
• It came from the teachings of
Confucius. It wants to have a
peaceful social life. People's
individual identities and self-
conceptions are linked to their
community or cultural identities
and positions, which share both
pride and failure.
Taoism
• It is based on the writings of
Lao. It shows how to live. The
self is part of the world. The best
way to live a happy and
balanced life is to let go of biases
and egotistical views, and to
think about how humans and
other beings can work together
to make the world a better place.

• 3 Essential Energies
Sustaining Human Life: Jing
(essence), Qi (energy), and
Shen (spirit).
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Buddhism • The objective of all Buddhist

traditions is to eliminate suffering
and the cycle of death and
rebirth, either by achieving
Nirvana or becoming a Buddha.
All dhammas include
impermanence (anicca),
suffering (dukhha), and not-self
(anatta), which implies there is
no "I," "ME," or "MINE" in any of
them. Unpleasantness and pain
are real and happen to
everyone. Desire and
attachment are the main
reasons why things aren't good
enough or painful.
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“Akong nilikha mo, uuwi rin sa iyo”

In the absence of a firm grasp of the nature of God, I am nothing. It's easy for

me to recall those moments when I couldn't see the point of existing at all. Those days

when my death is on the list of things I'd want to achieve. My interest in virtual things,

activities, events, and people is waning as a result of this phenomenon. Things that

were previously significant to me have lost their significance in my life. Those

moments when I'm surrounded by darkness even while it's daytime. When I feel

hopeless, it clouds my judgment of myself, other people, my situation, and even the

world around me. Hopelessness is a strong feeling. It wasn't until I met an unexpected

individual who changed my perspective on life and introduced me to Saint Augustine

of Hippo which I learned about this famous philosopher. This is a narrative that our

parish priest tells us about the life of Saint Augustine prior to his sainthood. A non-

believer and well-educated someone who rejects the teachings of the Catholic

Church. But due to the prayers of St. Monica of Hippo, Augustine changed his

perspective on life and became the Catholic church's greatest philosopher.

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Like Augustine, I believe that the self is open to a connection with God and that

this relationship is conceivable. The two ways he sees the ego as fundamentally

directed toward God are: "self-presentation" and "self-realization". As a result of his

own life experiences, Augustine came to the conclusion that only God can satisfy the

human soul's deepest longings. This is how I see the world, but it does not rule out

alternative ways of looking at things. It's helpful to me, but I can't guarantee that this

perspective will be beneficial to others.