You are on page 1of 40

!

"#$%&'()8

4<('*'! 0%#! )+2+,%! 5'! #0&4('2! S0'! &(#J#W#%! '6! <4(F#&4! 7(0.#6! '%! '6! *4%&':&4!
.2+S0+G&(+*4!+%76/2C!!!

^(4?"%(;)2.)34%.%.4"#/")c4&#"')

! !!! !!D(40.!-%#61&+*!q!
RX'!I&05+4TJ#2'5 !!!RX'F'T9'%&('5!D(40.2 !!!!$%&'(#*&+)'!-(&!RX'(#.1

!
Figura nº 7. k4(F#&42!'%!#(&'&'(#.+#!7(0.#6!2'7Y%!9#2'!1!@#66'1!N[MMK#!
!

J+J+)K;%"D'.-/?/.,%()2.');.%%/,<)"4%.%.4"#Y&%/-()

"#! .(G*&+*#! 5'6! #(&'&'(#.+#! X#! 5'! #.41#(2'! '%! 0%#2! *4%5+*+4%'2! 4! .(4&4*464!
JG2+*42! .#(#! '2&#J6'*'(! 0%! F#(*4! 5'! &(#J#W4C! "#! 5+2.42+*+,%! 5'! 0%! *4%W0%&4! 5'! 68F+&'2! 4!
('76#2! 66#F#54! 2'&&+%7! 4! '%*0#5('! 4<('*'! 0%#! '2&(0*&0(#! #5'*0#5#H! .#(#! S0'! 6#! ('6#*+,%!
#(&'&'(#./0&+*#!2'#!.42+J6'C!N9466!=2.+%42#H!KLL`U!",.'A!9#4H!KLL`U!VF'%#&H!KLL`*QC!l#!5'!
*4%&(+J0+(!#!0%#!F'W4(!&'(#./0&+*#!1!#!0%!4.&+F0F!*('#&+)4C!Nj402&(#H!KLLLQC!!

;4(!&#%&4H!*4%2+2&+(G!'%!*('#(!0%!607#(!2'70(4H!J+'%!'2&(0*&0(#54!S0'!.42+J+6+&'!
'6! 5'2#((4664! 5'! 0%! .(4*'24! X#*+#! 6#! 2#605C! N"#+%7H! [M__U! @#! I+6)'+(#H! KLL`U! ^+%%+*4&&H!
[M_[QC!!

o4! 2+'F.('! '2! .42+J6'! '2&(0*&0(#(! 0%! 2'&&+%7! +5'#6! .4(! 6#! 7(#%! )#(+'5#5! 5'!
2+&0#*+4%'2!S0'!0%!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!5'J'(G!#20F+(C!I+%!'FJ#(74H!2'!.0'5'!+%&'%&#(!20!*4%&(46!
1!&(#%2<4(F#*+,%!'%!J#2'!#!6#2!%'*'2+5#5'2!5'!642!.#*+'%&'2C!N92+P2A'%&F+X#61+H![MM\QC!!!

=%!'<'*&4H!2'7Y%!2'#%!642!GFJ+&42!5'!+%&'()'%*+,%!&'(#./0&+*#H!2'!#5#.&#(G!5'!
<4(F#!#5'*0#5#!#!642!020#(+42H!#6!&+.4!1!%+)'6!5'!.#&46478#H!#!642!4JW'&+)42!.(4.0'2&42H!#!642!
*4%5+*+4%#%&'2!5'!6#!+%2&+&0*+,%H!'&*C!o4!2'!.0'5'!#.6+*#(!'6!F+2F4!'%*0#5('H!.4(!'W'F.64H!

269
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

'%!0%!*#F.#F'%&4!5'!('<07+#542!5'!70'((#!S0'!'%!0%#!*4%206&#!.(+)#5#!4!0%#!+%2&+&0*+,%!
*4%!#%*+#%42!'%<'(F42!5'!-6AX'+F'(C!!

I]'22! NKLL`Q! #>#5'H! #6! ('2.'*&4H! S0'! 6#! *('*+'%&'! ':.#%2+,%! 5'! 6#! #*&+)+5#5!
.(4<'2+4%#6! &'(#./0&+*#! X#*+#! 642! *4%&':&42! 24*+#6'2! *0'2&+4%#! 6#! *4%*'.&0#6+A#*+,%H! '6!
'%*0#5('! 1! 6#! .(G*&+*#! .2+*4&'(#./0&+*#! S0'! .4(! &(#5+*+,%! 2'! X#! *'%&(#54! '%! 6#! *4%206&#!
.(+)#5#!1!'%!0%#!*6+'%&'6#!5'!*6#2'!24*+#6!F'5+#T#6&#!5'!.(4*'5'%*+#!4**+5'%&#6C!"4!S0'!5+2&#!
J#2&#%&'! 5'! 6#! ('#6+5#5! #*&0#6! 1! 5'! 642! %0')42! '%<4S0'2! #(&'&'(#./0&+*42H! J#2#542! '%! 6#2!
&'4(8#2!.42&F45'(%#2C!

;4(!64!&#%&4H! 2'!.45(G!.6#%&'#(!'6!'%*0#5('!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4!*4F4!0%!'%&4(%4!
'2&#J6'!.'(4!%4!+%F0&#J6'H!F'5+#%&'!64!S0'!^+%%+*4&&!N[M_[Q!66#F#!0%#!!&$&6.&015,%&0.13&;<!

=6! 2'&&+%7! '2! '6! F#(*4! 5'6! &(#J#W4! 5'<+%+54! .4(! 6#2! %4(F#2! S0'! <0%*+4%#%!
2+FJ,6+*#F'%&'! *4F4! x('76#2! 5'! W0'74xC! k#)4('*'! '6! F'*#%+2F4! 5'! 2'70(+5#5! 4.4(&0%4!
.#(#! 6#! ':+2&'%*+#! 5'! 0%! 2+2&'F#! 5'! ('6#*+,%! #(&+<+*+#6C! =%! 6#! .(450**+,%! .6G2&+*#! 1! '%! 6#2!
('<6':+4%'2! '%! &4(%4! #! 6#2! 4J(#2! 2'! #J4(5#(G%! &'F#2! J+47(G<+*42! F01! .'(24%#6'2! S0'H!
7'%'(#6F'%&'H! 642! .#*+'%&'2! ')+&#%! 4! F+%+F+A#%! '%! 0%#! )'(J#6+A#*+,%! *4&+5+#%#C! =6!
'%*0#5('! 5'J'(G! J(+%5#(! 6#! '2&#J+6+5#5H! 6#! <('*0'%*+#! 1! 6#! 5'F#(*#*+,%! 5'! .(4J#J+6+5#5'2H!
':.'*&#&+)#2H!'2!5'*+(H!642!68F+&'2!1!642!#6*#%*'2!5'6!2+2&'F#!&'(#./0&+*4C!!C*%),0(&$/)%(410&%*#-%
*981.)-%?%0#,$101#,)-%),%*&-%'()%3&%&%./&,-0(//1/%)*%./&.&81),.#%JKL%?%%6#/%.&,.#2%3&%&%H&3#/)0)/%'()%*#-%
6&01),.)-%6()$&,%.),)/%*&%0#,-./(0015,%$)*%)-6&01#%6-9'(10#%1,.)/,#;C!N9466!=2.+%42#H!KLL`H!.C[_gQC!

=6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! +%&'%&#(GH! '%! 6#! F'5+5#! 5'! 64! .42+J6'H! S0'! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2! 2'!
('#6+*'%! 2+'F.('! '%! '6! F+2F4! '2.#*+4! 1! #! 6#! F+2F#! X4(#H! *4%! '6! <+%! 5'! .(4.4(*+4%#(! 6#!
'2&#J+6+5#5!1!*4%<+#%A#!#5'*0#5#2C!

"#! *4%<+5'%*+#6+5#5! &#FJ+/%! ('206&#! 0%! <#*&4(! 5'! 20F#! +F.4(&#%*+#! .#(#! 6#!
*4%2'*0*+,%!5'6!&(#&#F+'%&4C!j+(*X%'66!N[M\_Q!4.+%#!S0'!%4!2'!.0'5'%!F42&(#(!4J(#2!2+%!6#!
#0&4(+A#*+,%!5'!642!#0&4('2!.4(!20!*#(G*&'(!8%&+F4C!-28H!*0#6S0+'(!&'F#!S0'!20(W#!5'25'!0%#!
.(450**+,%!.6G2&+*#H!)'(J#6!4!)+20#6!5'J'(G!S0'5#(!5'%&(4!5'!6#!('6#*+,%!#(&'&'(#./0&+*#C!"#!
':X+J+*+,%!4!':.42+*+,%!5'!6#2!4J(#2!2,64!2'!.45(G%!*4F.#(&+(!'%!'2&'!'2.#*+4!2+FJ,6+*4C!
!=&-% 187:),)-2% 6)/.),)01),.)-% &*% -)/% '()% *&-% 0/)&2% -#,% $#0(8),.#-% $)% 31$&% ?% $)4),% -)/% ./&.&$#-% 0#8#% -(%
31$&2% ?% +&4*&$#-% 6#/% )*% -(E).#% '()% *#-% /)&*1F&2% ),% -(% -1,:(*&/1$&$2% $/&8&% ?z#% :/&,$1#-1$&$;C! N",.'A!
k'(%G%5'A!9#4!1!3#(&8%'A!@8'AH!KLL`H!.C[\QC!!

=6! '2&#J6'*+F+'%&4! 5'! 0%! 2'&&+%7! #5'*0#54! '2! 64! S0'! .42+J+6+&#(G! 4! %4! '6!
5'2.6+'70'! &(#%2<'('%*+#6H! 6#! )+%*06#*+,%! '%&('! '6! .#*+'%&'! 1! '6! &'(#.'0&#C! -! 5+<'('%*+#! 5'!
4&(42!.(4*'242!&'(#./0&+*42H!'%!#(&'&'(#.+#!'6!)8%*064!%4!2'(G!':*602+)#F'%&'!J+5+('**+4%#6C!

270
!"#$%&'()8

"42! F'5+42! .6G2&+*42! 1! '6! .(4*'24! *('#&+)4! +%&'()+'%'%! 7'%'(#%54! 0%#! )+%*06#*+,%!
+%5+('*&#H!64!S0'!<#*+6+&#(G!#6!.2+*4&'(#.'0&#!5'.4%'(!20!.(4.+4!%#(*+2+2F4H!.#(#!5#(!.#24!#!
6#! 20JW'&+)+5#5! 5'6! 4&(4! *4%! #105#! 5'! 642! .(450*&42! .6G2&+*42! ('#6+A#542C! V&(4! <#*&4(!
5+<'('%*+#6!'2!S0'!'6!.#*+'%&'!%4!2,64!.(41'*&#(G!'%!'6!&'(#.'0&#!202!'2&#542!'F4*+4%#6'2H!
'%!4*#2+4%'2!5'!7(#%!+%&'%2+5#5H!2+%4!S0'!&#FJ+/%!64!X#(G!#!&(#)/2!5'!202!4J(#2!'!+FG7'%'2H!
('.#(&+'%54!6#!*#.#*+5#5!5'!*4%&'%*+,%!5'!6#2!#%2+'5#5'2!'%&('!#FJ42!'6'F'%&42!N4JW'&42!
.6G2&+*42!1!&'(#.'0&#QC!!

@#66'1! NKLL`Q! 4.+%#! S0'! 6#! *('#&+)+5#5! 5'6! .#*+'%&'! 2'! <(02&(,! '%! #67Y%!
F4F'%&4! 5'! 20! 5'2#((4664H! .4(! 64! &#%&4H! '2! +F.4(&#%&'! .(4.4(*+4%#(! 0%! '2.#*+4! 54%5'!
('2&#J6'*'(!6#!*('#&+)+5#5!1!('<6':+4%#(!24J('!64!4*0((+54C!!

I'7Y%! VF'%#&! NKLL`5Q! '6! 2'&&+%7! 4! '%*0#5('! *0F.6'! 0%#! <0%*+,%! 54J6'B!
'2&(0*&0(#6!1!2+FJ,6+*#C!

T! "#! <0%*+,%! '2&(0*&0(#6! .42+J+6+&#! 6#! *4%&'%*+,%! 1! '6#J4(#*+,%! 5'!


#%2+'5#5'2H! &#%&4! 5'! 6#2! 4(+7+%#5#2! .4(! 2'%&+F+'%&42H! )+)+542! *4F4!
+%#5'*0#542H! *4F4! 6#2! 20(7+5#2! 50(#%&'! '6! .(4*'24! *('#&+)4C! =%! 0%! .(+F'(!
F4F'%&4H! '6! 2'&&+%7! 2'! X#! 5'! *4%2&+&0+(! *4F4! a242&/%b! 4! #.414! .#(#! .45'(!
a4.'(#(! #%#68&+*#F'%&'bH! 1#! S0'! '6! 024! &'(#./0&+*4! 5'6! '%*0#5('! ('2+5'! '%! 6#!
('.('2'%&#*+,%!5'!'2'!'2&#5+4!.(+F+&+)4!<#66+54C!!

T!"#!<0%*+,%!2+FJ,6+*#!5#!2'%&+54!#!6#2!&(#%2<'('%*+#2!S0'!#.#('*'%!'%!6#!
2'2+,%! 1! #! 6#2! #.4(&#*+4%'2! +%*4%2*+'%&'2! 5'6! 020#(+4! *4F4! 6#! ('.('2+,%H! 6#!
%'7#*+,%H! 6#! 5+24*+#*+,%H! 6#! .(41'**+,%!1! 6#! +%&(41'**+,%H! 5'<'%2#2! S0'!#*&Y#%!
24J('! 0%4! F+2F4! 1! 24J('! 642! 5'FG2C! O6'+%! NKLL`Q! 5'&'(F+%#! S0'! '6!
'2&#J6'*+F+'%&4!5'6!F#(*4!5'6+F+&#!0%!'2.#*+4!2+FJ,6+*4!1!.'(F+&'!0%!+%+*+4!5'!
4(5'%!'%!'6!*#42C!=6!'2.#*+4!2+FJ,6+*4!.(4.+*+#!'6!.(4*'24!*('#&+)4!1!.42+J+6+&#H!
#! &(#)/2! 5'! 6#! F'5+#*+,%! #(&82&+*#H! 6#! *4F0%+*#*+,%! *4%! 642! 5'FG2! 1! 6#!
*4%<(4%&#*+,%!*4%!0%4!F+2F4C!

-FJ#2! <0%*+4%'2H! <('*0'%&'F'%&'! #.#('*'%! '%&('6#A#5#2H! 2+'%54! 6#! &#('#!


.(+%*+.#6!'2&#(!#&'%&42!#!642!.(4*'242!.28S0+*42!1!202!F45#6+5#5'2!5'!':.('2+,%H!.#(#!5#(!'6!
#.414!.('*+24C!!

;#(#! ^+%%+*4&&! N[M_[QH! 6#! #**+,%! &'(#./0&+*#! 2'! )#!#! 5'2#((466#(! '%! '6! '2.#*+4!
&(#%2+*+4%#6H!Y%+*4!'2.#*+4!'%!'6!S0'!'6!W0'74!'2!.42+J6'H!W0'74!S0'!*4%50*'!#6!54F+%+4!5'!
28! 1! #! 6#! .'(F#%'%*+#! 5'6! 4JW'&4[LKC! =6! #(&'&'(#.+#! .'(F+&'! X#*'(! (')+)+(! #6! .#*+'%&'! 6#2!

[LK!R'F#!&(#&#54!*4%!FG2!.(4<0%5+5#5!'%!'6!#.#(&#54![CKCKCe!1!'%!'6!gC[C[C!

271
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

)+)'%*+#2! +%<#%&+6'2H! 7(#*+#2! #! 6#! .42+J+6+5#5! 5'! ')460*+4%#(! '%! 0%! '2.#*+4! +%&'(F'5+#(+4H!
54%5'!/6!.0'5'!'W'(*'(2'!*4%!54F+%+4C!I+!6#!+602+,%T5'2+602+,%!5'6!%+>4!.4(!0%#!F#5('!%4!
20<+*+'%&'F'%&'! J0'%#! &4F#(4%! 0%! *#F+%4! 'S0+)4*#54H! .(4)4*#%54! '2&#542! .#&46,7+*42H!
2'! <#*+6+&#(G! #6! .#*+'%&'! '6! ('+%+*+4! 5'! 4&(4! *#F+%4! S0'! 2'.#! X#*'(! <('%&'! #6! <(#*#24! '%! 6#!
#5#.&#*+,%H! .42+J+6+&'! 6#! &46'(#%*+#! #! 6#! <(02&(#*+,%! 1! *4%50A*#! X#*+#! 6#! #0&4%4F8#! 1! 6#!
('#6+A#*+,%! .'(24%#6C! "42! .(4J6'F#2! S0'5#%! 4JW'&+)#542! #! &(#)/2! 5'6! F#&'(+#6! .6G2&+*4T
2+FJ,6+*4H! 54%5'! 6#! .'(24%#! .45(G! ':.64(#(642H! F45'6#(642H! 4&4(7#(6'2! %0')#2!
2+7%+<+*#*+4%'2! '! +%&'7(#(642! 5'25'! .'(2.'*&+)#2! F01! 5+)'(2#2C! !"#$&% 313),01&% 1,.):/&$&% 6()$)%
-)/31/%0#8#%1,-./(8),.#%$)%./&4&E#2%6)/#%+&0)%H&*.&%)*):1/%$)-$)%)-&%)-0(0+&%6/)01-&%$)%*&%$)8&,$&%$)*%#./#2%
$)%*&%'()%.&,.#%+&4*&8#-2%6)/#%'()%,#%-1)86/)%)-%0*&/&2%-1,#%'()%&6&/)0)%+741*8),.)%$1-H/&F&$&2%&%3)0)-%6#/%
8N*.16*)-%0&6&-%$)%H/(-./&015,2%#./&-%6#/%-(.1*)-%)-./&.):1&-%$)H),-13&-;C!Nj4%'&H!KLL\H!.C`MQC!!

=6! #(&'&'(#.+#! #105#! #28! #! *4%2'70+(! '2&42! 4JW'&+)42H! 6#! '2&+F06#*+,%! 5'! 6#!
*('#&+)+5#5!5+2F+%01'!6#!#%2+'5#5!1!.(4.+*+#!0%#!('6#*+,%!FG2!2#%#!*4%!642!4&(42C!!

=6! 2'&&+%7! 2'! *4%)+'(&'! '%! '6! F#(*4H! 54%5'! .0'5'%! 20(7+(! '6! 5464(! 1! 6#! +(#! #6!
'F'(7'(! '6! <(#*#24H! .'(4! &#FJ+/%! 6#! 202.'%2+,%! 5'! 642! F'*#%+2F42! 5'! 5'<'%2#! 1! '6!
<4(&#6'*+F+'%&4!5'6!14!1H!#!.#(&+(!5'!#X8H!6#!.42+J+6+5#5!5'!+%&'7(#*+,%!.28S0+*#C!!!

o#0FJ0(7! N[M\_Q! *4F'%&#! S0'! 6#! 20J6+F#*+,%! %4! .0'5'! 2'(! .6#%'#5#! %+!
&(#F#5#C!R454!64!S0'!.45'F42!X#*'(!'2!'2&#J6'*'(!0%#!#&F,2<'(#!'%!6#!*0#6!'6!7(0.4!5'!
.(4*'242! +%)460*(#542! .0'5#! 5'2.6'7#(2'C! !JKL)*% &/.).)/&61&% 6/#6#,)`% *&% &6)/.(/&% ?% )*% /)-6).#%
+&01&%*&%6)/-#,&%'()%-)%$)E&%&0#:)/%),%(,%)-6&01#%$)%6#-141*1$&$)-%?%*14)/.&$2%6&/&%'()%),0(),./)%-(-%*981.)-%
?% -(-% 0&6&01$&$)-2% -(-% )-0#**#-% 1,H&,.1*)-2% -(-% )-./(0.(/&-% $)% /)6).1015,% ?% -(-% 4*#'()#-2% ?% 6#0#% &% 6#0#2% -)%
0#86/),$&2%-)%/)0#,#F0&2%-)%&$81.&%?%-1,%6/1-&2%6*&,.))%#./#-%6(,.#-%$)%31-.&%JKL;C!N",.'A!9#4H!KLL`H!
..C![_T[\Q!

=6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!)+)+(G!*4%!'6!.#*+'%&'!&45#2!'2&#2!<#2'2B!64!#*4F.#>#(G!'%!20!
('7('2+,%! 1! '%! 20! *4%2*+'%*+#! 5'! 64! .(42.'*&+)4H! '%! 0%#! +%&'(#**+,%! %4T)'(J#6! 5'!
&(#%2<'('%*+#T*4%&(#&(#%2<'('%*+#!'%!'6!'2.#*+4!.4&'%*+#6!4!A4%#!5'!6#!*('#&+)+5#5C!!

I'7Y%!94('66#!NKLLgQH!7(#*+#2!#!'2#!*#.#*+5#5!S0'!'6!#(&'!&+'%'H!.#(#!'2&#J6'*'(!
0%#! F'5+#*+,%! 4! 28%&'2+2! '%&('! (#A,%! 1! 2'%2+J+6+5#5H! .0'5'! *4%)'(&+(2'! '%! 0%! '2.#*+4!
*0(#&+)4C!!

;#(#!j41'(T"#J(40*X'!NKLLLQH!'6!<+%!5'6!#(&'&'(#.+#!'2!.'(F+&+(!6#!('#.(4.+#*+,%!
5'! 6#! ('#6+5#5! #! .#(&+(! 5'! 64! +F#7+%#(+4C! =%! 0%! 607#(! .(+)+6'7+#54! 1! '%! 0%#! ('6#*+,%!
.(+)+6'7+#5#! *4%! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#H! '6! .#*+'%&'! )#! #! +F#7+%#(H! #! +%)'%&#(! 0%! F0%54H! S0'! 6'!
2'(G!.(4.+4!1!7(#*+#2!#!'2&4H!/6!.45(G!'%*4%&(#(!0%!607#(!FG2!*4%<4(&#J6'!'%!'6!F0%54!('#6C!

272
!"#$%&'()8

k+%#6F'%&'H! .#(#! D#5#F'(! N[MM[QH! '6! #(&'! *4F4! <+'2&#! ('*X#A#! '6! #+26#F+'%&4H!
'2! *'6'J(#*+,%! #6! ('0%+(! #! 6#2! .'(24%#2! .4(! #674C! =2&4! S0'5#! .#&'%&'! '%! 6#! #*&+)+5#5!
#(&'&'(#./0&+*#H!6#!*0#6!6+J'(#!5'!6#!.('2+,%!5'!6#!)+5#!*4&+5+#%#H!#6!'2&#(!'%!('6#*+,%!*4%!'6!
&+'F.4H! %4! *4%! '6! &+'F.4! F'5+54H! 0&+6+&#(+4H! )#*84H! 2+%4! *4%! 0%! &+'F.4! .(4.+4H! .#(#!
5'F4(#(2'! '%! 6#! 4J(#H! <0%5+'%54! .#2#54! 1! .('2'%&'! '%! 0%#! 20.'(#*+,%! 5'6! &+'F.4C! =6!
2'&&+%7! 2'! *4%)+'(&'! #28! '%! 607#(! 5'! '%*0'%&(4H! S0'! .42+J+6+&#! '6! '2&#J6'*+F+'%&4! 5'! 0%#!
('6#*+,%! +%&(#! '! +%&'(20JW'&+)#! %0')#2B! '2! '6! .6#*'(! 5'6! '%*0'%&(4! *4%! 0%4! F+2F4! #%&'! 6#!
4J(#! *('#5#H! 5'! 24(.('2#! #%&'! 6#2! .(4.+#2! .4&'%*+#6+5#5'2H! 5'! 5'2+%X+J+*+,%! 1! 6+J'(&#5U!
.6#*'(H! &#FJ+/%H! 5'6! '%*0'%&(4! *4%! 642! 4&(42H! 5'! .45'(! *('#(! )8%*0642! #<'*&+)42H! 5'! 2'(!
&'%+54! '%! *0'%&#H! 5'! *4F.#(&+(! #<+%+5#5'2! 1! 5+<'('%*+#2H! ':.'(+'%*+#2! 1! 2'%&+F+'%&42U! '%!
5'<+%+&+)#H!5'!<4(F#(!.#(&'!5'!0%!7(0.4C!

J+J+*+)K'.?.,%(;)2.');.%%/,<)

J+J+*+*+)a"4-().;#"-/"'))

=6!'2.#*+4!'2!6#!*/606#!4(7G%+*#!5'!6#!.(G*&+*#!#(&'&'(#./0&+*#H!6#!F#&(+A!5'!6#2!
.'(2.'*&+)#2!&',(+*#2!1!'6!607#(!+5'#6!.#(#!&(#%2<4(F#(!F#&'(+#2C!=2!6#!'2*'%#!54%5'!2'!.4%'!
'%!W0'74!'6!.(4*'24!5'!6#!':.('2+,%C!Nj402&(#H!KLLLQC!

=%! 6#! .(G*&+*#! 5'6! #(&'&'(#.+#H! 7'%'(#6F'%&'H! %4! ':+2&'! 0%! '2.#*+4! '2.'*8<+*4H!
X#J+6+&#54! #5! X4*H! '2.'*+#6F'%&'! '%! .#82'2! 54%5'! #Y%! %4! '2&G! +%2&+&0*+4%#6+A#5#! 6#!
.(4<'2+,%C!I'7Y%!VF'%#&!NKLL`5QH!6#2!*+(*0%2&#%*+#2!+5'#6'2!.#(#!'6!&(#J#W4!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4H!
'%!('6#*+,%!#6!'2.#*+4H!%4!2'!20'6'%!5#(!1!(#(#2!)'*'2!'6!&'(#.'0&#!#(&82&+*4!.0'5'!5+2.4%'(!
5'!0%#!2#6#!'2.'*8<+*#H!S0'!('Y%#!6#2!*4%5+*+4%'2!#5'*0#5#2H!5'%&(4!5'!6#2!+%2&+&0*+4%'2!4!
607#('2!54%5'!2'!)#1#!#!+%&'()'%+(C!!

"4!%4(F#6!'2!S0'!6#2!+%2&+&0*+4%'2!#2+7%'%H!.#(#!6#!('#6+A#*+,%!5'6!&#66'(H!2#6#2!
5'!0242!FY6&+.6'2!*4F4!#06#2!5'!*6#2'H!7+F%#2+42H!5'.'%5'%*+#2!5'6!#10%&#F+'%&4H!2#64%'2H!
'&*C!=%!642!*'%&(42!5'!58#H!6#!F+2F#!#06#!2+()'!5'!'2.#*+4!#!6#2!5+2&+%&#2!#*&+)+5#5'2H!.4(!64!
S0'!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!5'J'(G!0&+6+A#(!F#(*#2!5'!+5'%&+<+*#*+,%!5'6!&#66'(!5'!#(&'&'(#.+#H!24J('!
&454H! *4%! *+'(&42! .#*+'%&'2H! *4F4! 642! #0&+2&#2C! "#! .('2'%*+#! 5'6! &'(#.'0&#! 2'(G! 0%! *6#(4!

273
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

('<'('%&'H! #28! *4F4!'6! *0F.6+F+'%&4! 5'! 6#2! %4(F#2! 5'6! *4%&(#&4B! '6! 58#! 5'! 6#! #*&+)+5#5H! 6#!
X4(#H!'&*C!o4!4J2&#%&'H!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!5'J'!*4%4*'(!642!('S0+2+&42!F8%+F42!.#(#!+%&'%&#(!
.('2'()#(642C! -! )'*'2! '2! F01! *42&424! *4%2'70+(64H! 2+%! 'FJ#(74! 6#! ':.'(+'%*+#!
#(&'&'(#./0&+*#! .6#%&'#H! #! 6#(74! .6#A4H! S0'! 6#! +%2&+&0*+,%! #5)+'(&#! 6#! +F.4(&#%*+#! 5'! 0%!
'2.#*+4!<#*+6+&#54(!JG2+*4H!*4%!'6!(+74(!.(4<'2+4%#6!S0'!F'('*'%!202!5'F#%5#%&'2C!l#1!S0'!
*('#(!0%!'%&4(%4!8%&+F4H!S0'!.('2'()'!6#!*4%<+5'%*+#6+5#5!1!.42+J+6+&'!'6!&(#J#W4!*('#&+)4C!

94%!.#*+'%&'2!X42.+&#6+A#542!4!+F.'5+542H!'2!'6!&'(#.'0&#!'6!S0'!2'!5'2.6#A#H!
66')#%54!*4%2+74!642!F#&'(+#6'2!1!X'((#F+'%&#2!5'!&(#J#W4C!!

Ilustración nº 58. -(&'&'(#.+#!*4%!.#*+'%&'2!X42.+&#6+A#542C!


!

j41'(T"#J(40*X'! NKLLLQ! 2'>#6#! S0'! *0#%54! '6! &(#J#W4! 2'! ('#6+A#! '%! 0%#!
+%2&+&0*+,%H! X#1! S0'! ('<6':+4%#(! 24J('! 6#! '6'**+,%! 5'6! F#(*4H! 6#2! 5+<+*06&#5'2! S0'! .0'5#!
20.4%'(!66')#(!#!*+'(&42!.#*+'%&'2!#!'2&42!607#('2H!N'2*#6'(#2H!J#(('(#2!#(S0+&'*&,%+*#2H!'&*CQC!

;4(!&#%&4H!'2!.(+F4(5+#6!5'5+*#(!0%!&+'F.4!#!'2&#!.('.#(#*+,%!*4F4!607#(!5'!
*4%&'%*+,%C!@'%&(4!5'!64!.42+J6'H!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!+%&'%&#(G!S0'!'6!&#66'(!('Y%#!6#2!F'W4('2!
*4%5+*+4%'2! 5'! '2.#*+4! .#(#! <#)4('*'(! '6! .(4*'24! &'(#./0&+*4! '! +%&'%&#(G! *4(('7+(! 6#2!
*+(*0%2&#%*+#2!S0'!64!5+<+*06&'%C!!X)$1&,.)%*&%6)/-#,&*1F&015,%$)*%),.#/,#%8&.)/1&*%-#8#-%0&6&0)-%$)%
6#.),01&/%)*%6),-&81),.#%0/)&.13#;C!N92+P2A'%&F+X#61+H![MM\H!.G7C![_eQC!

"#!'2&#%*+#!5'J'!2'(!('2'()#5#H!S0'!4<('A*#!2'70(+5#5H!('*'.&+)+5#5!1!6+J'(&#5C!
"#2!2#6#2!#F.6+#2!.'(F+&'%!#*47'(!#!7(0.42!7(#%5'2!1!24%!#.&#2!.#(#!+%*60+(!'W'(*+*+42!5'!
':.('2+,%! *4(.4(#6! 1! 5'! ('6#W#*+,%C! I+! 642! 7(0.42! 24%! .'S0'>42! 4! 2'! ('#6+A#%! 2'2+4%'2!

274
!"#$%&'()8

+%5+)+50#6'2H!6#2!2#6#2!#F.6+#2!.0'5'%!*('#(!2'%&+F+'%&42!5'!#+26#F+'%&4!4!+%2+7%+<+*#%*+#!1!
5+2.'(2#(!6#!*6#(+5#5!5'!642!68F+&'2C!Nj(02*+#H![MMMQC!!

=6!'2.#*+4!&+'%'!S0'!'2&+F06#(!'6!*4F.4(&#F+'%&4!':.('2+)4H!54%5'!%4!2'!&'F#!
F#%*X#(H!':.'(+F'%&#(H!('<6':+4%#(!4!5'2*0J(+(C!=2&#(!*'((#54!#!#&(+J0*+4%'2!':&'(%#2!S0'!
+%&'(<+'(#%!'%!'6!.(4*'24!*('#&+)4C!!

R'%'(!6#)#J42!'%!6#!F+2F#!2#6#!5'!&(#J#W4!#7+6+A#!'6!&(#J#W4!1!20.4%'!%4!&'%'(!
S0'!+%&'((0F.+(!6#!2'2+,%!.#(#!2#6+(!#!6#)#(!642!F#&'(+#6'2H!6#2!F#%42H!'&*C!j+'%!+60F+%#54[LgH!
*4%! )'%&+6#*+,%! 1! &'F.'(#&0(#! #5'*0#5#2H! 6+F.+4! 1! 4(5'%#54C! @'J'! .42''(! &#FJ+/%!
F4J+6+#(+4! #*4%5+*+4%#54! #6! &+.4! 5'! .4J6#*+,%! *4%! 6#! S0'! 2'! &(#J#W'! N%+>42H! F+%02)#68#2H!
#%*+#%42H!'&*CQC!!

;#+%! 1! d#(('#0! N[MMeQ! .(4.4%'%! 0%#! 5+2&(+J0*+,%! .#(*+#6F'%&'! .'(F#%'%&'! 1!


.#(*+#6F'%&'!F45+<+*#J6'B!!C*%*(:&/%$)%/)0)6015,2%*#-%)-6&01#-%$)%./&4&E#%?%*#-%*(:&/)-%$)%)D6#-1015,%#%
$)% -)0&$#% $)% *&-% 61)F&-% 0#,-.1.(?),% *&-% 6&/.)-% 6)/8&,),.)-%$)*% .&**)/[% *&%6&/.)% 3&/1&4*)% $)*% $)0#/&$#% )-.7%
/)6/)-),.&$&%6#/%*&-%6/#$(001#,)-%'()%-)%-(0)$),;<!N.Cg\QC!!

;(4P4<+')! N[MM\Q! .6#%&'#! 0%! '2&05+4! *4%! 542! A4%#2! 5+<'('%*+#5#2B! 0%#! A4%#!
.#(#!'6!&(#J#W4!#(&82&+*4H!'%!6#!S0'!2'!.0'5#!&(#J#W#(!*4%!*0#6S0+'(!F'5+4!.6G2&+*4H!2+%!&'F4(!
#! '%20*+#(! 4! 5'24(5'%#(! 642! F#&'(+#6'2H! 1! 4&(4! '2.#*+4! ('2'()#54H! .#(#! ':.4%'(! 1! X#J6#(!
24J('!6#2!.(450**+4%'2!&'(F+%#5#2C!

j(02*+#! N[MMMQ! #.0%&#! S0'! 6#! *464*#*+,%! 5'! 6#! 2#6#! 5'&'(F+%#! '6! &+.4! 5'!
+%&'(#**+,%!1!('6#*+,%!'%&('!'6q642!20W'&4q42H!&'(#.'0&#!1!642!F'5+42C!->#5'!S0'!'6!#(('764!
'2.#*+#6!)#(8#!2'7Y%!'6!<4(F#&4C!=%!6#2!2'2+4%'2!7(0.#6'2!2'!&+'%5'!#!*('#(!0%#!<4(F#*+,%!
*+(*06#(H!'2.'*+#6F'%&'!#6!*4F+'%A4!5'!6#2!2'2+4%'2H!.4(S0'!<#*+6+&#!'6!*4%&#*&4!4*06#(!*4%!
&454!'6!F0%54!1!.'(F+&'!'6!*4%&#*&4!<82+*4!*4%!642!*4F.#>'(42!2+&0#542!#!*#5#!6#54C!c%!
*8(*064! .(4.4(*+4%#! 68F+&'2! '2.#*+#6'2! 1! 5#! #**'24! 6+J('! #! 642! F#&'(+#6'2C! o4! 4J2&#%&'H!
5'.'%5'(G! '%! 7(#%! F'5+5#! 5'! 6#2! %'*'2+5#5'2! 5'! *#5#! .'(24%#! 1! 5'! 6#2! #*&+)+5#5'2! #!
('#6+A#(C!!

VF'%#&! NKLL`5Q! #*4%2'W#! 0%! 607#(! 54%5'! %4! ':+2&#%! '6'F'%&42! +%%'*'2#(+42!
S0'! .0'5#%! 5+2&(#'(H! #J(0F#(! 4! +%)#5+(C!->#5'! 6#! +F.4(&#%*+#! 5'! %4! +%*4(.4(#(! *#FJ+42!
202&#%*+#6'2! '%&('! *#5#! 2'2+,%C! !C-% (,% *(:&/% $#,$)% .1),)% '()% +&4)/% *&% 8&?#/% &-)6-1&2% *&% ,#Q
0#,.&81,&015,%?%*&%8&?#/%6/#H)-1#,&*1$&$<%>#/'()%),%)-)%*(:&/%)*%6&01),.)%-)%3&%&%$)-,($&/;<%Nj'&/2!5'!
R4(4H!KLLLH!.CggMQC!

[Lg!I'7Y%!3#6*X+45+!N[MM\QH!'2!FG2!('*4F'%5#J6'!6#!60A!%#&0(#6!S0'!6#!#(&+<+*+#6C

275
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

"#2! &/*%+*#2! 1! 642! 24.4(&'2! 0&+6+A#542! *4%5+*+4%#(G%! 6#! <4(F#! '%! 6#! S0'! 2'!
.0'5#! 5+2.4%'(! 5'6! '2.#*+4C! "4! +5'#6! 2'(8#! .45'(! .+%&#(! 4! 5+J0W#(! )'(&+*#6F'%&'! N*4%! '6!
24.4(&'!24J('!6#!.#('5Q!0!X4(+A4%&#6F'%&'!N*4%!24.4(&'!24J('!0%#!F'2#!4!'%!'6!20'64QH!.#(#!
':.'(+F'%&#(! 5'25'! 5+)'(2#2! .'(2.'*&+)#2H! S0'! '6! .(4.+4! '2.#*+4! .'(F+&+'2'! 0%#! *+'(&#!
.6#2&+*+5#5C!!

=2!0%!'2.#*+4!S0'!('*4%2&(01'!'6!4(5'%!X#J+&0#6!5'!0%!5'2.#*X4!'%!0%!*'%&(4!
5'! 2#605H! 1! '%! '6! S0'! 642! F#&'(+#6'2! 24%! *4F4! 'FJ#W#54('2! 5'6! 5'2'4! 5'!
':.('2#(! .(450*+'%54! 0%#! '2.'*+'! 5'! 5'2*'%&(#F+'%&4! 5'! 642! XGJ+&42!
*4&+5+#%42C!=2!0%!607#(!S0'!.0'5'!.(450*+(!0%!*+'(&4!F4)+F+'%&4H!.0'2&4!S0'!
'6!&(#J#W4!#(&82&+*4!1!'6!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4!%42!.4%'!'%!*4%&#*&4!*4%!6#!('6#&+)+5#5!
5'!6#!.'(2.'*&+)#C%Nl'(%G%5'A!3'(+%4H!KLL`H!.CK`_QC!

"#!2#6#!5'J'!*4%&'%'(!642!F#&'(+#6'2!20<+*+'%&'2!.#(#!<#*+6+&#(!'6!5'2*0J(+F+'%&4!
5'6!+%*4%2*+'%&'!1!'6!F0%54!+%&'(+4(!5'!6#!.'(24%#C!"42!F'5+42!.6G2&+*4T)+20#6'2!'2&#(G%!#!
6#!)+2&#H!*'(*#%42!1!5+2.0'2&42!5'!F#%'(#!S0'!2,64!20!.('2'%*+#!+%)+&'!#6!024H!.0'2!24%!642!
S0'! )#%! #! '2&#J6'*'(! 6#! ('6#*+,%! F'5+#54(#C! 9X#(6&4%! N[M\_Q! #>#5'! S0'H! '%! '6! *#24! 5'!
#S0'6642! .#*+'%&'2! 2+%! F4)+6+5#5H! 2'! .0'5'! *4%2&(0+(! 0%#! *#W#! .4(&G&+6! *4%! 642! F#&'(+#6'2!
JG2+*42!1!0%!24.4(&'!(87+54!.#(#!.45'(!5+J0W#(!'%!6#!*#F#C!!

l#1!S0'!#*4%5+*+4%#(!'2.#*+42!*4%!'2&#%&'2H!#(F#(+42!1!*#W#2!.#(#!70#(5#(!642!
F#&'(+#6'2! 1! 6#2! .(450**+4%'2H! &#%&4! J+5+F'%2+4%#6'2! *4F4! &(+5+F'%2+4%#6'2H! 50(#%&'! '6!
&+'F.4! S0'! 2'#! %'*'2#(+4C! =6! '2.#*+4! 0&+6+A#54! .#(#! #6F#*'%#(! 6#2! 4J(#2! 5'J'! *0F.6+(! 6#2!
*4%5+*+4%'2!5'!*4%2'()#*+,%!1!2'70(+5#5!#5'*0#5#2!N60AH!X0F'5#5H!&'F.'(#&0(#H!'&*CQC!-!20!
)'AH!.('2'()#(G!6#!*4%<+5'%*+#6+5#5!5'!6#2!.(450**+4%'2!#6!2'(!*4%2+5'(#5#2!*4F4!.#(&'!5'6!
('7+2&(4!*68%+*4H!.4(!*4%&'%'(!5#&42!8%&+F42!5'!6#!.'(24%#!&(#&#5#C!

J+J+*+9+)a"4-()%.?#(4"'))

"#! 4(7#%+A#*+,%! &'F.4(#6! 5'! 642! .(47(#F#2! #(&'&'(#./0&+*42! '2! 0%! ('S0+2+&4!
<0%5#F'%&#6H!#6!'2&#J6'*'(!0%#!('6#*+,%!&'(#./0&+*#C!!C*%8&/0#%$)%./&4&E#2%'()%$).)/81,&%.&,.#%)*%

276
!"#$%&'()8

)-6&01#2%),%.R/81,#%$)%*(:&/%H9-10#%),%)*%0(&*%-)%/)&*1F&,%*&-%-)-1#,)-2%0#8#%)*%.1)86#2%)-%$)01/%*&%$(/&015,%$)%
)-.&-2%)-%(,%6&/78)./#%)-),01&*%),%*&%4(),&%6/70.10&%$)*%&/.)Q.)/&61&%?%0#,-.1.(?)%(,%H&0.#/%$)01-13#%6&/&%(,%
4(),% H(,01#,&81),.#% $)*% 6/#?)0.#;<% N9466'&'H! KLLgH! .CK_QC! -6! +70#6! S0'! 20*'5'! *4%! '6! F#(*4!
'2.#*+#6H!6#!7'2&+,%!5'6!&+'F.4!#*&Y#!2+FJ,6+*#F'%&'!*4F4!0%!68F+&'!S0'!'6!.#*+'%&'!&'%5(G!
S0'! ('2.'&#(! 50(#%&'! '6! &(#&#F+'%&4C! !C-.)% )-6&01#Q.1)86#% .#8&% )*% 3&*#/% $)% (,% 0#,.1,),.)% JKL<%
b/&01&-% &% )-.)% 0#,.1,),.)% R*% 6#$/7% 8&,1H)-.&/% -(% 0/)&.131$&$2% $)E&/% 0&)/% &*:(,&-% 6/#+14101#,)-% -#01&*)-% ?%
)D6/)-&/%)8#01#,)-;<!Nj41'(T"#J(40*X'H!KLLLH!.CgMQC!

;4(! &#%&4H! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2! &'%5(G%! 0%#! 50(#*+,%! 1! 0%! X4(#(+4! .('*+24! 5'25'! 6#!
.(+F'(#!*4%206&#C!=6!.#*+'%&'!4!642!.#(&+*+.#%&'2!F#%&'%5(G%!'6!*4F.(4F+24!5'!66'7#(!#!6#!
F+2F#!X4(#H!'%!642!58#2!#*4(5#542H!50(#%&'!&454!'6!.(4*'24!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4C!"#!('706#(+5#5!
1! .0%&0#6+5#5! ('2.'*&4! #! 6#! #2+2&'%*+#! 2'! ('6#*+4%#%! 5+('*&#F'%&'! *4%! 6#! '<+*#*+#! 5'6!
&(#&#F+'%&4C! =2&4! *4%66')#! .4(! .#(&'! 5'! 642! .#*+'%&'2! #! .(+4(+A#(! '6! &(#&#F+'%&4! 24J('!
*0#6S0+'(!4&(#!#*&+)+5#5C!=%!*#242!5'!#02'%*+#2!.(')+2&#2H!2'!*4F0%+*#(G!*4%!#%&'(+4(+5#5!#6!
&'(#.'0&#!1!#6!('2&4!5'!642!*4F.#>'(42C!

=6!F#(*4!&'F.4(#6H!#5'FG2!5'!X#*'(!('<'('%*+#!#!6#!50(#*+,%!1!.'(+45+*+5#5!5'!
6#2! 2'2+4%'2! &#FJ+/%! *4%&'F.6#! 6#! ':&'%2+,%! 5'6! .(47(#F#C! I'7Y%! 642! .(4<'2+4%#6'2! 5'6!
*'%&(4! 5'! '2&05+42! 24J('! #(&'&'(#.+#! 3'&G<4(#H! 6#! &'(#.+#! .0'5'! 2'(B! F01! J(')'! N[! #! [K!
2'2+4%'2QH! J(')'! N[K! #! Ki! 2'2+4%'2QH! 6#(7#! NKi! 4! FG2! 2'2+4%'2QC! "42! &(#&#F+'%&42! 2'!
4(7#%+A#%!1!*#&'74(+A#%!5'!5+2&+%&4!F454H!2'7Y%!6#2!5+<+*06&#5'2!#!':.64(#(C!!

I'7Y%!;#+%!1!d#(('#0!N[MMeQH!6#!0%+5#5!F8%+F#!5'!0%!.(41'*&4!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4!
'2!5'!0%!#>4H!*4%!0%#!2'2+,%!2'F#%#6C!=%!*0#%&4!#!6#!50(#*+,%!5'!6#2!2'2+4%'2H!6#2!#0&4(#2!
5+2&+%70'%! '%&('! #*&0#*+4%'2! 5'! 0%#! X4(#! .#(#! %+>42! F01! .'S0'>42H! 5'! 542! X4(#2! .#(#!
%+>42!F#14('2!1!5'!542!X4(#2!1!F'5+#!.#(#!#546'2*'%&'2!1!#506&42C!I0!.(4.0'2&#!%4!'2&G!
'2&+.06#5#H! 2'7Y%! 6#! *#.#*+5#5! 5'! *4%*'%&(#*+,%! 5'! 642! 20W'&42H! 2+%4! FG2! *'%&(#5#! '%! 642!
('S0'(+F+'%&42! 5'! .('.#(#*+,%! #6! &(#J#W4! 5'! ':.('2+,%! .6G2&+*#H! 1! #! 6#2! %'*'2+5#5'2! 5'!
#6&'(%#%*+#!5'!5'2*#%24!1!&(#J#W4H!5'!246'5#5!1!5+G6474H!5'!#**+,%!1!5'!.#6#J(#C!

VF'%#&! NKLL`5Q! *4F'%&#! S0'! 6#! 50(#*+,%! 5'6! &(#&#F+'%&4! 5'.'%5'(G! 5'! 6#!
7(#)'5#5!5'!6#!.#&46478#!5'6!*6+'%&'!1!5'!642!4JW'&+)42!#!#6*#%A#(C!"#!#0&4(#!'2&#J6'*'!0%#!
5+2&+%*+,%!'%&('!6#!50(#*+,%!5'!6#2!2'2+4%'2!7(0.#6'2H!6#2!*0#6'2!42*+6#%!5'!0%#!X4(#!1!F'5+#!
#!542!X4(#2U!1!6#2!+%&'()'%*+4%'2!+%5+)+50#6'2!5'!*+%*0'%&#!F+%0&42!#!0%#!X4(#C!=%!*0#%&4!
#! 6#! .'(+45+*+5#5H! VF'%#&! #>#5'! S0'! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2! 20'6'%! 2'(! 2'F#%#6'2H! 2+%! 'FJ#(74H!
)46)'(G!#!5'.'%5'(!5'!6#2!%'*'2+5#5'2!5'!6#!.'(24%#!'6!S0'!6#2!*4%206&#2!2'!'2.#*+'%H!FG2!4!
F'%42H!'%!'6!&+'F.4C!!

277
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

o0*X4! NKLLiQ! ('#6+A#! 4J2'()#*+4%'2! 24J('! '6! &+'F.4H! ('6#*+4%#5#2! *4%! 6#!
50(#*+,%! 5'! *#5#! 0%#! 5'! 6#2! <#2'2! 5'! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2! '2&(0*&0(#5#2! '%! *0#&(4! .'(+4542B!
_,H/))F1,:2%B#1,:2%B1&*#:(1,:2%G*#-(/)[LiC!"#!#0&4(#!4.+%#!S0'!6#!50(#*+,%!5'!*#5#!<#2'!)#(8#H!
2'7Y%! 6#! .4J6#*+,%! *4%! 6#! S0'! 2'! &(#J#W'C! 94%! .4J6#*+,%! +%<#%&+6H! 6#! <#2'! 5'! .(450**+,%!
.6G2&+*#!20'6'!2'(!FG2!':&'%2#!S0'!6#!5'!5+G6474!4!*+'(('H!1#!S0'!642!%+>42!('#6+A#%!F'%42!
*4F'%&#(+42! S0'! 642! #546'2*'%&'2! 4! 642! #506&42! S0'! 4&4(7#%! FG2! &+'F.4! #6! 5+G6474! 1! 6#!
('<6':+,%C! =%! 20! 4J(#! "+)% >-?0+#0?4)/,).10% 8#$)*% #H% @/.% "+)/&6?! NKLLiQH! ':.4%'! 6#! 2+70+'%&'!
&#J6#! %h! [_H! S0'! .'(F+&'! *4F.#(#(! 6#! 64%7+&05! ('6#&+)#! 5'! *#5#! <#2'! '%&('! %+>42H!
#546'2*'%&'2!1!#506&42C!

)
)
)
Tabla nº 17. Longitud de las fases de las sesiones según el modelo psicocibernético de
Nucho en relación a las diversas poblaciones

!
E="-R$Z=!"=oDRl!Vk!=-9l!;l-I=!Vk!Rl=!;It9lV9$j=Eo=R$9!3V@="!^$Rl!
@$kk=E=oR!9"$=oR!;V;c"-R$VoI!
!
!
!!!!!9X+65('%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!j!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9!!!!!!!!!!@!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ÇÇÇ!!!!!!ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ!!!!!!!!ÇÇ!!!!!!!!ÇÇÇ!
!
!
!!!!-546'2*'%&2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!j!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ÇÇÇÇ!!!!!!!ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ!!!!!ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ!!!!!ÇÇÇÇ!
!
!
!!!!!!-506&2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!j!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ!!!!!ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ!!!!!!!ÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇÇ!!ÇÇÇÇÇÇ!
!!
945'B!-Ñ!_,H/))F1,:2%jÑ!B#1,:2!9Ñ!B1&*#:(1,:[%@Ñ!G*#-(/)<%
!
!
!
=%! *4%*602+,%H! ('206&#! F01! *4F.6'W4! '2&#J6'*'(! .#(GF'&(42! 4! *6#2+<+*#*+4%'2!
24J('!6#!2'*0'%*+#*+,%!&'F.4(#6H!1#!S0'!5'.'%5'!5'!<#*&4('2!5+)'(242B!.#&46478#H!'5#5!5'6!
20W'&4H!#7(0.#F+'%&4H!'&*C!

[Li!k#2'!5'!5'2X+'64H!<#2'!5'!.(450**+,%!.6G2&+*#H!<#2'!5'!5+G6474!1!*+'(('!5'!6#!2'2+,%C!

278
!"#$%&'()8

J+J+*+I+)8Y-,/-";R)?"%.4/"'.;)7)4.-&4;(;!

"#2!&/*%+*#2!1!F#&'(+#6'2!)+20#6'2!1!.6G2&+*42!24%!0%#!.#(&'!'2'%*+#6!5'6!.(4*'24!
#(&'&'(#./0&+*4!.4(!6#!<0%*+,%!F'5+#54(#!S0'!)#%!#!'2&#J6'*'(!'%&('!'6q642!.#*+'%&'q2!1!'6!
#(&'&'(#.'0&#C! !JKL% *#-% 8&.)/1&*)-% /)-(*.&,% (,% &*1&$#% 6#/'()% &0#86&I&,% &*% -),.181),.#% '()% .1),)% )*%
0/)&$#/2%-#,%(,%0&//1*2%#H/)0),%*&%0&$),01&%&$)0(&$&;<%NVF'%#&H!KLL`*H!.CiQC!

;4(! (+*#2! S0'! 2'#%! 6#2! &/*%+*#2! #(&82&+*#2H! 246#F'%&'! &'%5(G%! 0%! )#64(!
&'(#./0&+*4! 2+! .(4.4(*+4%#%! 0%#! )8#! 5'! *4F0%+*#*+,%! '%&('! .#*+'%&'! 1! &'(#.'0&#H! 6#! *0#6!
2'(G! +%*'%&+)#5#! #! &(#)/2! 5'6! 024! 5'6! F#&'(+#6! #5'*0#54C! N3*o+<<! H[M\\U! ;#8%! 1! d#(('#0H!
[MMeQC!!

;4(! *4%2+70+'%&'H! *4%4*'(! 6#2! .42+J+6+5#5'2! +%<+%+&#2! S0'! 4<('*'%! 6#! 7(#%!
)#(+'5#5!5'!F#&'(+#6'2!1!&/*%+*#2!.6G2&+*#2!1q4!)+20#6'2!'%!0%!2'&&+%7!&'(#./0&+*4!2'(G!0%#!
*4F.'&'%*+#! 5'6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#H! '2'%*+#6! #! 6#! X4(#! 5'! #5'*0#(! 642! 4JW'&+)42! 5'! 202!
5'F#%5#%&'2C!!=&%+&41*1$&$%?%)H)0.131$&$%$)%(,%.)/&6)(.&%&/.9-.10#%,#%/)-1$)%N,10&8),.)%),%-(%0&6&01$&$%
6&/&%1,.)/3),1/%#%6&/&%&?($&/%&%1,.)/6/).&/%*&%61,.(/&%#%)*%6/#$(0.#<"&841R,%6#-))%(,&%:/&,%186#/.&,01&%
*&%)*)0015,%$)%8&.)/1&*)-%'()%+&:&%)*%.)/&6)(.&%&/.9-.10#;<%N@#66'1H![M\_H!..C!K`TK_QC!

o0*X4! NKLLiQ! #>#5'! S0'! 642! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2! %4! 2,64! &'%5(G%! '%! *0'%&#! 6#!
5+)'(2+5#5! 5'! .(4.+'5#5'2! S0'! 642! F#&'(+#6'2! *4%&+'%'%! '%! 28! F+2F42! 1! 642! +%&'('2'2!
'2.'*8<+*42!5'!642!.#*+'%&'2H!2+%4!&#FJ+/%!6#!F#7%+&05!5'!6#2!*#.#*+5#5'2!<82+*#2!1!.28S0+*#2!
5'!642!020#(+42C!!

D647'(! NKLL`Q! 1! "+%A! NKLL`Q! 4.+%#%! S0'! '2! +F.4(&#%&'! S0'! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#!
&'%7#! *4%4*+F+'%&42! 20<+*+'%&'2! 24J('! '6! 024! 5'! 642! F'5+42! #(&82&+*42! 1! 202! *0#6+5#5'2!
<82+*#2C! I+! '2&'! F#%&+'%'! 0%#! ('6#*+,%! *4%2&#%&'! *4%! 6#2! #*&+)+5#5'2! #(&82&+*#2! .45(G!
':.'(+F'%&#(! *4%! F#14(! <#*+6+5#5! 6#! *4%':+,%! 2'%24(+#6! *4%! 642! F#&'(+#6'2! .#(#! 66'7#(! #!
)+)'%*+#(!64!S0'!&(#%2F+&'%H!')4*#%!4!.(4.+*+#%C!!

"#2! &/*%+*#2! 0&+6+A#5#2! '%! #(&'&'(#.+#! )#%! 5'25'! 6#2! *6G2+*#2! *4F4! '6! 5+J0W4H!
.+%&0(#H! '2*06&0(#! 4! '2&#F.#*+,%! X#2&#! 6#2! FG2! #*&0#6'2B! #22'FJ6#7'H! *466#7'H! <4&47(#<8#H!
)+5'4H! X+J(+5#*+4%'2! 1! .4/&+*#2! 5'! +%&'()'%*+,%! *4F4! =&,$Q@/.2% P#$?Q@/.2% \,-.&*&01#,)-2%
>)/H#/8&,0)-2%@001#,)-2%a&66),1,:H!'&*C!!

279
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

-(+#2!1!Z#(7#2!NKLLgQH!@'%%1!N[MM`QH!l+%A!NKLL`QH!O#7+%!1!"02'%J(+%P!N[M_\QH!
O6'+%! NKLL`QH! ",.'A! k'(%G%5'AT9#4! NKLL`QH! 3#6*X+45+! N[MM\QH! 344%! NKLLLQ! 1! ;#+%! 1!
d#(('#0! N[MMeQH! '%&('! 4&(42H! 5'5+*#%! '%! 202! '2&05+42! 0%! '2.#*+4! #! 6#! 5'2*(+.*+,%! 5'! 6#2!
&/*%+*#2!#.6+*#5#2!'%!6#!&'(#.+#!#(&82&+*#C!

"#!('*+'%&'!+%&'7(#*+,%!5'!6#2!%0')#2!&'*%46478#2!4<('*'!)8#2!5'!+%%4)#*+,%!#!
':.64(#(! 5'%&(4! 5'6! *#F.4! 5'! 6#! +%)'2&+7#*+,%! #(&'&'(#./0&+*#C! -0&4('2! *4F4! -%2#%4!
NKLL_QH!9#%&'(!N[M\MQH!3#6*X+45+!NKLLLQH!V((!NKLL`QH!;'&'(24%H!I&4)#66H!=6P+%2!1!;#(P'(Tj'66!
NKLLeQH!I#F'&!N[M\MQH!'F.6'#%!.(47(#F#2!+%<4(FG&+*42!5'!5+J0W4H!&(#&#F+'%&4!5'!+FG7'%'2!
4!#%+F#*+,%!'%!&('2!5+F'%2+4%'2!'%!202!2'2+4%'2C!=6!024!5'!6#2!%0')#2!&'*%46478#2!#F.68#%!
6#2!.42+J+6+5#5'2!5'!.45'(!+602&(#(H!#%+F#(!1!*4F.#(&+(!6#2!<#%&#28#2!5'!642!.#(&+*+.#%&'2C!!C*%
#/$),&$#/% -)% (-&% 0#8#% (,% $1-6#-1.13#%6&/&% 0#,.&/% +1-.#/1&-% #%0#8#%(,%.9.)/)%)*)0./5,10#%$)-$)%)*%0(&*% *#-%
0*1),.)-%6()$),%8#3)/%H701*8),.)%*&-%61,.(/&-%),%.#/,#%&%*&%6&,.&**&%$)*%#/$),&$#/%6&/&%0#,.&/%(,&%+1-.#/1&%
-#4/)%-(-%6/#4*)8&-%6)/-#,&*)-;<%NI#F'&H![M\MH!..CKM`TKM_QC!!

@'!#*0'(54!*4%!3#F.#24!NKLLeQH!642!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!6+7#542!#!6#2!#(&'2!)+20#6'2!
5'J'%!5'!*4%2+5'(#(!6#!+%&(450**+,%!5'!642!%0')42!F'5+42!5'!*4F0%+*#*+,%!.#(#!#F.6+#(!
#28!'6!#6*#%*'!&'(#./0&+*4H!FG2!#66G!5'!6+F+&#(2'!#6!5+J0W4H!6#!.+%&0(#!1!6#!'2*06&0(#C!

"42! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2! &#FJ+/%! 20'6'%! +%*4(.4(#(! '%! 202! 2'2+4%'2H! .(G*&+*#2!


.(4.+#2! 5'! 4&(42! GFJ+&42! 5+2*+.6+%#('2! *4F4! &/*%+*#2! 5'! ('6#W#*+,%H! 5'! )+20#6+A#*+,%H! 5'!
':.('2+,%!F02+*#6H!*4(.4(#6H!5(#FG&+*#H!'2*(+&0(#!*('#&+)#H!6Y5+*#2H!'&*C!

9#5#!&/*%+*#!.6#%&'#!0%#!2'(+'!5'!('&42!5+<'('%&'2H!.4(!64!&#%&4H!'2!+F.4(&#%&'!
S0'!642!.#(&+*+.#%&'2!&'%7#%!6#!4.4(&0%+5#5!5'!&(#J#W#(!*4%!6#!FG:+F#!)#(+'5#5!.42+J6'C!I+!
6#!&/*%+*#!2+'F.('!'2!6#!F+2F#H!642!20W'&42!&'%5'(G%!#!('.'&+(!*4F.4(&#F+'%&42C!=%!*#FJ+4H!
*4%! 6#! )#(+#*+,%! *8*6+*#! 5'! 642! F'5+42! #(&82&+*42H! 2'! 4<('*'! 6#! .42+J+6+5#5! 5'! 5'2J64S0'#(!
('#**+4%'2! 1! &(#%2<4(F#(! #*&+&05'2! <('%&'! #! &45#2! 6#2! 2+&0#*+4%'2! S0'! 2'! )#1#%!
':.'(+F'%&#%54! '%! '6! 2'&&+%7H! +%*6024! #S0'66#2! S0'H! '%! 0%! .(+%*+.+4H! .0'5#%! .(4)4*#(!
('*X#A4C!N;#+%!1!d#(('#0H![MMeQC!!

I&'(%!1!@0S0'&!N[M`[Q!F#%&+'%'%!0%#!.42+*+,%!.#('*+5#C!;#(#!#FJ42!#0&4('2!
'6! 024! 5'! 6#2! &/*%+*#2! .6G2&+*#2! 20.4%'! 0%! .45'(! 5'! #5#.&#*+,%! 5'! 6#! +F#7+%#*+,%! #! 642!
F#&'(+#6'2!S0'!.('2'%&#%!.42+J+6+5#5'2!.#(&+*06#('2H!6+F+&#5#2!.4(!0%#!.#(&'H!.'(4!66'%#2!5'!
('*0(242!+%242.'*X#542C!;4(!64!&#%&4H!6#!.'(24%#!%4!5'J'!*4%)'(&+(2'!'%!.(+2+4%'(4!5'!0%!
.(4*'5+F+'%&4H! 6#! &/*%+*#! %4! X#! 5'! #.6+*#(2'! *4F4! 0%! *,5+74! (87+54! 1! 5'<+%+&+)4H! 1#! S0'!
.'(5'(8#! 20! )#64(! <0%5#F'%&#6H! 20! *#(G*&'(! 5'! 5'2*0J(+F+'%&4C! "4! +F.4(&#%&'! '2! S0'!
2+'F.('! .(')#6'A*#! '%! '6! &(#J#W4! .6G2&+*4! 6#! .'(24%#6+5#5! 5'6! +%5+)+504C! !=&% )E)0(015,% $)% *&%

280
!"#$%&'()8

#4/&%)-%(,%./&4&E#%$)%1,3)-.1:&015,%),%)*%'()%*&%-(4E).13&015,%)-.7%8&/0&$&%6#/%*&%)*)0015,%$)%*#-%/)0(/-#-%
(.1*1F&$#-%6&/&%/)6/)-),.&/;C!N",.'A!k'(%G%5'A!9#4H!KLL`H!.C!igQC!

Z#(+#2! #0&4(#2! X#%! .6#%&'#54! *0'2&+4%'2! 24J('! 642! *(+&'(+42! 5'! 2'6'**+,%! #! 6#!
X4(#! 5'! '6'7+(! 6#2! &/*%+*#2! 1! 642! F#&'(+#6'2! #(&82&+*42! FG2! #5'*0#542H! 2'7Y%! '6! &+.4! 5'!
.#&46478#!4!.(4J6'F#C!

"#%57#(&'%! N[M\_Q! 5+2*0&'! #! *'(*#! 5'! 642! J'%'<+*+42! &'(#./0&+*42! S0'! .0'5'%!
#.4(&#(! 642! F#&'(+#6'2! )+20#6'2! 1! .6G2&+*42C! =2&#J6'*'! 0%#! *6#2+<+*#*+,%! '%! ('6#*+,%! *4%! '6!
%+)'6!5'!*4%&(46!&/*%+*4!S0'!.'(F+&#%!6#2!.(4.+'5#5'2!5'!*#5#!F'5+4H!#!6#!S0'!66#F#!X)$1&%
B18),-1#,%c&/1&4*)-%JXBcL2!N&#J6#!%h![\QC!"#!#0&4(#!#<+(F#!S0'H!5'!#*0'(54!*4%!'2&'!.0%&4H!
2'!.0'5'!'6')#(!4!J#W#(!'6!'2&#54!#<'*&+)4!5'6!*6+'%&'H!+%<60+(!'%!20!6+J'(&#5!5'!':.('2+,%!1!
'%7#>#(!6#2!5'<'%2#2C!!

)
)
Tabla nº 18. Clasificación de Landgarten según el nivel de control técnico de cada medio
plástico-visual
!
!(,%4(')b"M()
) !(,%4(')3'%()Zc4"2() !(,%4(')a.2/()Zc4"2()2.)
Zc4"2()2.)
2.)2/>/-&'%"2)D"M"C) 2/>/-&'%"2)?.2/(C)
2/>/-&'%"2)"'%(C)
T!"G.+A!5'!D(#<+&4! ! !
N50('A#!F'5+#Q)) T!9'(#!J6#%5#! T!9#(J4%*+664!
c4:>/-() T!"G.+*'2!5'!*464('2! T!;#2&'6!7(#24! T!R+%&#!9X+%#!
T!"G.+A!;#2&#! ! T!;#2&'6!2'*4!
T!;60F,%! T!R+A#!
! T!;+%&0(#!5'!5'542! T!-*0#('6#!!
TR/F.'(#2! T!"G.+*'2!#*0#('6#J6'2! T!Ö6'4!
@/-%14/-() T;+%*'6'2! 7(0'242! 1! T!-*(86+*42! T!E45+664!!
J(4*X#2) T!;#2&'6!7(#24!*4%!&('F'%&+%#! T!=2.G&06#!
T!I.(#12! T!=2.4%W#!
! T!9#(&,%!.60F#! !
T!;6#2&+6+%#! T!D('5#!H!t'24! T!R#66#!
84/2/?.,;/(,"')
T!-(*+66#!4!J#((4! T!3#&'(+#6!5'!5'2'*X4! T!D0J+#2!
T!;#2&#!5'!2#6) T!;#.'6!3#*X/) T!3465'2!
! ! T!D(#J#54!
T!E')+2&#2!1!.#.'6'2!.#(#! T!942&0(#!1!'2&#F.#54! T!Z+5'4!
H%4(;)
*466#7'2! T!k4&47(#<8#!
T!V(5'%#54('2!
!
!

281
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

^#5'24%! N[M\LQ! 1! @#66'1! N[M\_Q! F#%&+'%'%! 0%#! 4.+%+,%! .#('*+5#! #!


"#%57#(&'%C!!

^#5'24%! 242&+'%'! S0'! 642! F#&'(+#6'2! *4%! 0%! 7(#54! 5'! 50('A#! #6&4! 24%! FG2!
<G*+6'2!5'!*4%&(46#(C!E'2.'*&4!#!642!F#&'(+#6'2!J6#%542!4!<60+542H!6#!#0&4(#!#<+(F#!.'(*+J+(!
'%! 6#! F#14(8#! 5'! 202! .#*+'%&'2! 0%#! F#14(! &46'(#%*+#! 1! #*'.&#*+,%! #! 6#! +%*'(&+50FJ('C!
R#FJ+/%!':.4%'!S0'!642!4JW'&+)42!.6#%&'#542H!50(#%&'!6#2!2'2+4%'2H!1!6#2!*#(#*&'(82&+*#2!5'!
642!020#(+42!*4%5+*+4%#%!6#!'6'**+,%!5'!642!F#&'(+#6'2!1!&/*%+*#2!.6G2&+*4T)+20#6'2H!.4(!.#(&'!
5'6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#C! 90#%54! 2'! ('#6+A#%! 'W'(*+*+42! 5'! 6+J('! #24*+#*+,%! 4! .#(#! <#)4('*'(! 6#!
*4F0%+*#*+,%!7(0.#6!4!<#F+6+#(H!642!F'5+42!(G.+542!*4F4!.#2&'6'2!4!*(#14%'2!24%!642!FG2!
+%5+*#542C! I+! 2'! .('&'%5'! .4&'%*+#(! 6#! '2.4%&#%'+5#5! 1! *('#&+)+5#5! 5'6! +%5+)+504! X#1! S0'!
.(4.4(*+4%#(!7(#%!)#(+'5#5!5'!F#&'(+#6'2!54%5'!2'!.0'5#!':.'(+F'%&#(!&#F#>42H!<4(F#&42H!
.(4.+'5#5'2H! <4(F#2! 5+2&+%&#2! 5'! #.6+*#(642C! =%! '6! *#24! 5'! .'(24%#2! *4%! 5+2*#.#*+5#5'2!
<82+*#2H!%+>42!F01!.'S0'>42!4!#%*+#%42!.4*4!#0&,%4F42H!2'!.0'5'%!4<('*'(!F#&'(+#6'2!5'!
F#%+.06#*+,%! 2'%*+66#! *4F4! 6G.+*'2! 5'! *464('2! 7(0'242H! *'(#2! 4! .#2&'6'2C! j(+%5#(! 6#!
4.4(&0%+5#5!5'!.45'(!F#%*X#(2'!*4%!6#2!.+%&0(#2!0!4&(42!0&'%2+6+42!.0'5'!2'(!(')+&#6+A#%&'!
.#(#!0%!+%5+)+504!2')'(#F'%&'!+%X+J+54C!!

R(#2! 202! ':.'(+'%*+#2! *68%+*#2H! @#66'1! N[M\_Q! 1! 3*o+<<! N[M\\Q! X#%! 4J2'()#54!
S0'!6#!.+%&0(#!.'(F+&'!0%#!':.('2+,%!#<'*&+)#!FG2!<60+5#H!F+'%&(#2!S0'!642!&(#A42!5+J0W#542!
#!6G.+A!20'6'%!+F.6+*#(!FG2!*4%&(46C!!

O#7+%! 1! "02'J(+%P! N[M_\Q! .(4.4%'%! 0%! '2S0'F#! 54%5'! *6#2+<+*#%! 6#2!


.(4.+'5#5'2!<82+*#2!5'!642!F'5+42!.6G2&+*42!1!)+20#6'2!2'7Y%!20!.45'(!')4*#&+)4C!NZ'(!&#J6#!
%h! [MQC! 90#%&4! F#14(! 2'#! 6#! <60+5'A! 5'6! F'5+4H! FG2! '2&#542! 'F4*+4%#6'2! ')4*#(GC! "42!
F'5+42!FG2!2,6+542!&+'%5'%!#!*4%&'%'(!6#2!'F4*+4%'2!1!#!.(4*'2#(!6#!+%<4(F#*+,%!5'!<4(F#!
*47%+&+)#C!

