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Q Write a note on the nature of regional polity specially in the context of Awadh. 12
A The independent authority that emerged in the provinces in the 18th century
worked with the collaborative support of different groups like the Zamindars, the merchants,
etc. Merchants and money lenders who became politically important in the 18th century
had an important role in the emergence of the regional political system. In the 18th century Labels
with the weakening of central authority and the collapse of the Mughal treasury, this
ACS-01 (9)
commercial class provided the economic basis for the emergence of regional political ANC- 1 (15)
system. They became the guarantor of money for the rulers & the nobles. The extent of BPSE - 212 (12)
penetration into the working of the administration by merchant class was fairly pronounced. BSHF - 101 (7)
The government borrowed substantial sums for its working from the commercial houses. EHI - 01 (11)
The Agarwal bankers had complete command over the revenue matters in Benares. EHI - 3 (8)

In the case of Bengal, the house of Jagat Seths played an important role in the EHI - 4 (18)

administration of the Bengal province. Thus the merchants and the money lenders had a EHI - 5 (14)

share in political power in the regional polity in the eighteenth century. Parallel to the EHI -02 (8)
FST - 1 (21)
merchant class , Zamindars as a group also had a very significant role to play within the
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province. In the wake of the weakening imperial authority, the Zamindars consolidated their
power at the local level. They began to tax markets and trade in their areas which was
beyond their domain during the sunny days of the Mughal rule. The collection of revenues Search This Blog
and the maintenance of law and order in the countryside became the concern of the S

Zamindars. The stability in the regional polity became dependant on the active support of
the Zamindars. The Zamindars were usually supportive of the merchants and in many Follow by Email
cases, Zamindars were also money lenders and had an investment in commerce. So their Email address... S
common interest tied them together. Thus the support of these two groups became
essential for the ruler to maintain his authority. Another significant characteristic that is About Me
observed in the polity of Bengal and Awadh is the appointment of a large number of Hindus Gaurav Saini
in the revenue administration. The manning of revenue administration by Hindu officials View my complete profile
have been encouraged because there was less chance of resistance from the Hindus to
the Nawab's authority.

Blog Archive
Q Why did the French fail in the Carnatic wars? What was its effect on Indian
▼ 2020 (38)
polity? 12
► April (24)
A There are several reasons for French failure in the Carnatic wars such as -
▼ March (14)
Firstly, there were the financial difficulties faced by the French Company which came in EHI - 5
their way of making preparations to launch a fresh military offensive against the British. EHI - 5
There were no funds to pay the troops. Already handicapped by this, the French general EHI - 5
added to the problems of the troops by indulging in rude and haughty behavior towards EHI - 5
them. He refused to listen to their advise and thus alienated them. Another major problem EHI - 5
was the French had no permanent naval presence in India. On the other hand, the British EHI - 5
had a strong naval fleet in India. What was more problematic was that, on the occasions EHI - 5
when the French navy from Mauritius did come to the assistance of their Indian EHI - 5
counterparts, it created fresh problems for the French Company in India. This is so EHI - 5
because there was a lack of coordination and one up-man among the French Generals EHI - 5
resulting in disagreements thus benefiting the British. EHI - 5

EHI - 5

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10/3/2020 IGNOU (Help For Students): EHI - 5

One major factor that turned the tide in -Britain's favour was its recent access to the rich EHI - 5

resources of Bengal. From this secure base they could send a constant supply of men and EHI - 5

money to Madras and thus launch fresh military strikes against the French. Thus, Britain
► 2019 (69)
because of its strong navy in India; its increasing military strength and good leadership and
► 2018 (17)
the support they received from Government in England, and the larger resources from
Bengal helped Britain to defeat French forces in Carnatic wars.
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A major fallout of the events after the defeat of French forces in the Carnatic wars
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was, it exposed the weakness of the Indian regional powers. It showcased their inability to
make naval intervention and also exposed the ineffectiveness of the large armies of Comments

regional power in comparison to small but disciplined European armies. In the aftermath of 12,386
the third Carnatic War, the English reigned supreme over India. All their European Rivals
had been eliminated and the task of subjugating Indian regional rulers started. In the east
they already had a secure base at Bengal and now focused their energies towards South.
Firstly, in South India Mysore was a major force to reckon with and so were the Marathas
for the British. Battles against these two States became a major preoccupation with the
East India company in the third and last quarters of the 18th century. By the second decade
of the 19th century, the British had secured their position in South India very firmly.

