3 Exogenetic Movements Part 1H

Points to Remember
Many landforms are formed due to Internal Movements
Landforms formed on the earth's surface as a result
of internal movements are called Primary and Secondary Landforms.
Because of the external processes like weathering,
erosion, transportation and deposition, the primary and
Tertiary Landforms
secondary landforms give way to
Breaking or weakening of rocks is a natural phenomenon called Weathering
Wearing away of rocks due to contact with the physical
environment is called Mechanical Weathering
The process of decomposition of rocks due to changes in
their chemical composition is called Chemical Weathering
Biological weathering occurs because of Living Organisms
Theexposed part of the rock heats more, while the inner part is
comparatively cooler. As a result, the outer layer of the rocks
fall apart from the main rock. This is called Exfoliationof the rock
Mechanical weathering mainly occurs because of Temperature, Frost, Crystal Growth,
Release of Pressure and Water and
combined action of Temperature and Water
Each mineral reacts differently to Temperature
The volume of the water increases when it Freezes
Some alkaline water droplets hit the cracks in the rocks due to which
the soluble' minerals in the rock get dissolved. This leads to formation
Solution
of small holes in the rocks. This is the effect of
When water penetrates in rocks, which have small holes, the
is called Granular Weathering
particles get loose and separate from the main rock. This
When dilute carbonic acids reacts with the minerals in the rocks
the process is called as Carbonation
Some minerals in the rock get dissolved in the water and undergo
chemical weathering. This process is called Solution
A type of chemical weathering when oxygen reacts
with iron
in the rock, rust is formed. Reaction of any element with oxygen is called Oxidation
When weathered particles move down due to gravity alone,
the process is called Mass Movement

Sometimes the weathered materials do not move downward

but sink in situ'. This is called as Slumping
In periglacial regions along slopes, small layers of soil
the
accumulate because of the movement of soil. This is called Solifluction

Glossary
()weathering the process by which rocks become weak. (2) exfoliation - mechanical weathering taking

rock. (3) soluble material which get dissolved.

place due to the 'peeling away of outer layers of a can

(29)
 30 Master Key Geograrlhy rStd i

rock fall apart

When the outer layers of the fr.
MASTER KEY QUESTION SET 3 (8)
to difference in temperah
in temperatures
the main rock due
Q.1. Complete the statements the process is called...
choosing correct (b) oxidation
option from the bracket:
(a) shattering
(1) . i s formed due to chemical (d) carbonation
between water and alkalis.
precipitation (c) exfoliation

universal solvent'.
(a) Limestone (9) is an
(b) Sandstone (a) Soil b) Water (c) Carbon (d) Oxygen
(d)Oxygen
(c) Coal (d) Iron
(2) .. process ccurs in rocks which have iron (10) Alkalis in the rock dissolve because of th
make t h e m . .
present in them. solution and
(b) sturdy (c) brittle (d) crusty
(a) Shattering (b) Oxidation (a) even
() Carbonation Ans. (1) Limestone (2) Oxidation (3) slumpine
(d) Granular
(3) Sometimes the weathered materials do not (4)solifluction (5) living organisms (6) solution
move downward but sink 'in (7) carbonation (8) exfoliation (9) Water (10) britie
situ'. This is called
Q.2.1. Match the Column:
(a) carbonation (b) exfoliation Column 'B'
() Column A
(c) precipitation (d) slumping
(4) In
(1) Mechanical (a) burrowing
periglacial regions along the slopes, small weathering
layers of soil accumulate because of the (2) Chemical (b) frost
movement of soil. This is called... *********
weathering
(a) soil erosion (b) solifluction (3) Biological (c) carbonation
(c) shattering (d) block disintegration weathering
(5) Biological weathering occurs because of. ********** * (d) erosion
(a) high temperatures (b) frost
Ans. (1-b), (2 -

c), (3 -a)
(c) crystal growth (d) living organisms
(6) Some minerals in the rock (II) Column 'A" Column 'B
get dissolved in the
water and (1) Oxidation
undergo chemical weathering.
This (a) Mass movement
process is called
Occurring slowly
(a) solution (2)
(c) exfoliation
(6) carbonation
Slumping (b) Carbon dioxide gets
(d) precipitation mixed with air
(7) When dilute carbonic acids reacts with the (3) Solifluction (c) Chemical reaction
minerals in the rocks the process is called as
betweenn iron and
************** *

oxygen
(a) carbonation (b) exfoliation (d) Weathered material
(c) precipitation (d) slumping which sink in situ
Ans. (1-c),
Q.2.2. Complete the flow chart:
(2 -d), (3-a)
Weathering Process

