POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

JAMES CLARENZE OCON VARRON

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
MAJOR IN SOCIAL STUDIES 1-1
2021-2022
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

INTRODUCTION
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PHILOSOPHY OF THE SELF

Philosophy • Philosophy means "love of

wisdom."

• Philosophy is a basic term for

pursuing basic truths about
oneself, one's environment, and
connections to others.
Philosophers are always asking,
responding, and fighting for
solutions to life's most
fundamental issues.

• As the subject of one's own

Self
self-reflective consciousness.

PHILOSOPHERS

Socrates • One of the earliest

philosophers and educators. His
philosophy emphasizes the
need of "knowing oneself."

Self
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Socratic Method or Socratic

conversation is a discussion
between teacher and students,
prompted by the teacher's
constant penetrating questions,
to uncover the underlying
assumptions that influence the
students' perspectives and
attitudes

• He is a student of Socrates,
Plato
which is why he adhered to
Socrates' philosophy of knowing
himself in the manner that he
did. He was referred to as the
"Father of the Academy."
According to him, the follower of
truth and wisdom will never be
lured by evil, and will always
behave in ways that are good,
moral, and ethical.

• He believed the soul is divided

into three portions with distinct
perspectives and acts: (1)
Appetitive Soul is accountable
for satisfying the demands of a
person; (2) Spirited Soul is a
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

brave aspect of their personality

and; (3) Rational Soul is the
part of each human being that
thinks.

St. Augustine • He believes that everything will

be better if we are with God. He
believed that God and his
teachings had an impact on
many aspects of life. He
emphasized that even we may
disagree with what others say,
we can always agree with our
own thoughts. Our purpose on
this planet is to educate the
church and grow in our
relationship with God as he
reveals it to us.

Rene Descartes • He employed a radical early

scientific technique to
substantiate his hypotheses and
assumptions, garnering him the
label "Father of Modern
Philosophy." The self is a
thinking entity. One of his most
famous views is Cognito ergo
sum where in order to improve
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

himself, man must rely on his

own intellect and thinking
talents, which are different from
his body yet essential to his total
health.

John Locke • A philosopher and physician

from United Kingdom. He is
considered to be the "Father of
Classical Liberation." He
claimed that a person is born
ignorant and is susceptible to
learning via experiences,
failures, references, and
observations. Experiences and
perceptions shape who a person
becomes.

David Hume • A philosopher from Scotland.

As he sees it, man doesn't have
a "clear and comprehensible"
idea of who he is. He says that
there isn't a clear picture of the
self; rather, the self is the thing
that all of a man's thoughts and
feelings are about. Furthermore,
even if there was a sense of the
self, it would have to stay the
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

same over time in order to

establish one's identity.

• He is the theorist of both

Immanuel Kant
empiricism and rationalism.
According to him, to fully
understand oneself, one must
use intuition to combine all of
one's experiences, impressions,
and perceptions. This will help
them find out who they are. But
he says that "transcendental
apperception" is an important
part of our minds that combines
our experiences, intuition, and
imagination.

• An Austrian psychologist and

Sigmund Freud the father of psychoanalysis.
Many people know Freud
through his studies on the
unconscious and human nature.
He felt people had distinct
notions of themselves. He
considered the many levels of
consciousness and how a
person develops a sense of self.
According to him, our behaviors
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

are shaped by our desire for

pleasure and shaped by our
prior experiences with suffering
led him to assume that we are
the sum of our past experiences.

Gilbert Ryle • It is his belief that the person's

behaviors constitute his or her
self. A reflection of our thoughts,
emotions, and deeds, we show
the essence of who we are via
our acts and words. However, he
does not believe that the mind
and body are separate entities,
as shown by the inexplicable
occurrences or abilities that may
be found in the mind when the
soul is explored.

Paul Churchland • He is a philosopher whose

work is centered on the physical
brain and human self-
perceptions. According to him, a
person's identity may be
determined by the brain's
continual movement. He is
particularly interested in the
statements of eliminative
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

materialism, and he believes

that knowing the many
neurological pathways, how they
function, and the repercussions
of their movement on humans
provides a quantifiable
description of one's conduct.