Q How did the new state develop in Punjab? What was the nature of its polity? 12
A First part answer ahead Second part -
The teachings of the Sikh Gurus laid the foundation for the Sikh polity. The movement, that
had developed amongst the Sikhs to fight against the socio-economic and religious
injustices in the medieval period, ultimately got transformed into a political movement
during the course of the 18th century. So the nature of the Sikh polity was based on the
moral ethos and the democratic traditions laid down by the Sikh Gurus.
The reflection of this democratic tradition is found in the Sikh polity of the Misl period. It
demonstrates its various features like the Gurmata, the Dal Khalsa, ruling in the name of
the Khalsa, etc. The emergence of the Sikh monarchy in the 19th century in place of
various independent chiefs brought further change in the nature of Sikh polity. During the
19th century, the autonomy of the individual Sardar of different principalities came to an
end and a monarchy was established in the state of Punjab under Ranjit Singh. Ranjit
Singh had full faith in the Sikh scriptures and the Sikh religion. But his personal faith never
came his way of running the administration which was secular in its approach.

Q Third Carnatic War 6

A The Third Carnatic war ( 1757- 1763)was a local version of the Seven Years war in
Europe. The Third Carnatic War put an end to the French ambitions to create a colonial
empire in India. The earlier two Carnatic wars were limited to Deccan but the third war
spread in Bengal also. The British Forces were able to capture the French Settlements at
Chandranagar in 1757. The decisive battle of the third Carnatic War was fought at
Wandiwash on 22 January 1760. British army totally routed the French army under Lally. In
the next three months, all the minor French possessions in the Carnatic had been
effectively reduced by British forces. Thereafter, the French were left with no possessions
in the Carnatic except Jinje and Pondicherry. Finally, in May 1760, the English laid siege to
Pondicherry. After more than six months of encirclement, the French capital of Pondicherry
unconditionally surrendered on 16 January 1761. Shortly thereafter Jinje and Mahe, the
two French settlements on the Malabar coast also surrendered to the English leaving the
French without even a toehold in India. British were now the dominant power in India.

Q Comment on the formation of regional polities in the 18th century with special
reference to Mysore & Hyderabad. 12
A Along with the decline of the Mughal empire, the second major theme of the
18th Century was the emergence of regional polities. Broadly there were three kinds
of states which came into prominence:
# the states which broke away from the Mughal empire,
# the new states set up by the rebels against the Mughal, and
# the independent states.
Nature of polity at Hyderabad
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10/3/2020 IGNOU (Help For Students): EHI - 5

Hyderabad - Under Nizam-ul-mulk, the army was an important component of the polity that
emerged in Hyderabad. The military commanders and their troops were tied to the
political system through their individual employer, mainly the nobles. Inland revenue
system, intermediaries played a significant role that have important consequences in the
shaping of Hyderabad polity under the Nizams. The nobility in the Nizam's period did not
have uniform criteria for career advancement. Personal relations with Nizam or military
skills became very important. So to become powerful in Hyderabad, the mansab rank (as
under Mughal system) did not prevent the rise of the noble. Many Zamindars or Jagirdars
who could rally the smaller intermediaries behind them, could with a little military skill and
diplomacy became powerful. Aiding in this process of grabbing wealth and power was a
network of intermediate clients called the vakils. These vakils acted as agents between
Nizam and nobles, nobles and nobles and Nizam and outside powers. Bankers,
moneylenders and military commanders (usually mercenaries) played an important role in
the political system of Hyderabad. They played a key role since they provided essential
financial and military service. Some of the main community or caste groups amongst the
financial groups were the Agarwal and Marwaris while Afghans and Arabs were prominent
military groups. By threatening to withdraw support and services these individuals and
groups could at their level play an important role in the balance of the power. The local
chiefs under the Nizam continued to control their inherited land on the payment of tribute to
the Nizam. Though they played the role of patrons like Nizams and his nobles, they were
never fully integrated within the Hyderabad political system.

Mysore - Mysore in the 18th century emerged as a polity which was consolidated under
military might of Haidar and Tipu. This system, however, was under constant pressure from
their own inability to evolve durable solutions to the forces which were held in check due to
military strength. Haidar Ali didn’t allow the local chiefs any claim to independence and if
they resisted they were driven off their lands. By limiting the scope of these chiefs activities,
Haidar further eroded their local base. Tipu Sultan, his son, went further in the subjugation
of the poligars. After expelling them he rented out their lands to either private individuals or
government officials.
One of the important features of the Mysore administration under Haidar and Tipu was in
building the base of their military-political authority by augmenting their financial resources
for running the state. The land was kept under a system of survey and control. The state
took measures to encourage tillers by providing adequate relief and protection. A strong
system of state control was evolved where an amildar controlled the revenue administration
and asufdar looked after the legalities of rent disputes. Intermediaries were removed and a
direct link between the state and the peasantry was established. It helped to maximize
revenue for the state. Merchants had been playing an important role in the Mysore
economy. Tipu appointed asufs to train officials to run trade centers established by him for
keeping trade in control.