Mechanical Weathering| Chemical Weathering

Biological Weathering
Block Exfoliation
Disintegration Burrowing Roots of
Carbonation
by animals the trees
Solution
Oxidation
Exogenet1c Movements Part -1 31

Q.3.1. Answer in one sentence each: (11) What does the term 'diurnal Range' mean
(1) What are
Exogenetic processes? Ans. The difference between the daily maximum
Ans. Exogenetic processes are external processes and minimum temperature is diurnal Range.
that occur on or above earth's surface. (12) What is Solution?
Eg weathering, erosion, transportation, Ans. The minerals in rocks which dissolve in water
deposition etc.
leads to the formation of solutions
(2) Explain the Process of weathering
(13) Name the two types of mass movements.
Ans. Breaking weakening
or of rocks is called as Ans. The two types of mass movements are:
weathering. (a) Rapid Mass Movement and (b) Show Mass
(3) What is Mechanical Weathering?
movement.
Ans. The disintegration of rocks without
any (14) What are the types of Mechanical weathering?
change in their chemical composition is called
Ans. The types of Mechanical weathering are
mechanical weathering.
(a) Temperatures (b) Frost (c) Crystal growth
(4) What is Chemical Weathering (Salt Weathering)? (d) Release of pressure and (c) water
Ans. The process of decomposition of rocks due to
changes in their chemical composition is called
(15) Types of chemical weathering
chemical weathering. Ans. The types of chemical weathering are:

5) What do you mean (a) Carbonation (b) Solution and (c) Oxidation
by Biological Weathering?
Ans. The weathering process caused by human (16) Where does Mechanical weathering occurs?

beings, animals and plants is called biological Ans. Mechanical weathering occurs mainly in arid

weathering. climate.
(6) What is Slumping? (17) Chemical weathering can be seen in which
climates?
Ans. Sometimes the weathered materials do not
move downward but sink 'in situ' (where they Ans. In humid conditions one can see chemical
are). This is called slumping. weathering
7) What is Solifluction? Q.3.2. Write whether the statements are TRUE or
FALSE. Correct the incorrect statements.
Ans. In periglacial regions along the slopes, small
because of the (1) Climate affects earthquake.
layers of soil accumulate
movement of soil. This is called solifluction. Ans.
False Internal movements affect (leads to)
(8) Explain Granular Weathering earthquakes.
*(2) Mechanical weathering is less effective in
Ans.When water penetrates in rocks like sandstones
and conglomerates, the particles get loose and humid climates.
separate from the main rock. This is called Ans. True
granular weathering. (3) Mechanical weathering happens on a large
(9) What is Block Disintegration? scale in dry climates.

Ans. When wateraccumulates in wide joints and Ans. True

big blocks of rocks separate from cach other
this is called block disintegration. Glossary
(10) What is Exfoliation? (1) conglomerate the pebbles in the sediments
Ans When the ouler layer of the racks fall apart at the botom of the river consolidate together
trom thee main ruck due to temperature, the because of mud and rock gets formed when such
material is subjected to pressure.
prces IS called extoliation.
32 Master Key Geograpry Std t
(4) The breaking down of rocks into smaller Q.3.3. Identify the type of weathering from tthe
particles is called weathering given description.
Ans. True
(1) Some animals live inside the grounds
G) Lateritic rocks are formed
through exfoliation. making burróws.
Ans. False Lateritic rocks are formed due to
(2) The rock rusts.
oxidation.
(6) Soil creep is uncommon in areas with (3) Water accumulated in the crevices of the roc
dry freezes. Consequently, the rock breaks
climates and gentle slopes.
Ans. False I t is (4) The pipes supplying water in colder regions
a common phenomenon in such
areas break.
(7) Shattering is a type of mechanical weathering (5) Sand formation in deserts
Ans. True Ans. (1) Biological weathering (2) Chemical weathering
(8) Granular weathering occurs in areas of heavy (3) Mechanical weathering (4) Mechanical
rainfall.
weathering (5) Mechanical weathering
Ans. True

Q.3.4. Distinguish between:

(1) Weathering and Mass Wasting
Ans.
Weathering Mass Wasting
() Breaking or
weakening of rocks is called as (i) When weathered rock material
moves down
weathering the slopes due to
gravity and accumulate near
the foothills or
(1)
gentle slopes,
it is mass
wasting.
Weathering of
types
is three -

Mechanical, (1i) Mass

Chemical and Biological. wasting is of two types Rapid
-

and Slow.