282
!"#$%&'()8

Tabla nº 19. Clasificación de las propiedades de los medios artísticos propuesta por Kagin
y Lusebrink
)
!
!!!3'5+42!!k60+542!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3'5+42!!!!I,6+542!!
!!!
!!!!!!!!-*0#('6#2!24J('!.#.'6!XYF'54!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=2*06&0(#!5'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;+%&0(#!5'!5'542!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.+'5(#qF#5'(#!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!24J('!.#.'6!XYF'54!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-(*+66#q;6#2&+6+%#!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;+%&0(#!24J('!24.4(&'2!2'*42!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"G.+*'2!5'!*464('2!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;#2&'6'2!2'*42!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9466#7'2!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;#2&'6'2!7(#242!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"G.+*'2!
!
!!!!=:.'(+'%*+#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=:.'(+'%*+#!
!!!!!!-<'*&+)#!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!947%+&+)#!!!!!
!

O(#F'(!N[M_[Q!.('2&#!0%#!#&'%*+,%!'2.'*+#6!#!6#2!5+)'(2#2!<4(F#2!5'!F#%+.06#(!
642!F#&'(+#6'2C!"#!#0&4(#!'2&#J6'*'!0%#!*6#2+<+*#*+,%H!'%!6#!S0'!5+2&+%70'!*+%*4!F#%'(#2!5'!
0&+6+A#(! 642! F'5+42! #(&82&+*42! 1! 20! ('6#*+,%! *4%! 6#2! .42+J6'2! ('#**+4%'2! .2+*46,7+*#2H! S0'!
.0'5'%!66'7#(!#!202*+&#(!'%!642!.#*+'%&'2B!

T! >/)0(/-#/?% @0.131.?2! 24%! #**+4%'2! 5+2'>#5#2! .#(#! ':.64(#(! 6#2!


.(4.+'5#5'2! <82+*#2! 5'! *#5#! F#&'(+#6! 1! #28! ':.'(+F'%&#(! 6#2! 2'%2#*+4%'2!
.'(*'.&+)#2H! 2+%! 66'7#(! #! 6#! *('#*+,%! *4%*('&#! 5'! *4%<+70(#*+4%'2! 2+FJ,6+*#2C!
D#(#J#&'#(H! &4*#(H! '2.#(*+(! 1! 2#6.+*#(! .+%&0(#! 4! #F#2#(! F#&'(+#6! 5Y*&+6! 2'!
+%*601'%!'%!'2&#!*#&'74(8#!.4(!202!.4&'%*+#6'2!'2&+F06#%&'2C!

T! G+&#.10% B1-0+&/:)H! 2'! &(#&#! 5'! 6#! 0&+6+A#*+,%! 5'2&(0*&+)#! 5'! 642!
F#&'(+#6'2! .#(#! 5'2*#(7#(! 'F4*+4%'2! %'7#&+)#2! +%&'%2#2! *4F4! 6#! (#J+#H! 6#!
#%702&+#! 4! 6#! +F.4&'%*+#C! I'! .0'5'! 0&+6+A#(! 6#! &/*%+*#! 5'! @(+..+%7H! #.6#2&#(! 4!
746.'#(! F#&'(+#6'2! J6#%542H! (#27#(! .#.'6'2H! (4F.'(! 6#2! 4J(#2! ('#6+A#5#2! 1!
*4%2&(0+(! *4%! 642! ('2&42! #674! %0')4H! '&*CH! *4%! 0%#! <+%#6+5#5! +%F+%'%&'F'%&'!
*#&G(&+*#C!

283
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

T!@/.%1,%.+)%W)/310)%#H%B)H),-)H!24%!.(450**+4%'2!S0'!20(7'%H!*0#%54!
6#! .'(24%#! ('#6+A#! 7'2&42! 7(G<+*42! *4%)'%*+4%#6F'%&'! '2&'('4&+.#542H! *4F4!
*4.+#(H!('F#(*#(H!5+J0W#(!2+'F.('!64!F+2F4H!'&*C!I'>#6#%!S0'!'6!+%5+)+504!&+'%'!
5+<+*06&#5! '%! ':.('2#(! 20! .'(24%#6+5#5! #J+'(&#F'%&'! '! +%*'%&+)#%! '6! 5+G6474!
24J('!#S0'6642!#2.'*&42!*#02#%&'2!5'!J64S0'42C!

T! >10.#:/&6+-H! 24%! 5+J0W42! S0'! (''F.6#A#%! 4! *4F.6'F'%&#%! #! 6#2!


.#6#J(#2! *4F4H! .4(! 'W'F.64H! 0%! 5+G6474! 5+J0W#54! '%&('! .#*+'%&'! 1! &'(#.'0&#C!
I,64! 24%! *4F.('%2+J6'2! #6! 4J2'()#54(! ':&'(%4! 2+! '6! #0&4(! 4! '6! &'(#.'0&#!
':.6+*#%!20!2+7%+<+*#54!1!'6!*4%&':&4!'%!'6!S0'!20(7+'(4%C!!!

T!Y#/8)$%CD6/)--1#,H!24%!.(450**+4%'2!4!#*&0#*+4%'2!S0'!*4%&+'%'%!
0%! %+)'6! 2+FJ,6+*4! *4F.6'W4H! *#(7#5#2! 'F4*+4%#6F'%&'C! ;(4.+*+#%! 6#!
#0&4':.('2+,%! 1! 6#! *4F0%+*#*+,%H! &#%&4! *4%! '6! &'(#.'0&#! *4F4! *4%! *0#6S0+'(!
4J2'()#54(!':&'(%4C!!

V&(42! #0&4('2! 2'! X#%! *'%&(#54! '%! 6#2! .(4.+'5#5'2! &'(#./0&+*#2! 5'! F#&'(+#6'2H!
F'5+42! 1! &/*%+*#2! *4%*('&42C! -F#(+! N[M\`QU! -%5'(24%! N[MMeQU! j#(%#J1! N[MM\QU! j(4*P!
N[MM[QU!=6P+2T-J0X4<<H!D465J6#&&H!D#1542H!94((#&4!NKLL\QU!l'%6'1!NKLLKQH!IX46&!1!D#)(4%!
NKLL`QH! 5'2*(+J'%! '%! 202! &(#J#W42! *,F4! 6#2! *0#6+5#5'2! <82+*#2! 5'6! J#((4! (')'6#%! F#&'(+#6!
+%*4%2*+'%&'H! <#*+6+&#%! 6#! ':.('2+,%! 5'! 'F4*+4%'2H! .(4)4*#%! .(4*'242! ('7('2+)42! 1!
*#&G(&+*42H!5'2#((466#%!6#!*#.#*+5#5!XG.&+*#!1!'2&+F06#%!6#!*4F0%+*#*+,%!)'(J#6C!!

9#%#6! 1! E#F+(4! NKLLiQH! k(1('#(! 1! 94(J+&! N[MMKH! KLLeQH! D64)'(TD(#<! 1! 3+66'(!


NKLL`QH! O(#022! 1! k(1('#(! N[M\gQH! ^'+2'(! NKLLiQH! <4*#6+A#%! 20! #&'%*+,%! 24J('! 6#2! &/*%+*#2!
<4&47(G<+*#2!5'%&(4!5'!0%!'%*0#5('!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4C!!

j'(7'(! N[M_\QH! @4r(+*P! 1! j+772! N[M\gQH! k(1('#(! 1! k6'2XF#%! N[M\[QH! l'6)'+6!


N[M\gQH! l+%A! 1! E#725'66! N[MMLQH! 3#F.#24! NKLLeQH! X#%! ('#6+A#54! +%&'()'%*+4%'2! '%!
)+5'4&'(#.+#U!!9X+6&4%!NKLL_QH!*4%!6+J(42!5'!#0&4(U!306X466#%5!NKLLiQH!24J('!.'(24%#W'2!5'!
*,F+*2! '! +602&(#*+4%'2! 1! O#0<F#%! N[MM`Q! .('2'%&#! 0%#! ':.'(+'%*+#! *4%! &(#J#W42!
&(+5+F'%2+4%#6'2!*4%2&(0+542!*4%!*#W#2!5'!*#(&,%C!

=%! 68%'#2! 7'%'(#6'2H! ;464! @4rF#&! NKLLgQ! *4%2+5'(#! S0'! 6#2! &/*%+*#2H!
F#&'(+#6'2!1!('*0(242!4<('*+542!'%!#(&'&'(#.+#!5'J'%!.42''(!6#2!2+70+'%&'2!*#(#*&'(82&+*#2B!!

284
!"#$%&'()8

Ts0'!2'#%!5'!('#6+A#*+,%!2'%*+66#!.#(#!2'(!#J4(5#5#2!*4%!/:+&4!.4(!
&45#!*6#2'!5'!.'(24%#2H!+%*6024!#S0'66#2!%4!':.'(+F'%&#5#2!.6G2&+*#F'%&'C!

Ts0'! .(4.+*+'%! 6#! *4%*('*+,%! 5'! 0%#! +F#7'%! '<+*#A! 1!


*4F0%+*#&+)#!5'!202!2+7%+<+*#%&'2H!.#(#!20!.42&'(+4(!6'*&0(#!1!#%G6+2+2C!

Ts0'!.'(F+&#%!0%#!#6<#J'&+A#*+,%!'2&/&+*#H!'2.'*+#6F'%&'!5'6!#(&'!
*4%&'F.4(G%'4! .4(! 2'(! 0%! .(450*&4! 5'! %0'2&(4! &+'F.4! *4%! 7(#%! .45'(!
*4F0%+*#&+)4!5'!'F4*+4%'2!'!+5'#2C!

Ts0'! .'(F+&#%! '6! 74*'! 1! 6#! 2#&+2<#**+,%! .4(! '6! &(#J#W4! *('#&+)4H!
<#)4('*+'%54!6#!*4%<+#%A#H!6#!#0&4'2&+F#!1!'6!2'%&+54!5'!('#6+A#*+,%!.'(24%#6C!

Ts0'!2'!#5#.&'%H!.4(!20!'*4%4F8#!5'!F'5+42H!#!642!7'%'(#6F'%&'!
':+7042! .('20.0'2&42! +%2&+&0*+4%#6'2! '! +%*6024! +%5+)+50#6'2H! 5'2&+%#542! #! '2&'!
&+.4!5'!#*&+)+5#5'2C!N.C[MQC!!

=6! &'(#.'0&#! 5'J'! 2'(! 2'%2+J6'! #! 6#2! %'*'2+5#5'2! +%5+)+50#6'2H! ')+&#(! 642!
F#&'(+#6'2! <(02&(#%&'2! 4! S0'! ('206&'%! 5+<8*+6'2! 5'! F#%'W#(! 1! 5#(! 2'70(+5#5! *4%! 0%#!
#.(4:+F#*+,%!#!6#2!*0#6+5#5'2!5'!*#5#!F'5+4C!N944.'(!1!3+6&4%H!KLLgU!l+%AH!KLL`QC!

-! )'*'2! 2'! .(4.4%'! &(#'(! '6! F#&'(+#6! '6! *0#6! 66')#! +F.68*+&#! 0%#! X+2&4(+#! S0'!
&#FJ+/%!'6!7(0.4!.0'5'!#*47'(C!"#!)#(+'5#5!5'!F#&'(+#6'2!<#*+6+&#!'6!'%*0'%&(4!*4%!64!S0'!
FG2!702&'H!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!5'J'!<#*+6+&#(!5+*X4!'%*0'%&(4C!!

=%! *0#%&4! #! 642! ('*0(242! 'F.6'#542H! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2! *4F4! -6&'(T30(+! N[MM`QH!


3#(&8%'A!@8'A!NKLLiQ!4!E+6'1!N[MMMQH!207+'('%!6#!#.(4:+F#*+,%!5'!642!.#*+'%&'2!#!6#2!4J(#2!
5'!#(&'!.4(!F'5+4!5'!6+J(42H!+602&(#*+4%'2H!)+2+&#2!#!7#6'(8#2H!F02'42H!*'(&GF'%'2!#(&82&+*42H!
+%)+&#*+,%!5'!#(&+2&#2H!'&*CH!*4F4!&G*&+*#2!#!':.64(#(!*4%!'6!<+%!5'!'%(+S0'*'(!642!.(4*'242!
#(&'&'(#./0&+*42C!!a&0)/%0#,#0)/%#4/&-%$)%&/.)%6()$)%8#.13&/%&%(,&%-)/1)%$)%6)/-#,&-%&%'()/)/%&H/#,.&/%
:/&,$)-%/1)-:#-%),%-(-%0/)&01#,)-2%/1)-:#-%'()2%0#8#%+&,%6#$1$#%0#86/#4&/2%?&%0#//1)/#,%&,.)/1#/8),.)%#./#-%
&/.1-.&-;<!N3#(&8%'A!@8'AH!KLLiH!.C`[QC!

285
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

J+L+)K;%4&-%&4")2.)'";);.;/(,.;)

"+'JF#%%! N[M\KQ! #<+(F#! S0'! 6#! F#14(8#! 5'! 642! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2[Le! 20'6'%!
'2&(0*&0(#(!202!2'2+4%'2!'%!&('2!<#2'2!5+<'('%&'2B!0%#!+%&(450**+,%H!6#!#*&+)+5#5!.6G2&+*#!1!'6!
5'J#&'!'%!&4(%4!#!6#!4J(#C!!!

=2&#!'2&(0*&0(#!'2!F01!2+F+6#(!#!6#!0&+6+A#5#!'%!'6!.2+*45(#F#!5'!dC!"C!34('%4H!
54%5'!2'!5'2#((466#!0%#!.(+F'(#!<#2'!5'!*#6'%&#F+'%&4!4!.('.#(#*+,%H!2'70+5#!5'!6#!<#2'!5'!
('.('2'%&#*+,%!1!0%#!<#2'!.42&'(+4(!'%!6#!S0'!2'!5+2*0&'!64!4*0((+54H!*4F4!642!2'%&+F+'%&42!
':.'(+F'%&#542! 1H! 24J('! &454H! 6#2! ('24%#%*+#2! .'(24%#6'2! 5'! 642! .#(&+*+.#%&'2H! .#(#!
5'25(#F#&+A#(! 6#2! 2+&0#*+4%'2! *(8&+*#2H! ('*4%50*+(6#2! #! 6#! )+5#! ('#6! '! +%&'7(#(6#2! 5'! F#%'(#!
*4%2*+'%&'C!!

"+'JF#%%! #>#5'! S0'! &#FJ+/%! ':+2&'%! 4&(42! '2S0'F#2H! 2'7Y%! 642! *46'*&+)42!
&(#&#542H! '6! <4(F#&4! '6'7+54! N+%5+)+50#6H! 50#6! 4! 7(0.#6QH! '6! &+.4! 5'! '%*0#5('H! '6! '2&+64! 5'6!
#(&'&'(#.'0&#! 1! 6#! +%2&+&0*+,%! 54%5'! 2'! 0J+S0'! '6! &#66'(! 5'! #(&'&'(#.+#C! ;4(! 'W'F.64H! '%! '6!
*#24! 5'! 642! 7(0.42! 7'(+G&(+*42H! 2'! .0'5'! 4.&#(! .4(! *4F'%A#(! *4%! 0%! 5+G6474! S0'! X#7#!
(')+)+(! 642! ('*0'(542H! #%&'2! 5'! .#2#(! #! 6#! ('#6+A#*+,%! 5'! 6#! 4J(#! 4! 5'W#(! 0%! &+'F.4! .(')+4!
.#(#!6#!24*+#6+A#*+,%H!2+!2'!&(#&#!5'!*4F0%+5#5'2!5'!5+2*#.#*+&#542!.28S0+*42C!!

=%! 4&(#2! 4*#2+4%'2H! .0'5'! 4*0((+(! S0'! 642! .(47(#F#2! #(&'&'(#./0&+*42! %4!
&'%7#%!0%#!'2&(0*&0(#!5'<+%+5#H!1#!S0'!642!7(0.42!24%!5'!*#(G*&'(!#J+'(&4H!*4F4!4*0(('!'%!
642!X42.+&#6'2!.2+S0+G&(+*42H!*'%&(42!5'!58#!4!'%!.(47(#F#2!5'!2'()+*+42!24*+#6'2H!'%!642!S0'!
6#2!.'(24%#2!S0'!'%&(#%!2'!)#%!+%*4(.4(#%54!*4%!642!S0'!1#!66')#%!&+'F.4H!'%!0%!*4%2&#%&'!
)#+)/%C!

j(02+#! N[MMMQ! *4F'%&#! S0'! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2! '2&(0*&0(#5#2! 24%! FG2! Y&+6'2H! *0#%54!
642!4JW'&+)42!S0'5#%!.(')+#F'%&'!J+'%!5'<+%+542H!F+'%&(#2!S0'!'%!6#2!2'2+4%'2!5'!<60W4!6+J('!
642! 4JW'&+)42! %4! S0'5#%! 5'<+%+542! %4! '2&G%! .(47(#F#542C! -FJ#2! .42+J+6+5#5'2! 2'!
'2&+F#(G%!2'7Y%!'6!&+.4!5'!('6#*+,%!&'(#./0&+*#!S0'!2'!J02S0'C!

-!.'2#(!5'!6#!7(#%!)#(+'5#5!5'!4.*+4%'2!S0'!2'!.0'5#%!2'70+(H!'2!+F.4(&#%&'!
5'2*(+J+(! 6#2! <0%*+4%'2! 5'! *#5#! 0%#! 5'! 6#2! <#2'2! 5'! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2H! *4%! '6! <+%! 5'! 4J&'%'(! 0%!
*4%4*+F+'%&4!FG2!':X#02&+)4!24J('!6#!#.6+*#*+,%!F'&4546,7+*#!5'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#C!

[Le!"+'JF#%%!('#6+A,!0%#!'%*0'2&#!#!*0#('%&#!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!*4F'%&#54!#%&'(+4(F'%&'!'%!'6!#.#(&#54!5'!642!

