1. NOUN
noun is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify
any of a class of people, animals, places, things, ideas.
Nouns are separated into common nouns and proper
nouns.
Common nouns are used for people, animals, places, or
things.
Example: granny, mother, river, mountain, hotel, taxi,
fox, camel.
He is an artist.
Tom hates bananas.
I love my mother.
Her father is a doctor.
Proper nouns are names for particular people, places or
things. They always begin with a capital letter.
Example: Ali Baba, Harry Potter, Beethoven, Turkish,
British, Malay, Hong Kong, India, The United
Kingdom,the Pacific Ocean, the Eiffel Tower, Father’s
Day, Ramadan, Halloween.
☛The days of the week and months of the year are also
proper nouns.
December is the last month of the year.
Sunday is the last day of the week.
Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete or abstract.
When you are talking about one person, animal, place,
or thing, use a singular noun.
Example: a ship, a teacher, a river, an apple, an
umbrella.
When you are talking about two or more people,
animals, places, or things, use plural nouns. Most nouns
are made plural by adding -s at the end.
Example: ships, teachers, rivers, apples, umbrellas
Some exceptions:
bus-buses. glass-glasses. watch-watches. brush-brushes.
butterfly-butterflies. baby-babies. lady-ladies. story-
stories.
☛Nouns show possession by adding ‘s.
☛Tom’s car.
☛Car’s key.
2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun in a
sentence.
Personal Pronouns: The words I, you, he, she, it, we and
they are called personal pronouns.
He is a nice guy.
You are welcome.
Possessive Pronouns: There words mine, yours, hers,
his, its, theirs, ours, yours, theirs are called possessive
pronouns.
This car is mine.
Time is yours.
Reflexive Pronouns: The words myself, yourself, himself,
herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves are
called reflexive pronouns.
Maryam has hurt herself.
Don’t cut yourself.
Demonstrative Pronouns: The words this, these, that
and those are called demonstrative pronouns.
This is my car.
These are my flowers.
Interrogative Pronouns: The words who, whom, whose,
what and which are called interrogative pronouns. We
ask questions by using these pronouns.
Who is she talking to?
Which do you prefer?
3. VERB
A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence,
and forming the main part of the predicate of a
sentence, such as hear, become, happen, run, eat.
Most verbs are action words. Verbs shows you what
people, animals or things are doing.
Verbs can show actions or they can show states or
situations.Those are the two types of verbs in English.
☛I am eating. – verb (eat) shows an action.
☛I am a student. verb (to be) shows a state.
There is a main verb and sometimes one or more ☛Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an
helping verbs. adjective.

Birds can fly. ‘Fly‘ is the main verb, ‘can‘ is the helping 6. PREPOSITION
verb. A preposition is a word that connects one thing with
another, showing how they are related.
☛Verbs also change and take different forms to show
tenses. Prepositions tell us about time, position or place.

I drink a lot of water ☛ I drank a lot of water yesterday. Some examples of prepositions are words like ‘in,’ ‘at,’
‘on,’ ‘of,’ ‘to,’ ‘from.’
4. ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a describing word. Adjective describes a She is in love.
noun or a pronoun. Book was on the table.
I am from France.
The red carpet. He is calling to you.
Deep thoughts. Where are you at?
A busy street.
She is beautiful today. Learn more about prepositions here.

☛Adjectives have different endings. Some adjectives 7. CONJUNCTION

end in -ful or -less.
careful, colorful, harmful, faithful, hopeful.
careless, colorless, harmless, faithless, hopeless.
☛Some adjectives end in -y.
a noisy room, a rainy day, a dirty carpet.
A conjunction is a linking word that used to connect
clauses or sentences. For example and, or, but, as, if.
Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, and
clauses together.
a teacher and students.
a male or female?

☛Some adjectives end in -ive. ☛Words such as before, after, as, when, while, until,
since, are conjunctions of time.
a creative person, an active hour, talkative person. Maryam could play guitar before she was four.
She always brush her teeth after eating her meal.
☛Some adjectives end in -ing.
There are four categories of conjunctions:
a smiling face, loving parents, a caring doctor.
Coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
5. ADVERB Correlative conjunctions: both/and, either/or,
A word that describes a verb, an adjective, another neither/nor, not only/but, whether/or.
adverb, or a sentence. It tells you about an action, or Subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as
the way something is done. long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, because,
before, by the time, even if, even though, if, in order
that, in case, in the event that, now that, once, only,
☛A lot of adverbs end in -ly.
only if, provided that, since, so, supposing, that, than,
though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where,
We are happily married.
whereas, wherever, whether or not, while.
Tom calls me regularly.
Conjunctive adverbs: however, therefore.
Suddenly, she knows. It’s love!
8.INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word that expresses an emotion,
sudden, strong feeling such as surprise, pain, or
pleasure.

☛It is often followed by an exclamation point.

Cheers!
Ouch!
Oh my God!
Oh dear!
Good luck!
Help!
Gosh!
Hey!
Look out!