2 Mechanical Weathering and Chemical Weathering.

Ans
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
(1) In this type of weathering, rocks get (i) It is a
disintegrated process where rocks get
but the chemical composition and the chemical disintegrated
of the rocks does not
change. composition of the rocks
f1) It is caused due to difference in the
change.
day and ()It is
caused due to the reaction of
night temperature
carbon dioxide and water oxygen,
with certain rock
minerals.
i I mure commun in
extremely cold climate (ii) It is
and hot dry desert chmate. more common in hot and humid climate
 94 Fill the
map with the given information and make a legend.
(1) Area affected
by landslide (mud slide) in Maharashtra.
(2) Wadgaon Darya

INDIA
Political Map

200 400 600

Kilometrees
Index
Malin Village

Wadgaon Darya

Q.5. Give geographical reasons: (2)

(1)
Chemical weathering occurs in areas of
Oxidation process occurs in heavy rainfall rainfall. heavy
areas. Ans.
Ans.
() The rain water travels
i) The oxidation process occurs in rocks which before reaching the
through the atmosphere
have iron present in them. ground. Carbon dioxidein
the air gets mixed in the water
(1) The iron in the rock comes in contact with in this
(ii) Dilute carbonic acid process.
water and a chemical reaction takes place gets formed. Materials like
limestone get easily dissolved in
between iron and oxygen. such acids
leading to weathering of rocks.
n A reddish coloured layer forms on the rocks
(iii) Some minerals in the rock
Uv) Thus, the oxidation process occurs in heavy gets dissolved in
water. Limestone is formed due to
rainfall areas. chemical
precipitation between water and alkalis.
 34 Master Kru Lueograyphy 1Std ix

Water plays an important role in chemical

Similarly, because of the solution, alkalis in the (6)
rock dissolves and make them brittle.
weathering
(iv) Oxidation process occurs in rocks which have Ans.
iron present in them. The iron in the rock comes Rock is mixture of many minerals.
(i) a
in contact with water and a chemical reaction Since many things get dissolved easily in water
takes place between iron and oxygen. Hence, a
(i)
it is considered a universal solvent.
reddish coloured layer forms on the rocks. This (ii) The solubility' of the solution increases because
is called rust.
the matter gets dissolved in water.
(3) Mechanical weathering' takes place in the
(iv) Water speeds up the process of carbonation
cold regions.
solution and oxidation. These processes lead to
Ans.
weathering of rocks.
(i) In the cold regions, the temperature drops
below 0°C for a period of time. (v Thus water plays an important role in chemical

(i) The water that has percolated through the weathering

cracks in the rocks freezes and turns into ice. (7) Frost leads to mechanical weathering.
(i) Ice requires greater space than water. Tension Ans.
is developed when the ice tries to acquire ) In areas where the temperatures drop below
greater space. O°C for quite some time, the water accumulated
(iv) The continuous process of freezing and melting in the cracks and crevices in the rocks freezes.
finally leads to the breaking of the rock mass. (ii) The volume of water increases on freezing.
(4) Rapid mass movements occurs along the (ii) This leads to tension in the rocks and they
steep slopes. shatter.
Ans (iv) In this way frost leads to mechanical
i) A thick layer of weathered material forms on
the steep slopes. weathering
When it rains in such areas, the rainwater Q.6.1. Answer in brief:
(i)
(1) What is mechanical weathering?
penetrates the weathered materials and their
weight increases. Ans.
(i) Due to this the weathered materials move very (i) The disintegration of rocks without
any
rapidly and come down the steep slopes change in their chemical composition is called
(5) Mechanical weathering is seen in areas where mechanical weathering.
the diurnal range of temperature is high. The minerals in the rocks
(ii) expand because
OR of heat and contract when the
Change in temperature leads to Mechanical decreases. Due to such continuous
temperature
contracting
weathering. and expanding, tension
develops the rock
in
Ans. particles.
i) The minerals in the rocks expand because of (ii) Each mineral reacts
heat and contract when temperature decreases. differently to the
temperature; some minerals expand more,
i) Due to such continuous contracting and while others do not
expanding tension develops in the rock expand as much.
Consequently, the tension formed in the rocks
particles. also increases and decreases.
Asa result, cracks
(1i) Each mineralreacts differently to the develop in the rocks and they break.
temperature. Some minerals expand more,
(iv) In areas where the
while others do not expand as much. temperatures
O°C for quite some time, the water drop
below
(iv) Consequently, the tension formed in the rocks in the cracks and crevices
accumulated
also increases and decreases. As a in the rocks freezes
result, cracks
develop in the rocks and they break.
(v) Thus in areas, where the diurnal
range of Glossary
temperature is
higher, mechanical weathering
15 Seen (1) solubility the
dicco capacity of a
liquid to
Erogenetic Movements Part - 1 35

Its volume increases which leads enter the joints and

to tension in (ii) The roots of the plants
the rocks and they shatter. cracks of the rocks in search
of moisture.
create tension in
When the alkaline water of the sea fills in the (ii) As the roots grow bigger, they
them.
cracks of the rocks, the soluble minerals in the the rocks and start breaking
rats dig
rock get dissolved leading to the (iv) Animals such as mice, rabbits and
formation weaken the rock, which
of small holes in the rocks. Because of
the holes, anthills etc. and
makes them loose and break into pieces.
heat, this water turns into water
vapour and Besides these, algae, moss, lichen, other
flora
only crystals of alkaline materials remain in (v)
the rocks. Crystals occupy more grow in the rocks. They
also help weathering.
in
space which
causes tension in the rock. (vi) Thus, the weathering caused by living
organisms is called biological weathering.
(i) Sometimes the outer layers of the rocks exert What is a mass movement? What are the types
pressure on the inner or lower layers. When (4)
of mass movements?
this pressure ceases to exist, the lower or inner
Ans. The weathered rock materials move along the
layers get freed from the pressure. This also
leads to weathering.
slopes due to gravity and accumulate near
the foothills or the gentler slopes. When the
(v) In areas of heavy rainfall soaking of rock weathered particles move down due to gravity
water also causes weathering of some rocks alone, the process is called mass movements.
like sandstone and conglomerate. When water Types of Mass movements:
penetrates such rocks, the particles get loose Rapid mass movements:
)
and separate from the main rock.
(a) A thick layer of weathered material forms on
(2) What are the main types of chemical the slope. When it rains in such areas, the rain
weathering? water penetrates the weathered materials and
Ans. The process of decomposition of rocks due to their weight increases. The weathered materials
changes in their chemical composition is called move very rapidly and come down the slope.
chemical weathering. Sometimes the weathered materials sink in
b)
Its main types are: situ. (Where they are)
i) Carbonation (c) Rockfalls, landslides, land subsidence are
2) When the rain water mixes with the carbon termed as rapid mass movements.
dioxide in the atmosphere it leads to the
(i) Slower mass movements:
formation of dilute carbonic acid.
(a) Soil creep is the most common
(b) Many rocks like limestone get easily dissolved
areas with
phenomenon in
in such acids. dry climate and gentler slopes.
i) Solution (b) In periglacial regions along the soil. This is
(a) Some minerals in the rock get dissolved in called as solifluction.
water (5) How does external
processes occur?
the rock
0Because of this solution, alkalis in Ans.
dissolve and make them brittle.
ii) Oxidation () External processes occur because of the forces
a) his process in rocks which have iron
working on the earth's surface.
occurs