Q Discuss the differences in the state formation between Hyderabad and Mysore
states during the 18th century. 12 A Hyderabad, Bengal, and Awadh were the
three cases where provincial governors under the Mughals set up independent states. The
breakaway from Delhi didn’t take place suddenly rather it occurred in stages - the revolt of
individuals was followed by that of the social groups, communities and finally the regions.
The Zamindari revolts in the provinces against imperial demands triggered off the
breakaway. Governors who were appointed by Mughals did not get support from the center
and tried to secure the support of the local elites. Gradually the relationship of the central
authority with the provincial administration was virtually reduced to getting tribute from the
provincial governor. However, links with the centre were maintained and the Mughal
tradition continued.
Nizam Asif Jab was firstly appointed as a subadar (in charge of the province) by the
Mughal emperor in 1713. But only after a military victory over his rival Mughal appointee
in 1724 that he could take effective charge of the Deccan. After this period he stayed on in
Deccan and went to the Mughal court only after leaving his appointee in charge. Taking
advantage of the weakness at the center, he removed the Mughal officials in Hyderabad
and installed his own men. Subsequently to stamp his authority he also assumed the right
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10/3/2020 IGNOU (Help For Students): EHI - 5

of making treaties, wars and granting mansabas and titles to his favorites. Now gradually
the Mughal authority was reduced to a symbolic reading of Khutba etc. By the time of
Nizam Ali Khan (1762-1803) Carnatic, Marathas and Mysore had all settled their territorial
claims and a kind of autonomous stable political pattern emerged in Hyderabad.

Mysore - The mid-18th century witnessed the emergence of Mysore as a significant power
in South India. Haidar Ali laid the foundations of Mysore's power, which were consolidated
by his able son, Tipu Sultan. Though Haidar Ali was only a junior officer, of common
parentage, in the Mysore army, he gradually rose to be a brilliant commander. His most
remarkable achievement was his realization that only a modern army could be the basis of
a powerful state. Consequently, he inducted French experts to set up an arsenal and train
the troops along western lines.
Soon after Haider Ali was able to overthrow the real power behind the Mysore throne,
the minister Nunjaraj in 1761. The boundaries of the Mysore state extended to include the
rich coastal areas of Canara and Malabar. An expansionist at heart, Haidar naturally
clashed with other powers in the region, the Marathas, Hyderabad and the new entrants in
the game, the British. In 1769 he inflicted a heavy defeat on British forces very close to
Madras. With his death in 1782, his son Tipu became Sultan and extended his father's
policies further.

Q Battle of Buxar 6
A The abuse of dastak (duty-free trade permit) by the company servants for their private
trade was the immediate cause of the war of 1764. Mir Kasim was backed by the provincial
nobility of Bihar, Orissa and the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam. The
combined forces under Mir Kasim were defeated by the British and thus the independent
rule of the Nawabs in Bengal came to an end. The deposition and execution of Mir Kasim
was followed by the restoration of Mir Jafar, this time on much harsher terms. For all
practical purposes, power was transferred to the British and which was formalized by the
treaty of Allahabad, 12 August 1765. By the treaty, the Mughal emperor formally appointed
the English East India Company his Diwan for the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
The company was entrusted with the financial administration of the three province's and in
return, the emperor was guaranteed an annual tribute of Rs. 2,00,000. The Nawabs of
Bengal retained the office of Nazim with formal responsibility for defense, law and order
and the
Administration of justice.

Q Awadh under the British 6

A The company through the resident stationed at the Awadh capital encroached upon the
powers of the rulers so much so that by the beginning of the 19th Century, many of the
higher officials, courtiers and large landholders of the province repose their faith in the
company and consider it as a real source of power. Even members of the Nawabi family
relied on companies' intervention for securing the position of the Nawabi. The company on
the other hand, used the resources of Awadh both the manpower and money in redrawing
the political map of India. The Army recruited from Awadh and Bengal and supported by
the money extracted for the people of the province helped the company in winning
repeated victories over the Maratha and the Sikhs. It led the British to emerge as the
Paramount power in India. It also helped the Company to keep Awadh in check by
providing extraterritorial protection to the dissidents from the jurisdiction of the Awadh
rulers thereby creating a constituency loyal to the Company.

By Gaurav Saini at March 13, 2020

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