7(0.42!*'%&(#542!'%!0%!&'F#C
286
!"#$%&'()8

o0*X4! NKLLgQ! '2! 5'! 6#2! .4*#2! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2! S0'! X#! &(#&#54! 5'! 5'2*(+J+(! *4%!
*+'(&#! .(4<0%5+5#5! 6#2! '&#.#2! 5'! *#5#! 2'2+,%C! ;4(! 64! &#%&4H! &4F#('F42! 20! F45'64! *4F4!
('<'('%*+#C! "#! #0&4(#! *4%2+5'(#! 4.4(&0%4! +%*60+(! *0#&(4! <#2'2! S0'! 2'! 5'2#((466#(G%! #!
*4%&+%0#*+,%C!!

O<%_,H/))F1,:%>+&-)%

I'! &(#&#! 5'! 6#! <#2'! S0'! +%#070(#! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2C! D'%'(#6F'%&'! 2'! +%*601'! 0%#!
J+'%)'%+5#H!J(')'!5+G6474!*4%!642!F+'FJ(42!.('2'%&'2!'%!&4(%4!#!6#!('*#.+&06#*+,%!5'!6#2!
2'2+4%'2!#%&'(+4('2!4!.#(#!X#J6#(!24J('!&'F#2!S0'!&(#+7#%!642!.#(&+*+.#%&'2C!!

=2! 5'! 20F#! +F.4(&#%*+#! S0'! 642! *4F.4%'%&'2! 2'! .('5+2.4%7#%! #6! &(#J#W4!
.6G2&+*4! *4%! '6! <+%! 5'! '2&#J6'*'(! 6#! )+%*06#*+,%! %'*'2#(+#! *4%! 642! .4&'%*+#6'2! *('#&+)42H!
+F.('2*+%5+J6'2! .#(#! 7'%'(#(! 6#! 5+%GF+*#! #(&'&'(#./0&+*#C! =%! 6#! F#14(8#! 5'! 642! *#242! 1H!
'2.'*+#6F'%&'H! '%! 6#2! .(+F'(#2! 2'2+4%'2H! 20(7'%! +%2'70(+5#5'2H! F+'542H! .('W0+*+42! #%&'! 6#!
*4(('*&#!0&+6+A#*+,%!5'!642!F'5+42!.6G2&+*42!1!6#2!20.0'2&#2!':.'*&#&+)#2!5'!*#(G*&'(!'2&/&+*4!
*4%! 6#2! S0'! 2'! 20'6'%! #24*+#(! 6#2! #*&+)+5#5'2! 7(G<+*#2C! I+! 6#! .'(24%#! %4! X#! F#%&'%+54!
*4%&#*&4!*4%!642!F'5+42!.6G2&+*42!1!)+20#6'2!5'25'!6#!'2*0'6#!6#!#%2+'5#5!.0'5'!'%&4(.'*'(!
#Y%!FG2!20!<60+5'A!*('#&+)#C!!

I4%! F0*X42! 642! #0&4('2! S0'! X#%! ('<6':+4%#54! 24J('! *,F4! '%<('%&#(2'! #! 6#2!
5+<+*06&#5'2!+%+*+#6'2!'%!642!.(+F'(42!*4%&#*&42!1!S0/!&/*%+*#2!.45(8#%!2'(!#5'*0#5#2H!.#(#!
<#*+6+&#(!6#!+F.6+*#*+,%!'%!6#!&#('#!&'(#./0&+*#!50(#%&'!'6!&(#%2*0(24!5'6!&#66'(C!9#%'!N[M\gQ!
207+'('!6#!&/*%+*#!"+)%Y/))%Y*#U%")0+,1'()H!#!&(#)/2!5'6!5+J0W4!5'!7#(#J#&42C!I4J('!0%!.#.'6!
2'!&(#A#%!68%'#2!#6!(+&F4!F#(*#54!.4(!6#!F0>'*#!1!'6!J(#A4!*4%!642!4W42!#J+'(&42!4!*'((#542C!
@'2.0/2! 2'! 4J2'()#! '6! 5+J0W4! 1! 2'! +%&'%&#! 5'2*0J(+(! #670%#! <4(F#! ('*4%4*+J6'! .#(#!
('2#6&#(6#!*4%!*464('2C!^+%%+*4&&!N[M_[Q!'2&#J6'*'!0%#!)#(+#%&'B!W'(1::*)%b&8)H!S0'!*4%2+2&'!
'%!&(#A#(!0%#!68%'#!24J('!0%!.#.'6H!#%+F#%54!#!642!.#(&+*+.#%&'2!#!*4%&+%0#(6#!.4(!&0(%42C!!

287
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

!
!

Ilustración nº 59.!=W'F.64!5'!6#!&/*%+*#!W'(1::*)%b&8)<!
!

j(4r%! N[M`_Q! #.6+*#! B/)U% #(.2! *4%! .#*+'%&'2! '2S0+A4<(/%+*42H! #! .#(&+(! 5'! 0%!
.0%&4! .+%&#54! 24J('! '6! 24.4(&'! 1! ')+&#(! #28! '6! F+'54! #6! 6+'%A4! '%! J6#%*4C! R/*%+*#! S0'!
F0'2&(#!7(#%!2+F+6+&05!*4%!f&/.)::%")0+,1'()H!5'2#((466#5#!.4(!'6!.2+*,6474!=X(+%7!^#(&'77!
'%! [MKL! 1H! .42&'(+4(F'%&'H! ('2*#&#5#! .4(! 3#(+#%! O+%7'&! N[MeLQC! "+)% f&/.)::% ")0+,1'()!
*4%2+2&'!'%!5+)+5+(!0%#!X4W#!5'!.#.'6!'%!4*X4!.#(&'2U!'%!*#5#!A4%#!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!2+&Y#!0%!
'6'F'%&4!)+20#6! N0%#! 68%'#! ('*&#H! 0%! .0%&4H! 0%#! 68%'#! *0()#H! '&*QH! #! .#(&+(! 5'! 642! *0#6'2! 2'!
*4F'%A#(G! 0%! 5+J0W4C! Nl#FF'(H! [Me\QC! EX1%'! N[M_MQH! +%)+&#! #! 6#! ':.64(#*+,%! 2'%24T
.'(*'.&+)#! 5'! 642! F#&'(+#6'2H! 5'! F#%'(#! S0'! 6#2! .(4.+#2! 2'%2#*+4%'2! 2+()#%! 5'! 708#! '!
+%2.+(#*+,%C! Z+(2X0.! N[M_\Q! &(#J#W#! 6#! &/*%+*#! 5'! 9#%'H! "+)% Y/))% Y*#U% ")0+,1'()H! .+%&#%54!
*4%!0%!*4(5,%!F4W#54!'%!&+%&#C!!=5r#(5!N[M_MQ!.(4.4%'!5+J0W#(!*4%!6#!F#%4!S0'!%4!2'!
20'6'!02#(!4!*4.+#(!0%#!.+%&0(#!#6!(')/2C!!

V&(#2!.(G*&+*#2!5'!U&/81,:%(6!4!64!S0'!O(#F'(!N[M_MQ!66#F#!>/)0(/-#/?%@0.131.1)-2%
+%*601'%!&/*%+*#2!5'!)+20#6+A#*+,%!5'!+FG7'%'2H!N"02'J(+%PH![MMLU!o0*X4H![MMeQH!+FG7'%'2!
<4&47(G<+*#2H!*4F4!X&:&F1,)%>+#.#%G#**&:)H!54%5'!"#%57#(&'%!N[M\[Q!.('2'%&#!0%#!*#W#!*4%!
<4&47(#<8#2! '%&('! 6#2! S0'! 642! .#(&+*+.#%&'2! 5'J'(G%! '2*47'(! '! +F#7+%#(! 64! S0'! 20*'5'! '%!
'66#2H!4!#!.#(&+(!5'!6#!)+20#6+A#*+,%!5'!4J(#2!#(&82&+*#2C!

V&(42! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2! *4FJ+%#%! 5+)'(242! 6'%70#W'2! ':.('2+)42C! 9#%'! N[M\gQ!


+%+*+#J#! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2! *4%! F4)+F+'%&42! (8&F+*42! *4(.4(#6'2! #%&'2! 5'! .#2#(! #6! &(#J#W4!
.6G2&+*4C! 94X'%! 1! 94:! N[MMeQ! ':.4%'%! S0'! '2! +F.4(&#%&'! 02#(! #670%#! *6#2'! 5'! '2&8F0642!
*4F4!6#!FY2+*#H!'6!J#+6'H!*#%&#(H!*4%&#(!X+2&4(+#2!4!6#!<#%&#28#!1!#6&'(%#(642!*4%!2'*0'%*+#2!
5'!#*&+)+5#5'2!.6G2&+*#2!.#(#!<#*+6+&#(!6#!':.('2+,%C!!
288
!"#$%&'()8

"42! ('*0(242! 6'7#542! .4(! '6! #(&'! *4%&'F.4(G%'4! 24%! 0%#! <0'%&'! 5'!
.42+J+6+5#5'2! +%F'%2#2! .#(#! *4%2'70+(! '6! 7(#54! 5'! '2.4%&#%'+5#5! 1! <60+5'A! 5'2'#54C! c%!
'W'F.64! *6#(4! 24%! 6#2! &/*%+*#2! 0&+6+A#5#2! .4(! 642! 20(('#6+2&#2! J#2#5#2! '%! '6! #0&4F#&+2F4!
7'2&0#6!1!(8&F+*4H!.(4*'5+F+'%&42!*4%!642!S0'!&454!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!.0'5'!*4%&#(C!!

-6&'(!30(+!N[MM`Q!1!3+66'(!N[MMgQ!0&+6+A#%!6#!l+2&4(+#!5'6!-(&'!94%&'F.4(G%'4!
*4F4!0%#!X'((#F+'%&#!5'!U&/81,:Q(6C!-6&'(!30(+H!&(#2!20!&(#J#W4!*4%!#546'2*'%&'2H!#<+(F#!
S0'!+%+*+#(!6#2!2'2+4%'2!*4%!&'F#2!5'!5+2*02+,%!'%!&4(%4!#6!*0J+2F4H!5#5#82F4H!<0&0(+2F4!4!
20(('#6+2F4! 202*+&#! 0%! 7(#%! +%&'(/2! '%&('! 642! W,)'%'2H! 1#! S0'! 6#! F#14(8#! 2'! 2+'%&'%!
+%*4F.('%5+542!.4(!202!<#F+6+#2!1!20!'%&4(%4!24*+#6H!#6!+70#6!S0'!4*0((8#!*4%!642!#(&+2&#2!5'!
6#2!)#%70#(5+#2C!!

3+66'(!5'F42&(,!'%!20!&(#J#W4!*4%!.#*+'%&'2!.2+S0+G&(+*42!S0'!+%&(450*+(!-(&'!
94%&'F.4(G%'4!#!202!2'2+4%'2!5'!#(&'&'(#.+#!7'%'(#!':.'*&#*+,%H!'%(+S0'*'!6#2!*4%2+7%#2!1!
.(464%7#!'6!&+'F.4!5'!.(450**+,%!*('#&+)#C!!

-670%42! &'(#.'0&#2! #(&82&+*42! 0&+6+A#%! '6! 024! 5'! 6#! l+2&4(+#! 5'6! -(&'! *4F4!
5+('*&(+A!#(&82&+*#H!*4F4!0%#!+%&(450**+,%!'%!6#2!&#('#2!#(&82&+*#2C!o4!0%#!X+2&4(+#!5'6!-(&'!
5'! &45#! 6#! X0F#%+5#5! 2+%4! 5'! #S0'6642! F4F'%&42! 0! 4J(#2! S0'! .0'5#%! #105#(! #! 6#2!
.'(24%#2! #! ('246)'(! 202! *4%<6+*&42H! *4%! #670%42! #.4(&'2! 24J('! 6#! J+47(#<8#! 5'! #(&+2&#2H!
5+2*02+4%'2!5'!642!'2&+642!#(&82&+*42H!+%&'%&#%54!'%2'>#(!4J(#2!S0'!.0'5#%!&'%'(!#67Y%!&+.4!
5'!2+F+6+&05!*4%!6#!S0'!642!*6+'%&'2!1!*6+'%&#2!&(#J#W#%C!N3#(&8%'A!@8'AH!KLLiH!.C`[QC!

=%! '2'%*+#H! 6#! <#2'! +%+*+#6! .('&'%5'! 5'2+%X+J+(H! .'(5'(! '6! F+'54! #! *4F'&'(!
'((4('2!1!'2S0+)#(!*0#6S0+'(!&+.4!5'!('#**+,%H!S0'!.0'5#!+F.'5+(!6#!*4%':+,%!*4%!6#!.#(&'!
*('#&+)#! 5'! 642! #2+2&'%&'2! #6! &#66'(C!=%! 4*#2+4%'2H! 6#! .'(24%#! .0'5'! 2'%&+(2'! J64S0'#5#H! %4!
2,64!#6!*4F+'%A4!5'6!.(47(#F#H!2+%4!'%!*0#6S0+'(!F4F'%&4!5'!6#2!2'2+4%'2H!.4(!64!&#%&4H!
F0*X#2!5'!6#2!&/*%+*#2!':.0'2&#2!2'!.0'5'%!0&+6+A#(!&#FJ+/%!'%!6#!<#2'!2+70+'%&'C!!

"#! 5+2.42+*+,%! 5'6! '%*0#5('! &#FJ+/%! #105#(G! #! *4%2'70+(! 6#! *4%<+#%A#! 1! 6#!
2'70(+5#5!%'*'2#(+#2!'%!&454!.(4*'24!*('#&+)4C!!

289
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

KC%B#1,:%>+&-)%

R(#%2*0((+5#!6#!<#2'!5'!*#6'%&#F+'%&4H!2'!.#2#!#!6#!('#6+A#*+,%!5'!6#!4!6#2!4J(#2C!
=2&'!F4F'%&4!2'!5'5+*#!#!4J2'()#(!1!'%&'%5'(!6#!F#%'(#!5'!#*&0#(!5'6!20W'&4q42!<('%&'!#6!
5'2#((4664!5'!6#!&#('#!.6G2&+*#C!;4(!'W'F.64H!20!7(#54!5'!':.('2+)+5#5!1!*('#&+)+5#5!<('%&'!#!
6#! 5+)'(2+5#5! 5'! F#&'(+#6'2U! 202! +%&'%*+4%'2U! 6#! ('6#*+,%! S0'! 20(7'! 50(#%&'! '6! &(#J#W4!
#(&82&+*4H! ('2.'*&4! #! 6#! 4J(#! '%! .(4*'24H! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! 1! '6! ('2&4! 5'! *4F.#>'(42U!
'F4*+4%'2! S0'! 202*+&#! 6#! .(4.+#! #**+,%! *('#54(#B! 2+7%+<+*#542H! ('*0'(542H! *4%':+4%'2H!
5+<+*06&#5'2H!.('4*0.#*+4%'2H!#%2+'5#5H!202*'.&+J+6+5#5H!('2+2&'%*+#2H!X#J+6+5#5'2H!'&*C!!

=%! ('20F'%H! 4<('*'(! 6#! .42+J+6+5#5! 5'! ':.('2#(H! F'5+#%&'! 642! .(450*&42!
)+20#6'2H! #S0'6642! 2'%&+F+'%&42! %'7#&+)42! +%*4%2*+'%&'2! S0'! '6! 20W'&4! &'%7#! X#*+#! 6#2!
.'(24%#2!2+7%+<+*#&+)#2!5'!20!)+5#C!@'!'2&#!F#%'(#H!6#2!4J(#2!.6G2&+*#2!1q4!)+20#6'2!2'!)#%!#!
*4%)'(&+(! '%! 202! 4JW'&42! 5'! &(#%2<'('%*+#H! 54%5'! &454! #<'*&4! .42+&+)4! 4! %'7#&+)4! 2'!
*4%*('&#(G!'%!<4(F#2!)+2+J6'2!.#(#!20!.42&'(+4(!(')+2+,%C!!

=%! '2&#! <#2'H! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! .0'5'! .#(&+*+.#(! 5'!542! <4(F#2! 5+<'('%&'2H! *4%!
0%#!#*&0#*+,%!5+('*&+)#!4!%4!5+('*&+)#H!'%!*4%24%#%*+#!*4%!642!%+)'6'2!5'!<0%*+4%#F+'%&4!
5'!642!020#(+42H!642!4JW'&+)42!5'!6#!2'2+,%H!'6!'2&#54!5'!)+%*06#*+,%!#6*#%A#54!'%!6#!('6#*+,%!
#(&'&'(#./0&+*#!1!'6!'%<4S0'!#.6+*#54!.4(!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#C!

E'2.'*&4! #! 642! %+)'6'2! 5'! <0%*+4%#F+'%&4H! o0*X4! NKLLiQ! 4.+%#! S0'! 6#2!
.'(24%#2!S0'!&+'%'%!0%!%+)'6!5'!'74!5'2#((466#54!4!S0'!&+'%'%!X#J+6+5#5'2!#(&82&+*#2!&+'%5'%!
#! ('#6+A#(! 6#2! #*&+)+5#5'2!5'! <4(F#! %4! 5+('*&+)#H! <('%&'! #! #S0'6642! S0'! .42''%! 0%! %+)'6! 5'!
'74!J#W4C!R#FJ+/%!'%*0'%&(#!5+<'('%*+#2!'%&('!6#!.4J6#*+,%!+%<#%&+6!1!642!#%*+#%42H!1#!S0'!
'6!%+)'6!5'!*0(+42+5#5!5'!0%!%+>4H!.4(!('76#!7'%'(#6H!64!.('5+2.4%'!FG2!<G*+6F'%&'!#6!&(#J#W4!
.6G2&+*4!1!#!6#!':.'(+F'%&#*+,%!%4!5+(+7+5#H!'%!*4%&(#.42+*+,%!5'!642!F#14('2!S0'!%'*'2+&#%!
2'(! +%*'%&+)#542! .#(#! .#(&+*+.#(C! -670%42! *46'*&+)42H! *4F4! 4*0(('! *4%! 642! %+>42! *4%!
5'<+*+'%*+#2! 2')'(#2! .0'5'%! )'(2'! 5'2J4(5#542! #%&'! 2+&0#*+4%'2! %4! 5+(+7+5#2H! 1#! S0'! '6!
X'*X4! 5'! &'%'(! S0'! 2'6'**+4%#(! 0%! F#&'(+#6! *4%*('&4! 4! &4F#(! *+'(&#2! 5'*+2+4%'2H! 2+%! 0%!
'%&('%#F+'%&4!.(')+4H!.0'5'!.(4)4*#(6'!0%!'2&#54!5'!#%2+'5#5!1!5+2.'(2+,%C!NR+66'1H![MM[QC!

=6! '%<4S0'! #54.&#54! .4(! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! )0'6)'! #! 2'(! 0%! <#*&4(! +%<601'%&'C!
94F4! 2'! 4J2'()#! '%! '6! *#.8&064! #%&'(+4(H! '%! 6#2! 4(+'%&#*+4%'2! .2+*4'50*#&+)#2!
N*4%50*&0#6'2! 1! *47%+&+)#2QH! 2'! .'(*+J'! 0%#! +%*6+%#*+,%! F#14(! X#*+#! 6#! 5+('*&+)+5#5! '%! '6!
.6#%&'#F+'%&4! 5'! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2! S0'! '%! '6! *#24! 5'! 6#2! 4(+'%&#*+4%'2! .2+*4#%#68&+*#2! 4!

290
!"#$%&'()8

X0F#%+2&#2C!-674!2+F+6#(!4*0(('!*4%!'6!&(#J#W4!7(0.#6H!54%5'!642!7(0.42!*'%&(#542!'%!0%!
&'F#!'%<#&+A#%!'6!024!5'!*4%2+7%#2H!<('%&'!#!642!'%<4S0'2!7(0.#6'2!#%#68&+*42!'!+%&'(#*&+)42C!

j0AA#S0+! NKLL[Q! ':.4%'! S0'! '%! 6#2! &'(#.+#2! 7(0.#6'2H! *0#%54! '6! *44(5+%#54(!
#54.&#!0%#!#*&+&05!5+%#F+A#54(#H!#!&(#)/2!5'6!024!5'!&/*%+*#2!#*&+)#2H!207'2&+)#2H!#2'(&+)#2H!
5'! X#J+6+5#5'2! 1! #.414H! .#(#! 647(#(! '6! *#FJ+4H! +%*6024! 2+'%54! '6! .(4.+4! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! 0%!
#7'%&'! 5'! *#FJ+4H! 2'! &(#&#! 5'! 0%#! *4%50**+,%! 5+('*&+)#C! I+%! 'FJ#(74H! *0#%54! '6!
#(&'&'(#.'0&#! 5')0'6)'! '6! 6+5'(#A74! #! 642! .#(&+*+.#%&'2! 1! 4.'(#! 24J('! 6#2! ('2+2&'%*+#2! 5'6!
7(0.4H!6#!#*&0#*+,%!2'!#*'(*#!#6!'%<4S0'!%4!5+('*&+)4C!

-! .'2#(! 5'! 642! <#*&4('2! *4%5+*+4%#%&'2H! .4(! ('76#! 7'%'(#6H! 642! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2!
20'6'%!X#*'(!024!5'!#FJ#2!&/*%+*#2!+%*6024!50(#%&'!0%#!F+2F#!2'2+,%!2'7Y%!6#!5+('**+,%!
S0'! )#1#! &4F#%54! '6! 5'2#((4664! 5'! 6#! ('6#*+,%! #(&'&'(#./0&+*#C! !=#-% ),H#'()-% $1/)0.13#2% ,#%
$1/)0.13#% -#,% )86*)&$#-% ),% 1:(&*% 8)$1$&2% 6)/#% -1)86/)% /)-6).&,$#% ?% H&3#/)01),$#% *&% )-6#,.&,)1$&$2% *&%
*14)/.&$%$)%0/)&015,2%*&%1,.)/6/).&015,%6)/-#,&*%?%)*%)-69/1.(%0/9.10#2%-1),$#%*&%H*)D141*1$&$%(,&%$)%*&-%,#.&-%
$)*%),.#/,#2%6)/81.1),$#%#6#/.(,1$&$)-%$)%1,3#*(0/&/-);C!N;(#542!9#(F4%#H!KLLiH!.C[\eQC!

=%!6#2!+%&'()'%*+4%'2!5+('*&+)#2H!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!.6#%&'#!6#2!2'2+4%'2!#!.#(&+(!5'!
0%#!2'(+'!5'!*4%2+7%#2!.6G2&+*#2H!.(')+#F'%&'!'2&(0*&0(#5#2H!*4%!'6!.(4.,2+&4!5'!*4%2'70+(!
0%42!4JW'&+)42!*4%*('&42C!;4(!64!&#%&4H!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!5'*+5'!S0/!F'5+42!2'!)#%!#!0&+6+A#(!
4!6#!&'FG&+*#!5'!6#!&#('#!.6G2&+*#C!!

@#66'1! 1! 9#2'! N[MMKQ! .+'%2#%! S0'! '6! &'F#! 5#! .'(F+24! 1! 4<('*'! 0%! .0%&4! 5'!
.#(&+5#!.#(#!'242!*6+'%&'2!%0')42!'%!&'(#.+#!4!642!S0'!)+'%'%!*4%!#%2+'5#5H!1#!S0'!.'(*+J'%!
0%#!'2&(0*&0(#!2'70(#H!*4%!5+('**+,%C!

I'7Y%!"+'JF#%%!N[M\_QH!&(#J#W#(!5'!0%#!F#%'(#!'2&(0*&0(#5#!.0'5'!2+7%+<+*#(!
2+F.6'F'%&'! 0%#! ('76#! 6+F+&#54(#H! N.4(! 'W'F.64! .+%&#(! 2,64! *4%! &('2! *464('2H! ('#6+A#(! 0%!
*466#7'!2+%!&+W'(#2H!'&*CQ!1!#105#!#!4J2'()#(!6#2!('#**+4%'2!#%&'!&#6'2!*4%5+*+4%'2C!=2&'!&+.4!
5'! ('&42! .4%'%! '%! F#(*X#! 642! F'*#%+2F42! *('#&+)42! 5'! 6#! .'(24%#H! *4%! 6#! +%&'%*+,%! 5'!
X#66#(!2460*+4%'2!1!20.'(#(!.4(!28!F+2F4!6#2!6+F+&#*+4%'2!+F.0'2&#2C!!B(/&,.)%*#-%6/#0)-#-%$)%
)*&4#/&015,% $)% *&% #4/&% -)% 6/)-),.&/7,% $13)/-&-% $1H10(*.&$)-2% '()% *)E#-% $)% 0#,-.1.(1/% (,% #4-.70(*#2%
6#-141*1.&/7,%*&%4N-'()$&%0#,-01),.)%$)%/)-#*(015,2%*#%'()%-1,%$($&%H&3#/)0)/7%*&%4N-'()$&%$)%&*.)/,&.13&-%&%
*#-%6/#61#-%6/#4*)8&-;<!NE+74!Z#%('66H!KLLiH!.Ci`QC!

94%! <('*0'%*+#H! 642! &'F#2! '6'7+542! .4(! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! 20'6'%! '2&#(!
('6#*+4%#542! *4%! 64! S0'! X#! 4*0((+54! '%! 2'2+4%'2! #%&'(+4('2! 4! *4%! 6#2! .('4*0.#*+4%'2! 4!
+%&'('2'2! 5'(+)#542! 5'! 642! .#*+'%&'2C! "#! *#.#*+5#5! 5'! '2*0*X#H! 5'! 4J2'()#*+,%! 1! 6#!

291
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

':.'(+'%*+#! 5'6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! 24%! <0%5#F'%&#6'2H! #! 6#! X4(#! 5'! ('*4%50*+(!


*4%2&(0*&+)#F'%&'!'6!&(#J#W4!.6G2&+*4!5'!642!20W'&42C!

;4(!'2&#!(#A,%H!o0*X4!NKLLiQ!.(4.4%'!0%#!F'&4546478#!5'!&(#J#W4!J#2#5#!'%!
'6!024!5'6!*4%*'.&4!W)*HQ-?-.)8H!*4F4!708#!.#(#!#S0'6642!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!*4%!.4*#!':.'(+'%*+#!
#!6#!X4(#!5'!'2&(0*&0(#(!6#2!2'2+4%'2C!!

W)*HQ-?-.)8H!2'!*4F.4%'!5'!*+%*4!'6'F'%&42B!!

Q%P#$?QW)*HH!S0'!*4%*+'(%'!#!642!#2.'*&42!<82+*42!5'!6#!.'(24%#!1!20!#*&0#*+,%C!!

T! X1,$QW)*HH! ('6#*+4%#5#! *4%! 6#2! *4F.'&'%*+#2! 1! X#J+6+5#5'2! F'%&#6'2! 1!


'F4*+4%#6'2C!!

T!\,.)/6)/-#,&*QW)*HH!X#*'!('<'('%*+#!#!6#2!('6#*+4%'2!.'(24%#6'2C!!

Q%@0+1)3)8),.QW)*H2!+%*601'!647(42!.'(24%#6'2H!642!(46'2!1!#.4142!S0'!2'!'W'(*'%!
*4%!642!5'FG2C!!

Q% "/&,-6)/-#,&*QW)*HH! *4%&+'%'! 642! )#64('2H! +5'#6'2H! ('<'('%*+#2! 24*+#6'2! 1!


*0'2&+4%'2!/&+*#2C!

9#5#! <#*&4(! 5'6! W)*HQ-?-.)82! .0'5'! 2'()+(! 5'! ('<'('%*+#H! #! 6#! X4(#! 5'! 7'%'(#(! 1!
'6'7+(!#*&+)+5#5'2!#(&'&'(#./0&+*#2!4!':#F+%#(!1!5'2*0J(+(!.#(&'2!5'6!W)*HQ-?-.)8%5'6!.#*+'%&'H!
S0'!('S0+'(#%!0%#!'2.'*+#6!#&'%*+,%C!!

o0*X4! NKLLiQ! ':.4%'! #670%42! 'W'F.642! 5'! *4%2+7%#2! 4! &'F#2! 0&+6+A#542! '%!
'2&'!F/&454!*4F4!.0%&4!5'!.#(&+5#!.#(#!'6!&(#J#W4!.6G2&+*4!4q1!)+20#6B!

TP#$?%B#8&1,B!-0&4(('&(#&4B!('#6+2&#H!#J2&(#*&4H!5'!X#*'!0%!#>4H!5'!
X#*'!5+'A!#>42!X#2&#!#X4(#C!-*&+)+5#5!<#)4(+&#C!Z#*#*+4%'2!<#)4(+&#2C!Ü9,F4!&'!
('&(#&#(8#!&0!F'W4(!#F+74á!

TX&1,% B#8&1,B! c%! 58#! <'6+AC! c%! 58#! ('#6F'%&'! &(+2&'C! c%#!
5'2+602+,%C!R('2!5'2'42C!Üs0/!F0'2&(4!#!642!5'FG2!5'!F8!F+2F4á!Üs0/!'2!64!
S0'!%4!5'W4!)'(!#!%#5+'!5'!F8!F+2F4á!c%!&'6'7(#F#!4!F#+6!S0'!S0+'(4!('*+J+(C!

T\,.)/6)/-#,&*% B#8&1,`% E'&(#&4! 5'! &0! <#F+6+#B! ('#6+2&#H! #J2&(#*&4H! '%!


F4)+F+'%&4C! 3+! <#F+6+#! 5'25'! X#*'! 5+'A! #>42! X#2&#! #X4(#C! 3+! F'W4(! #F+74C!
;'(24%#2!+F.4(&#%&'2!'%!F+!)+5#C!RY!'%!'6!*46'7+4C!RY!'%!'6!+%2&+&0&4C!"#!F'W4(!

292
!"#$%&'()8

*#2#! 54%5'! X'! )+)+54C! -2.'*&42! #7(#5#J6'2! 1! #2.'*&42! F'%42! #7(#5#J6'2! 5'!
'2&#(!246&'(4q5+)4(*+#54q)+054C!

T@0+1)3)8),.%B#8&1,B!"07#(!5'!&(#J#W4!+5'#6C!R0!607#(!5'!&(#J#W4C!I+!
.05+'(#2! 2'(! #670+'%H! ÜS0+/%! 2'(8#2á! l#*'(! #674! S0'! &02! .#5('2! #.(4J#2'%C! =6!
F4F'%&4!54%5'!&'!2'%&+2&'!FG2!4(7066424C!c%#!5'!6#2!2+&0#*+4%'2!FG2!5+<8*+6'2!
'%! 6#! )+5#! S0'! X#1#2! X'*X4! 24.4(&#J6'C! "4! S0'! FG2! 1! F'%42! &'! 702&#! 5'6!
*46'7+4q&(#J#W4q'2&#(!W0J+6#54C!

T"/&,-6)/-#,&*% B#8&1,B! =S0+.4! <#)4(+&4C! -*&4(q#*&(+A! <#)4(+&#C! c%!


#F+74! +5'#6C! c%#! .'68*06#! 4! '2.'*&G*064C! 90'%&4! <#)4(+&4C! Z#*#*+4%'2! &(+2&'2!
)'(202! )#*#*+4%'2! <'6+*'2C! c%#! .'(24%#! S0'! '%)+5+'2C! R02! %'*'2+5#5'2! )'(202!
&02!60W42C!c%#!.'(24%#!S0'!#5F+('2!F0*X4C!9466#7'!24J('!0%#!.'(24%#!+5'#6C!!

V&(42! #0&4('2! *4F4! j41'(T"#J(40*X'H! NKLLLQH! "+'JF#%%! N[M\KQH! ",.'A!


k'(%G%5'A! 9#4! 1! 3#(&8%'A! @8'A! NKLL`QH! 3#6*X+45+! N[MM\QH! I*X4&&'%64X'(! NKLLiQH! I+J6'1!
NE4JJ+%2H! [M\_Q! 4! R(]7! 1! O'(2&'%! NKLLgQH! &#FJ+/%! 4<('*'%! '%! 202! 4J(#2H! &'F#2! 1!
#*&+)+5#5'2!.6G2&+*#2!1!)+20#6'2!'2&(0*&0(#5#2H!.#(#!2'(!#.6+*#5#2!'%!&#66'('2!5'!#(&'&'(#.+#C!

=%! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2! %4! 5+('*&+)#2H! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! .'(F+&'! 0%! 7(#54! 5'! 6+J'(&#5!
F#14(! .#(#! S0'! '6! .#(&+*+.#%&'! '2*4W#! #S0'6642! F#&'(+#6'2H! &'FG&+*#2! 1! &/*%+*#2H! 2'7Y%! 202!
.('<'('%*+#2H! 2+%! .6#%&'#(! 0%#! '2&(0*&0(#! .(''2&#J6'*+5#C! "#! 6#J4(! 5'6! &'(#.'0&#! #(&82&+*4!
*4%2+2&'!'%!#*4F.#>#(!#6!.#*+'%&'H!50(#%&'!'6!.(4*'24!1!*46#J4(#(!'%!6#!5'&'%*+,%!5'!642!
4J2&G*0642H!.#(#!.42+J+6+&#(!#!642!.#(&+*+.#%&'2!642!*#FJ+42!.'(&+%'%&'2C!=6!*6+'%&'!4!.#*+'%&'!
'2!'6!Y%+*4!('2.4%2#J6'!5'!202!#*&0#*+4%'2!1!5'!6#!5+%GF+*#!7'%'(#5#!'%!6#2!2'2+4%'2C!

I+%! 'FJ#(74H! '2&4! %4! 2+7%+<+*#! S0'H! '%! 4*#2+4%'2H! .0'5#! 4*0((+(! S0'! '6!
#(&'&'(#.'0&#!.#(&+*+.'!*4%!642!+%&'7(#%&'2!.#(#!<#*+6+&#(6'2!'6!.(4*'24!*('#&+)4!#%&'!.42+J6'2!
J64S0'42H!S0'!.0'5#%!20(7+(!50(#%&'!6#!#**+,%!.6G2&+*#U!4!64!S0'!O(#F'(!5'%4F+%,!!(-1,:%
.+)% &/.% .+)/&61-.~-% .+1/$% +&,$;H! #.6+*#54! &#FJ+/%! *4%! '6! W'(1::*)% b&8)! 5'! ^+%%+*4&&C! V&(42!
#(&'&'(#.'0&#2H! *4F4! l4(4r+&A! N[M_LQH! +%&(450*'%! 4JW'&42! 2,6+542! '%! 6#2! .+%&0(#2! 4!
5+J0W42H!*4F4!*#2#2H!G(J46'2H!#%+F#6'2H!.0'%&'2H!'&*CH!*4%!6#!<+%#6+5#5!5'!#.4(&#(!2'70(+5#5!
#!6#!.'(24%#!1!&(#&#(!5'!')4*#(!('24%#%*+#2!*4%!#670%4!5'!642!4JW'&42!F42&(#542C!

$%5'.'%5+'%&'F'%&'! 5'! 6#! F45#6+5#5! #.6+*#5#H! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! 2'! F#%&'%5(G!


#6'(&#!.#(#!%4!+F.4%'(!202!*(+&'(+42!4!.('<'('%*+#2H!1#!S0'!'2&4!.45(8#!'2&#J6'*'(!*4%!642!
.#*+'%&'2! 0%#! ('6#*+,%! 5'! 5'.'%5'%*+#! .'(W05+*+#6! 4! 6+J'(#(! &'%5'%*+#2! X42&+6'2! S0'!