in them. The iron in the rock comes

present chemical reaction
in contact with water and a
takes place between iron and oxygen. Glossary
forms on the
Hence, a reddish coloured layer (1) Moss- Small flowerless
Tocks. This is called rust. grow in moist shaded locations.
plants, they always
in rocks in areas with high
rainfall.
seen on the trunks of
They can be
t occurs trees in the humid climates.
How does biological weathering occur? (2) Lichen- One of the
primary plants formed
Ans. out of the
broken into coming together of
by which rocks algae. It generally grows on the fungus and
are
it is the process
fine particles due to
the
Small fragments and and trunks of the trees. rocks, walls
and human beings.
action of plants, animals
 Master Key Geogruphy (Std. 1
(ii) They are
mainly solar energy, Solution
torce and
gravitational (3)
kinetic energy associated with the Ans.
moving objects on the earth's surface.
i) Some minerals in the rock get dissolved in
(6) What is exfoliation?
water.
Ans.
(ii) Limestone is formed due to chemical
i) In
regions of high temperatures, the exposed precipitation between water and alkalis.
part of the rock heats more while the inner part (ii) At Wadgaon Darya in Ahmadnagar district,
is comparatively cooler.
limestone gets precipitated chemically ie.
(ii) As a result, the outer layers of the rocks fall undergoes chemical weathering again.
apart from the main rock.
(iv) Similarly, because of solution, alkalis in the
(ii) This is called exfoliation of the rock. rock dissolve and make them brittle.
(7) Explain the process of oxidation.
PERSONAL RESPONSE IN TEXT
Ans.
ACTIVITY BASED QUESTIONS
) The oxidation process occurs in rocks which
Q.7. Can You Tell?
have iron present in them.
(1) See the given pictures. Observe the physical
(ii) The iron in the rock comes in contact with water
appearance of the rocks in each picture. You
and chemical reaction takes place between iron
can see that rocks are broken, fractured and
and oxygen.
have holes in them. In a picture you can also
(iii) Hence, a reddish coloured layer forms on the see that the statue has been deformed.
rocks. This is called rust.
Why
are the rocks in sucha condition? Think about
Q.6.2. Explain them and briefly tell the reasons you can
(1) Block Disintegration think of. Discuss the reasons. Check with the
teachers if your reasons are relevant. (Textbook
Ans.
Page no. 23 and 24)
(i) Sometimes both temperature and water are
Ans.
responsible for weathering. At some places the
day temperatures are very
(ii) Difference in temperature cause contraction high and the night temperatures are very low.
and expansion of minerals in the rocks. This In the given pictures the rocks may have broken
leads to widening the joints or cracks in the due to temperature variation during day time
rocks. and night time.
(iii) Water accumulates in such wide joints and big (2) In coastal areaswhen the sea waves hit the
blocks of rocks separate from each other. rocks, the rocks fracture and break down.
(3) Due to the roots of trees, and activities
(iv) This is called Block Disintegration. of
burrowing animals like ant, rats etc. in the soft
(2) Carbonation
rocks, the rocks break down.
Ans.
(4) The statues might be deformed due to heat and
i) Carbonation is a type of chemical weathering.
humidity.
(i) The rainwater travels through the atmosphere Q.8. Lets Recall
before reaching the ground. (1) Have you seen the process of
(ii) Carbon dioxide in the air gets mixed in the biological
weathering' around you? (Textbook Page no. 27)
water in this process and dilute carbonic acid Ans. I have
process of biological weathering'
seen
gets formed.
around me. Many plants and trees have
For e.g Water + Carbon Dioxide = Carbonic
grown
(iv) in an old
dilapidated building which is located
Acid (H,O+CO,= H,CO,) near my house. The roots of
the trees have
(v) Materials like limestone get easily dissolved in broken the walls and slabs of the
such acids. building at
many places.
Exogenetic Movements Part -
1 37

Q.9. Make a record of few landslides that have (iii) Malpa landslide, Uttarkhand: Consecutive
occured in India and write about them briefly. landslides occured in August 1998 in village
Ans. Landslide is a rapid mass movement which of Mapla due to which 380 people died as an
is causedmajorly due to heavy rains, floods, entire village was destroyed in the landslide.
earthquakes etc. The following are some fatal (iv) Kedarnath landslide, Uttarakhand:- This
landsides in India. landslide took place on June 16, 2013 && was the
() Guwahati landslide, Assam: The landslide result of Uttarkhand floods. Over 5700
people
took place in the year 1948 due to heavy rains were reported dead and over 4200
villages were
& over 500 people died in this landslide. affected by floods and post flood landslide.
(ii) Darjeelinng landslide, West Negal: This (v) Malin landslide, Maharashtra:- This
landslide
landslide happened in the year of 1968. It was occured on July 30, 2014, in a
The landslide occured due to
village in Malin.
triggered by floods and thousands of people
and around 151
heavy rainfall
died due to this landslide. people died and 100
went missing after the people
disaster.