• He is best known for writing

Maurice Jean Jacques about existentialism and
Merleau-Ponty phenomenology. He came up
with the term "phenomenology of
perception." He thought that the
body and mind were not
separate things, but rather were
made up of the same thing.
Perception shapes our actions in
response to what we've seen
and done. As we have many
different experiences in the
world, our bodies sense and our
minds make sense of them.
These perceptions may shape
who we are, and how we feel
about ourselves.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Thomas Aquinas • When it comes to a human

being, the human body is
something that even animals
share. The cells in a man or
woman's body are identical to
the cells in any other living,
organic object on the planet.
What distinguishes a human
being from a dog or a tiger,
though, is his soul, or his
essence. People who follow
Aquinas think that souls are
what make us human. The soul
is what makes us alive.
 POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

George Herbert Mead • His theory about self implies

that the self does not exist at
birth. Instead, it emerges
through social interaction, from
seeing and engaging with
others, from reacting to others'
perspectives, and from
internalizing exterior and
external sensations.

Self-awareness and Self-

image. Self-image was formed
by figuring out how others see
us. We always try to put
ourselves in the shoes of
someone else and think about
how they see this event,
situation, or action taking place.
This is imitation. We may
become self-aware by assuming
another's position.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Henri de Saint-Simon • He was a French social theorist

who was acknowledged with
founding French socialism.
Saint-Simon envisioned a new
and beneficial rebuilding of
society in the aftermath of the
French Revolution, ruled by
industrialists and with scientists
acting as priests. The purpose of
this society would be to create
things helpful to life, and
universal association would
ensure peace.
His advocacy is for the
establishment of a "science of
society" inspired the formation of
sociology and economics as
scientific disciplines.

• Synthetic Philosophy, as his

Herbert Spencer grandiose ambitions were
dubbed, intended to cover all
aspects of the universe:
physical, psychological,
biological, social, and ethical.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Moral Philosophy

• In Social Statistics, only when

people are able to do what they
want and need without putting
the rights of others at risk is it
possible for people to be happy.
To be completely happy, one
must enjoy seeing other people
be satisfied.

• Principles of Ethics is a
fundamental rule of ethics and
morality. In Moral dictum,
humans should abide by the
rules of the physical and
biological worlds as soon as they
are known and stop attempting
to create social forms that break
these laws through political
legislation. While in Scientific
Position, as with the laws of
nature, breaking the rules of
social order will only result in far
more serious consequences in
the long term.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

• In Social Statistics, it’s a good

thing that moral rules and
laissez-faire capitalism rules
work together, but it's also a bad
thing if they don't work well
together. War is bad, but it
allows more organized "races" to
conquer "less organized and
inferior races," which increases
the level and complexity of social
organization, even though war is
bad.

David Emile Durkeim • According to him, there were

some parts of logical thought
that were common to all
humans, but they came about
through collective life and
weren't set in stone. This is
because the content of
categories changed from society
to society.

• According to him, an
Albert Bandura
individual's identity is shaped by
others' expectations, not by the
unconscious. People around us
have a significant impact on our
behavior and attitudes.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Self efficacy refers to people's

perception that they are capable
of achieving certain levels of
performance that have an
impact on their lives. People's
feelings, thoughts, motivations,
and actions are all influenced by
this notion. The four main
sources of self-efficacy are (1)
Mastery Experience, (2)
Vicarious Experience, (3) Social
Persuasion, and (4)
Psychological Responses.

• He characterized modern
Karl Marx
society as alienating. Alienation
is a term that refers to a state in
which a person is cut off from his
or her society, work, and sense
of self.
Max Weber
• According to him, as the
religion became less important,
capitalism broke away from its
roots and became the most
important force in society.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Lewis Morgan • The family and social

institutions evolve in a certain
order. In the beginning, people
lived in undifferentiated masses,
then created social hierarchies
with priests, kings, scholars, or
workers and lastly, they acquired
knowledge that was divided into
the several disciplines.
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES