Formula Sheet

2D Truss Transformations:
 c2 cs − c2 − cs 
 
T T  
K T  =
e EA  cs s2 − cs − s2 
l − c 2 − cs c2 cs 
 
 − cs − s2 cs s 2 

where c = Cos  and s = Sin .

X X2 X X2 X X2
3-noded Quadratic Truss Element: N1 = 1 − 3 + 2 2 , N 2 = 4 − 4 2 , N3 = − + 2 2 .
l l l l l l
 7 −8 1   ql / 6 
EA   
e
[K ] = − 8 16 − 8 , {Fe} = 4ql / 6  .
3l   ql / 6 
 1 − 8 7   

Two-noded Euler-Bernoulli Beam Element:

X2 X3 X2 X3 X2 X3 X2 X3
H1 = 1 − 3 + 2 ; H 2 = X − 2 + ; H 3 = 3 − 2 ; H 4 = − + 2 .
l2 l3 l l2 l2 l3 l l
 ql / 2 
 12 6l − 12 6l   ql 2 /12 
 2   
[Ke] = 3 − 12 − l6l −126l −2l6l  , {Fe} =
EI 2
6l 4
 .
l 
2l 2 − 6l 4l 2   ql / 2 
 6l −ql 2 /12 

Two-noded Frame Element:

 EA EA 
 L 0 0 − 0 0 
L
 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 0 0 − 
 L3 L2 L3 L2 
 0 6 EI 4 EI
0
6 EI
− 2
2 EI 
 L2 L L L 
[Ke] =  
EA EA
− 0 0 0 0 
 L L 
 0 −
12 EI
−
6 EI
0
12 EI 6 EI 
− 2
 L3 L2 L3 L 
 6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 
 0 0 − 2 
 L2 L L L 