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Q Comment on the differences between the Orientalists and the Utilitarians. 20

A Orientalists - They were the British administrators who were of the opinion that to
administer India properly, a thorough knowledge of India and its past was needed.
Orientalists like Warren Hastings wanted to establish institutions of learning which would Labels
first acquire the knowledge of the golden past of India and then convey it to those who ACS-01 (9)
could be administering India. He was not in favor of introducing English laws & English ANC- 1 (15)
ways in India. His main idea was to rule India in their own way. He felt that the rapid growth BPSE - 212 (12)

of the British rule had started various prejudices. These, he felt, needed to be stopped. BSHF - 101 (7)

Secondly, he wanted to reconcile British rule with the Indian institutions. This required more EHI - 01 (11)

intensive investigation into the 'manners and customs' of the country. It also required an in- EHI - 3 (8)
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depth analysis of the literature and laws of the Indians. It is for this purpose that Halhed,
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one of Hastings's lieutenants, drew up a list of religious and customary laws called the
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'Gentoo Laws' which would help in facilitating the process of reconciliation.
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Another orientalist William Jones, an English Jurist helped in establishing an Asiatic society
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in 1784. This society was engaged in studying India from within close quarters of its social,
religious, linguistic & political aspects. The Asiatic Society contributed in a major way by
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translating from Persian & Sanskrit works of Grammar, Puranas and the writings of
S
Kalidasa. Secondly, the members of the Asiatic Society researched and published a large
number of articles on Indian society and religion.
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In order to provide practical training & familiarizing with Indian administration, the
Orientalists established the Fort William College at Calcutta in 1800. The Fort William Email address... S

College basically impressed upon its students to study the Indian language so that the
future administrators are at ease while dealing with Indian subjects, their customs, About Me
sensitivities, etc. It would also help them in understanding society and India's past in a Gaurav Saini

more concrete fashion. Moreover, studying Persian served the very practical needs of the View my complete profile

British administrators. Most of the Indian states used Persian as the language for
maintaining official records and running the day to day business. Thus the vision of learning
about India's past glory and the practical needs of the British administration were neatly Blog Archive
dovetailed(intermixed). ▼ 2020 (38)
It is because of Orientalist vision that the Indian Residents who were posted at the courts of ► April (24)
various submissive Indian rulers, combined both the knowledge and usage of Persian with ▼ March (14)
the cultural lifestyles of the court. EHI - 5

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Utilitarians - The Utilitarians didn’t believe in the liberal route of education for the task EHI - 5

of 'civilizing' and 'improving' India. The utilitarians didn’t share the ideas and visions of EHI - 5

orientalists. The utilitarians had no regard for Indian past history or experience. They EHI - 5

wanted to bring in change through reforms of law and landed property. They wanted to EHI - 5

create conditions where the markets could flourish. EHI - 5

The question of law as an instrument of change was proposed by them. They wanted EHI - 5

judiciary or law to be used for changing Indian society and restricting practices like Sati and EHI - 5

female infanticide. They believed that law could be an instrument of change and through EHI - 5

the enactment of laws under their supervision, Indian society could be transformed into a EHI - 5

EHI - 5

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10/3/2020 IGNOU (Help For Students): EHI - 5

modern society from that of superstitious society. Thereafter a series of laws and penal EHI - 5

codes were enacted under the influence of Utilitarians. EHI - 5

The utilitarians opposed any form of representative government in India at that time as well
► 2019 (69)
as in the near future. Utilitarianism in India despite being born in the tradition of liberalism
► 2018 (17)
could never accept a democratic government in India. One of the utilitarian James Mill
consistently opposed any form of representative government in India then or in the future.
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Moreover, the impulse of changing the Indian society through the enactment of laws,
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landed property or education gradually declined under the utilitarians. The later British
administrators were to emphasize that the British rule had always been governed by law. Comments

However, it was argued then for efficient administration force had to be used and there was 12,387
no need to justify it by consideration of political change or reform. The utilitarian task of
transforming India from an uncivilized society to a civilized nation was subsumed under the
principle of an efficient and good government. The government was supported by the 'steel
frame'of British administration. The utilitarian philosophy also influenced the views of
Dalhousie who created all-India departments with single heads. Under the utilitarians there
was a decline of the overall spirit of reform and the British administration was now
dominated by the outlook of pragmatism and rationality.

Q Analyse the importance of utilitarian ideas in bringing about change in India. 12

A The Utilitarians didn’t believe in the liberal route to education for the task of 'civilizing'
and 'improving' India, they had no regard for Indian past history or experience. They
wanted to bring in reforms of law and landed property to create conditions where the
market could flourish. The question of law as an instrument of change was proposed by
them. They wanted judiciary or law to be the instrument of changing Indian practices like
Sati and female infanticide. They believed that law could be an instrument of change and
through the enactment of laws; Indian society could be transformed into a modern society
from that of superstitious society. A series of laws and penal codes were enacted under the
influence of Utilitarians. As a result of their efforts, a series of laws and penal codes were
enacted to make India civilized and improved.
The utilitarians opposed any form of representative government in India at that time as well
as in the near future. Utilitarianism in India despite being born in the tradition of liberalism
could never accept a democratic government in India. James Mill consistently opposed any
form of representative government in India then or in future. However this impulse to link
the, task of changing the Indian society to the tasks of law, landed property or education
gradually declined under the utilitarians. The later British administrators of our period were
to emphasize that the British rule had always been governed by law. However, it was
argued then for efficient administration force had to be used and there was no need to
justify it by consideration of political change or reform. The utilitarian task of transforming
India then was subsumed under the principle of an efficient and good government held up
by the 'steel frame'of British administration. The utilitarian philosophy also influenced the
views of Dalhousie in creating all-India departments with single heads. What we notice was
the decline of the overall spirit of reform and the British administration was now dominated
by the outlook of pragmatism and rationality.

Q Evangelicalism 6
A In the initial part the British Orientalists focused on learning about the Indian past,
society and wanted to administer it, in its own way without disturbing it, however, the
Christian Missionaries resented this approach. The missionaries were of opinion that Indian
society was in a degenerative state and only Christian values and Religion is the remedy.
They wanted to get on with the task of reforming the current degeneration of the Indian
society. The missionaries were hostile to Indian traditions, culture, religion etc. This hostility
was the hallmark of evangelicalism, it was combined with the desire to 'civilize' India. The
missionaries were supported by the merchant community who wanted to benefit from the
enactment of laws to acquire property etc. in India as desired by missionaries. Under "free
trade' the merchant community wanted to creating a market for British goods amongst the
Indians. The British East India Company also supported the activities of missionaries.
Missionary like Charles Grant saw a complementarity between the civilizing process and
material prosperity.
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Q Discuss the nature of Indian polity in mid 18th century. 20

A Mughal decline - The Mughal decline was one of the predominant features of the 18th
century. Aurangzeb's misguided policies had weakened the stable Mughal polity. Wars of
succession and weak rulers plagued Delhi from 1707 to 1719. Muhammad Shah's rule from
1719 to 1748 was long enough for a revival of imperial fortunes but the complete
incompetence of the emperor ruled out this possibility. Nadir Shah's invasion in 1739 & the
massacre of Delhi seriously weakened an already feeble Mughal empire. Other factors
including economic crisis contributed to the empire's decline. By 1761 the Mughal
empire was an empire only in name, confined largely to the state of Delhi and by 1783 the
Mughal emperor was a pensioner of the British.
The emergence of Regional Polities -
Along with the decline of the Mughal empire, the second major theme of the 18th
Century was the emergence of regional polities. Broadly there were three kinds of
states which came into prominence:-
# the states which broke away from the Mughal empire,
# the new states set up by the rebels against the Mughal, and
# the independent states.
Successor States
Hyderabad, Bengal, and Awadh falls in the category of successor states where provincial
governors appointed by the Mughals set up independent states. The breakaway from Delhi
didn’t take place suddenly but occurred in stages - the revolt of individuals followed by that
of the social groups, communities and finally regions. Zamindari revolts in the provinces
against imperial demands triggered off the breakaway. Governors did not get support from
the center and tried to secure the support of the local elites. However, links with the center
were maintained and the Mughal tradition continued. A new political order emerged within
the Mughal institutional framework.
The New States
The second group of regional states were the 'new states' or 'insurgent states' set up by
rebels against the Mughals. These were the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, and Afghans. The first
three states began as popular movements started by the peasantry. The leadership was
not with the nobility but with 'new men', often from lower orders. The Maratha state were
the most formidable among the regional states. Maratha power reached its zenith by 1761
when expansion was now no longer limited to areas where the Mughals had an uncertain
hold. No part of India was spared from the depredations of Maratha conquest. Jats who
were the agriculturist Caste inhabiting the Delhi-Agra belt rose up in revolt against Mughal
domination and shook the stability of the core area of the Mughal empire. As Jat power
grew and consolidated, Jat state was established at Bharatpur. Similarly, Sikhs took
advantage of the imperial administration of Punjab and established their control once
Abdali and his followers returned home.

Independent Kingdoms
There was a third type of state which emerged neither because of a breakaway from or
rebellion against Delhi. Mysore, the Rajput states and Kerala fall in this category.
Mysore - The mid-18th century witnessed the emergence of Mysore as a powerful state in
South India. Haidar Ali laid the foundations of Mysore's power, which were consolidated by
his able son, Tipu Sultan.
Rajput - The Rajput rulers did not lag behind in consolidating their position by taking
advantage of the disintegration of the Mughal empire. None were large enough to
contend with the Marathas or the British. Their method was slowly to reduce their ties with
Delhi and function as independent states in practice.
Weaknesses of Regional Polities
These states were strong enough to destroy Mughal power but none was able to replace it
at an all India level by providing stable polity.
Rise and expansion of the British power in India:
The third and the most crucial feature of the 18th-century polity were the rise and
expansion of the British power in India. The mid-18th century saw the transformation of the
English East India Company from a trading enterprises to a political power. The beginning
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of the empire started in 1757 when the British defeated the Bengal Nawab at Plassey. The
ground for the victory of 1757 was laid in South India where British military might and
diplomatic strategy defeated the French . The company's need and desire for more
revenue encouraged it to gain political power over territories of India and establish its
empire. The company needed money to maintain its trade and pay its troops . The
company's interest in conquering territories was two-fold, establishment of monopoly of
trade and control over land revenue.
The regional powers were not able to take the place of the Mughals. Though some states
were very prosperous, and some achieved considerable military success, however, none
could achieve resources & power to maintain an all-India polity. Modernization attempts
were limited. Backward regional states easily succumbed to the superior British system.

Q Discuss the British policy towards Afghanistan. 12

A Through the 1830’s the British used Afghanistan as a buffer against Napoleonic France
and Tsarist Russia. In 1836, Dost Muhammad, the then ruler of Afghanistan offered his
friendship to the English in return for English help in recapturing the Peshawar valley which
Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of Punjab had taken away from the Afghans. As British refused,
Dost Muhammad responded by showing signs of friendship towards Russia. This alarmed
the British and planned to depose Dost by force. A Tripartite Treaty signed on 26 June
1838 between Shah Shuja an ex-ruler of Afghanistan, Ranjit Singh and the English.
Following this treaty a force comprising the armies of the Company, Ranjit Singh and Shah
Shuja was assembled to attack Kabul, depose, Dost Muhammad, & establish Shah Shuia
on the throne. Dost Muhammad was defeated and Shah Shuja was made the ruler of
Afghanistan. British troops, however, instead of withdrawing to India began to garrison
Kabul, Jalalabad, Kandhar, and Ghazni.
In the meanwhile, in September 1840, Dost Muhammad was able to get military help from
the Wali of Kholoom. He attacked the English in September but failed. He was forced to
surrender in November & was sent to Calcutta as a prisoner. In the spring of 1841,
however, popular unrest against the English started. Open rebellion broke out at many
points in September 1841. The English in Kabul town were killed and their cantonment
besieged. The same happened at Ghazni, Jalalabad, and Kandhar; and the entire Gorkha
battalion at Kohistan was done to death. In December finally, the English were forced to
accept the humiliating condition of evacuating Afghanistan within three days. The retreating
forces were in turn attacked on the snow-covered passes and substantially annihilated.
By May 1842, however, the English forces were able to regroup & re-establish control over
Jalalabad and Kandhar. Then with the help of reinforcements from India Kabul was re-
taken in September. The costs of this victory were, however, too high in terms of the cost in
men and money. Henceforth the English decided to confine themselves within the North-
West Frontier and not venture into Afghanistan militarily.

Q British Policy Towards Burma 6

A Burma was important for the British both for commercial and strategic reasons. Burma
exported some costly items like tin, pepper, and ivory. More importantly, it was a major
supplier of timber for the shipbuilding and repair industry based in Calcutta. Also, towards
the end of the 18th century, the deltas of the Irrawady river became important suppliers of
rice to the growing settlements in the South-East Asia to Bengal. In 1823-24, the Burmese
military, pursuing rebels, entered and occupied Assam and Manipur and prepared to attack
Chittagong. As these territories were claimed by the British it led to First Anglo-Burmese
War (1824-26). In this war, Burma was defeated and besides losing control over Assam&
Manipur, the Burmese king lost a large part of Burma and most of his coast . He was also
forced to accept a British Resident at his capital and pay a huge indemnity. In 1852, the
British decided to attack Burma on the pretext of restoring the dignity of the English
resulting in the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The Burmese king lost most of his territory
and finally, Burma was annexed in 1885 by the British.

By Gaurav Saini at March 13, 2020

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