293
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

+%&'(<+'('%! '%! '6! .(4*'24! #(&'&'(#./0&+*4C! =2! +F.4(&#%&'! *4%2'70+(! S0'! 6#! .'(24%#! 647('!
&'%'(!2'70(+5#5!'%!28!F+2F#!2+%!+F.4%'(!20!*('*+F+'%&4!4!')460*+,%C!!

gC%B1&*#:(1,%>+&-)%

R(#2! 6#! <+%#6+A#*+,%! 5'6! &(#J#W4! .6G2&+*4H! 2'! 5+2.4%'! 5'! 0%! '2.#*+4! &'F.4(#6!
.#(#! ('#6+A#(! 0%#! ('*#.+&06#*+,%! )'(J#6! 5'! 64! 4*0((+54! '%! 6#2! <#2'2! #%&'(+4('2H! #X4(#!
*4%*('&#5#2! '%! 4JW'&42! &#%7+J6'2! S0'! .'(F+&+(G%! '2&#J6'*'(! 0%#! 5+2&#%*+#H! &#%&4! '%&('! 202!
F+'FJ(42!*4F4!5'!20!.(4J6'FG&+*#H!1H!.#(#5,W+*#F'%&'H!#*'(*#(642!FG2!#!'6642C!!!!!!!

"#!5+2*02+,%!#!.#(&+(!5'!642!.(450*&42!('#6+A#542!.0'5'!.6#%&'#(2'!5'!F0*X#2!
F#%'(#2H! 2'7Y%! 6#2! )#(+#J6'2! S0'! 2'! .4%7#%! '%! W0'74! 50(#%&'! '6! &(#&#F+'%&4! N*46'*&+)4H!
+%2&+&0*+,%H!4(+'%&#*+,%!5'6!&'(#.'0&#H!'&*CQC!!!

"+'JF#%%! N[M\_Q! #.4(&#H! #6! ('2.'*&4H! S0'H! '%! 4*#2+4%'2H! 2'! *4%*'5'! #! *#5#!
.'(24%#!0%#!.#(&'!5'6!&+'F.4!5+2.4%+J6'!.#(#!X#J6#(!24J('!20!4J(#H!1!4&(#2!)'*'2!24%!&4542!
642!.#(&+*+.#%&'2!642!S0'!+%&'()+'%'%!'%!6#!5+2*02+,%!5'!6#2!+FG7'%'2H!&#%&4!.(4.+#2!*4F4!
#W'%#2C!=2&#!#*&0#*+,%!5#!.+'!#!6#!4J2'()#*+,%!*4F.#(&+5#!5'!&45#2!6#2!4J(#2!*4%!6#!)'%&#W#!
5'!.45'(!+%&'(*#FJ+#(!4.+%+4%'2H!*4%&(#2&#(!.0%&42!5'!)+2&#!5+)'(242!1!&4F#(!*4%*+'%*+#!5'!
64!':.('2#54!7(G<+*#F'%&'C!=6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!.'(F#%'*'!*4F4!'2.'*&#54(H!2+%!5#(!#!*4%4*'(!
202!4.+%+4%'2H!)#64('2!4!+%&'('2'2C!!C*%&/.).)/&6)(.&%)-.7%&**9%6&/&%:(1&/2%6/#3#0&/%?%-)/%.)-.1:#%$)%*&%
)8)/:),01&%&-#01&.13&%?%,(,0&%6&/&%$&/%-(%1,.)/6/).&015,%$)-0/16.13&%?%0&(-&*;<%N;#+%!1!d#(('#0H![MMeH!
.CieQC!

=6! 5+G6474! %4! 2'! *'%&(#! ':*602+)#F'%&'! '%! 642! #2.'*&42! 5'%4&#&+)42! 4!
*4%%4&#&+)42! 5'! 6#2! +FG7'%'2! '6#J4(#5#2H! 2+%4! S0'! +F.6+*#H! .4(! .#(&'! 5'6! .#*+'%&'H! 0%#!
':.42+*+,%! )'(J#6! 24J('! *0#6S0+'(! 2'%2#*+,%H! 2'%&+F+'%&4! 4! .'%2#F+'%&4! 2+7%+<+*#&+)4!
20(7+54! 50(#%&'! &454! '6! .(4*'24! 5'! *4%2&(0**+,%C! =2! 5'*+(H! 2'! 0&+6+A#! 0%! '%<4S0'!
+.24FG&+*4!.#(#!5'*45+<+*#(!1!.(4*'2#(!6#!+%<4(F#*+,%!*4%&'%+5#!'%!'6!.(4*'24!*('#&+)4!5'6!
*6+'%&'!1!'%!20!('206&#54!<+%#6C!!

o0*X4! NKLLiQ! 4J2'()#! )#(+42! #2.'*&42! '%! '6! .(4*'24! 5'! 5+G6474C! =%! .(+F'(!
607#(H! 2'! .(450*'! 0%! 5+G6474! '%&('! '6! .#*+'%&'! 1! 6#! +F#7'%! ('*+/%! #*#J#5#C! @'2.0/2H! '6!
5+G6474! 2'! .(4<0%5+A#! '%! 6#! ('*#.+&06#*+,%! )'(J#6! 5'6! .#*+'%&'! *4%! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! 1! 642!
5'FG2! *4F.#>'(42C! @'! F#%'(#! 2+F06&G%'#H! '6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! .(4*'5'(G! #! #%#6+A#(! 1!

294
!"#$%&'()8

('6#*+4%#(H! 5'25'! 20! .'(2.'*&+)#! &',(+*4TF'&4546,7+*#H! #S0'6642! <#*&4('2! +%*4%2*+'%&'2!


5'(+)#542!5'!6#!5'2*(+.*+,%!5'!6#2!+FG7'%'2H!*4%!6#!<+%#6+5#5!5'!2'70+(!5'2*0J(+'%54!)8#2H!
.#(#!'6#J4(#(!#2.'*&42!S0'!X#1#%!7'%'(#54!F#6'2&#(!'%!6#!':.'(+'%*+#!5'6!.#*+'%&'C!!

iC! G#,-#*1$&015,% #% G1)//)H! 2'! (')+2#%! 1! 2+%&'&+A#%! 6#2! .(+%*+.#6'2! +5'#2! S0'! X#1#%!
20(7+54!50(#%&'!6#!2'2+,%H!.4%+/%546'!.4(!'W'F.64H!0%!&8&064!'%!('6#*+,%!*4%!64!20*'5+54C!
=%!'2&'!'2.#*+4!2'!5'W#!0%!&+'F.4!.#(#!*4%*('&#(!1!('2#6&#(!642!#2.'*&42!&(#J#W#542C!

J+N+)F").="'&"-/1,).,)34%.%.4"#/")

=6!.(4*'24!5'!')#60#*+,%!.42+J+6+&#!#!642!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!('*47'(!1!#%#6+A#(!642!
5#&42! %'*'2#(+42! .#(#! .6#%+<+*#(! 6#! 5+('**+,%! 5'! 6#! &'(#.+#! 1! '2&#J6'*'(! S0/! '2&(#&'7+#2!
.0'5'%!2'(!6#2!FG2!'<'*&+)#2H!.#(#!66')#(!#!J0'%!.0'(&4!642!4JW'&+)42!5'6!&(#&#F+'%&4C!!

k'5'(!1!k'5'(!N[MM\Q!':.4%'%!S0'!6#2!<0%*+4%'2!7'%'(#6'2!5'!6#!')#60#*+,%!'%!
#(&'&'(#.+#!5'J'%!70+#(!1!5+(+7+(!'6!&(#&#F+'%&4!.#(#B!

T!@'&'(F+%#(!642!.(4J6'F#2!1!%'*'2+5#5'2!5'!6#!.'(24%#!N.#*+'%&'q*6+'%&'qF+'FJ(42!5'6!7(0.4QC!

T!;('5'*+(!*4F.4(&#F+'%&42!<0&0(42C!

T!I0.'()+2#(!'6!*#FJ+4C!

T!94%4*'(!*0G%54!2'!5'J'!.#(#(!'6!&(#&#F+'%&4C!

T!-.('%5'(!*,F4!F'W4(#(!642!F/&4542!1!&/*%+*#2!'F.6'#542!'%!6#!&'(#.+#!#(&82&+*#C!

J+N+*+)a(?.,%(;)2.)'")K="'&"-/1,)

"#!')#60#*+,%!2'!.0'5'!66')#(!#!*#J4!'%!5+<'('%&'2!F4F'%&42!5'6!&(#&#F+'%&4C!
I#J#&'66#! NKLLgQ! '2.'*+<+*#! '%! 20! +%)'2&+7#*+,%! 24J('! 642! .(4*'242! 5'! ')#60#*+,%! '%! '6!

295
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

*#F.4!5'!6#!F02+*4&'(#.+#[L`!S0'!*#5#!F4F'%&4!5'6!.6#%!5'!')#60#*+,%!&+'%'!202!<0%*+4%'2!
*4%*('&#2B!

Q%C3&*(&015,%\,101&*B!I'!20'6'!('#6+A#(!#%&'2!5'6!&(#&#F+'%&4!4!'%!6#2!
.(+F'(#2! 2'2+4%'2C! I0! 4JW'&+)4! *4%2+2&'! '%! *4%4*'(! #6! .#*+'%&'H! 4J2'()#(! 202!
.4&'%*+#6+5#5'2! '! +5'%&+<+*#(! 202! %'*'2+5#5'2C! =2&#! <#2'! #105#! #! .6#%+<+*#(H!
4(7#%+A#(!1!.4%'(!'%!F#(*X#!'6!.(4*'24!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4H!'6!'%<4S0'!S0'!2'!)#!#!
0&+6+A#(H! '6! <4(F#&4H! 6#! <('*0'%*+#H! 6#! 50(#*+,%! 5'! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2H! 6#2! &/*%+*#2H!
F#&'(+#6'2!FG2!#5'*0#542C!R#FJ+/%!'2!5'!0&+6+5#5!.#(#!5'2*0J(+(!2+!6#!&'(#.+#!
#(&82&+*#!.0'5'!('.('2'%&#(!0%!J'%'<+*+4!#!6#!.'(24%#!4!2+!'6!.('<'(+J6'!.(4J#(!
*4%!4&(#2!F45#6+5#5'2!&'(#./0&+*#2C!

Q% C3&*(&015,% 0#,.1,(&B! I'! 66')#! #! *#J4! .'(+,5+*#F'%&'H! #6! <+%#6! 5'!


*#5#!2'2+,%!4!'%!'2.#*+42!&'F.4(#6'2!FG2!.(464%7#542!*4%!'6!<+%!5'!':#F+%#(!
642! .(47('242! 5'6! .#*+'%&'C! "#! 4J2'()#*+,%! 5'6! .(4*'24! 5'! ('#6+A#*+,%! 5'!
+FG7'%'2! 1! 6#2! 4J(#2! ('206&#%&'2H! .(4.4(*+4%#%! +%<4(F#*+,%! #6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#!
24J('!6#!'<'*&+)+5#5!5'6!&(#&#F+'%&4H!#105#%!#!&4F#(!5'*+2+4%'2H!#!.#(&+(!5'!6#!
':.'(+'%*+#!1!#!+%&(450*+(!642!#W02&'2!%'*'2#(+42!S0'!.'(F+&#%!5'<+%+(H!*4%!FG2!
.('*+2+,%H! 642! 4JW'&+)42! .(4.0'2&42! +%+*+#6F'%&'C! R#FJ+/%! 4(+'%&#! #6!
#(&'&'(#.'0&#!24J('!20!.(4.+#!#*&0#*+,%!1!#!('*4%4*'(!*0G%54!X#!5'!*4%*60+(!6#!
&'(#.+#C!

Q%C3&*(&015,%H1,&*`!R(#2!'6!#%G6+2+2!5'!&4542!642!5#&42H!&#%&4!)'(J#6'2!
*4F4! %4! )'(J#6'2H! 2'! (')+2#%! 642! 647(42! 4J&'%+542! 1! 642! #2.'*&42! S0'! X#%!
S0'5#54! 2+%! ('246)'(! #! 64! 6#(74! 5'! &454! '6! .(47(#F#C! @'2.0/2H! 2'! 20'6'!
('5#*&#(! 0%! +%<4(F'! <+%#6! *4%! 6#! 5'2*(+.*+,%! *(4%46,7+*#! 5'! 6#2! 2'2+4%'2H! 642!
#2.'*&42!('6')#%&'2!24J('!6#!')460*+,%!.6G2&+*#!5'!6#2!4J(#2H!6#2!*4%*602+4%'2!1!
('*4F'%5#*+4%'2C!

[L`!-0%S0'!6#!#0&4(#!5'<+%'!'2&#!*6#2+<+*#*+,%!.#(#!0%!.6#%!5'!')#60#*+,%!'%!F02+*4&'(#.+#!&#FJ+/%!2'!.0'5'!

#.6+*#(!#!*0#6S0+'(!&'(#.+#!*('#&+)#!*4F4!'6!#(&'&'(#.+#H!5#%A#&'(#.+#H!5(#F#&'(#.+#H!'&*C!
296
!"#$%&'()8

@'25'!0%#!.'(2.'*&+)#!.(4<'2+4%#6H!6#!.('2'%&#*+,%!5'!+%<4(F'2!5'!')#60#*+,%H!
2'#%! '2*(+&42! 4! )'(J#6'2H! <4(F#6'2! 4! +%<4(F#6'2H! 24%! 0%#! ('2.4%2#J+6+5#5! 5'6!
F02+*4&'(#.'0&#C!NyQC!j#W4!'2&#!.'(2.'*&+)#H!6#!')#60#*+,%!5'6!.#*+'%&'!%4!2,64!
54*0F'%&#! 642! *#FJ+42! S0'! 2'! .(450*'%! *4F4! ('206&#54! 5'! 0%! &(#&#F+'%&4!
*4F.(4J#%54! 20! '<'*&+)+5#5H! 2+%4! S0'! 2'! *4%)+'(&'! '%! 0%! F'5+4! 4! 0%#!
X'((#F+'%&#!S0'!#.4(&#!*('5+J+6+5#5!1!5'2#((4664!.(4<'2+4%#6!#105#%54!#!5'<+%+(!
1! *4%246+5#(! 0%#! +5'%&+5#5!.(4<'2+4%#6! #6! *4F.#(&+(! 5+*X#! +%<4(F#*+,%! *4%! '6!
'S0+.4!.(4<'2+4%#6C!NI#J#&'66#H!KLLgH!.CKg\QC!

J+N+9+)V4.";)2.)K="'&"-/1,)

V&(4!#.#(&#54!+F.4(&#%&'!24%!642!#2.'*&42!7'%'(#6'2!S0'!2'!20'6'%!')#60#(!5'6!
.#*+'%&'C!=6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!1!6#!.'(24%#!+%)460*(#5#!'%!6#!&'(#.+#!#(&82&+*#!.0'5'%!5'2*0J(+(H!
7(#*+#2!#!6#!)#64(#*+,%!5'(+)#5#!50(#%&'!6#!+%&'(#**+,%!*4%!642!F'5+42!#(&82&+*42H!0%#!2'(+'!
5'!5#&42!S0'!*4%!4&(4!&+.4!5'!+%&'(F'5+#(+42!%4!2'!.45(8#%!647(#(C!"#!':.'(+F'%&#*+,%!*4%!
642! F#&'(+#6'2! .6G2&+*42! 1! 6#2! +FG7'%'2! 20'6'%! &'%'(! 0%#! ('.'(*02+,%! +%F'5+#&#! #! %+)'6!
.'(*'.&+)4H! 'F4*+4%#6H! *47%+&+)4H! ':.('2+)4! 1! *('#&+)4! '%! '6! +%5+)+504H! 64! S0'! <#*+6+&#! 6#!
F#%+<'2&#*+,%! 5'! ('#**+4%'2! 1! *4F.4(&#F+'%&42! S0'! #105'%! #! *4%4*'(! 1! '%*#0A#(! 202!
%'*'2+5#5'2C!

"#!.(4.0'2&#!5'!6#!F02+*4&'(#.'0&#!l#%2'(!N[MMMQ!.0'5'!2'()+(!*4F4!F#(*4!
5'!('<'('%*+#!&',(+*4H!.#(#!('#6+A#(!6#!2+70+'%&'!#5#.&#*+,%H!'%<4*#5#!#!6#2!G('#2!.'(24%#6'2!
S0'!2'!.0'5'%!')#60#(!'%!0%#!+%&'()'%*+,%!5'!#(&'&'(#.+#B!

T!!Y9-10#`!I'!*'%&(#!'%!6#!')#60#*+,%!5'!#2.'*&42!('6#*+4%#542!*4%!'6!
5'2#((4664!2'%24(+4TF4&4(!1!.'(*'.&0#6C!!

T! C8#01#,&*`! ;'(F+&'! .(')'(! 6#2! ('2.0'2&#2! 'F4*+4%#6'2! 5'! 6#!


.'(24%#!#%&'!6#!F#%+.06#*+,%!1!024!5'!642!F'5+42!.6G2&+*4T)+20#6'2C!

T! G#:,1.13#B! -.4(&#! +%<4(F#*+,%! 24J('! 642! .(4*'242! 5'!


.'%2#F+'%&4H! 642! '2&+642! 5'! #.('%5+A#W'H! 6#2! *(''%*+#2H! )#64('2H! '&*H! S0'! 2'!
#*&+)#%!*4%!642!5+<'('%&'2!F'5+42!#(&82&+*42C!

297
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

T! ! >-10#Q-#01&*B! =)#6Y#! 6#! #&'%*+,%H! '6! #0&4*4%*'.&4H! 6#! #0&4'2&+F#H!


#0&4*4%*+'%*+#H! .#(&+*+.#*+,%H! *44.'(#*+,%H! X#J+6+5#5'2! +%&'(.'(24%#6'2H!
('6#*+,%!*4%!642!*4F.#>'(42!1!*4%!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#C!

Q%%G#8(,10&015,`!k4(F#2!5'!':.('2+,%!)'(J#6!1!%4T)'(J#6H!'6!6'%70#W'!
':.('2+)4! 1! ('*'.&+)4! S0'! F#%+<+'2&#! 6#! .'(24%#! 4! '6! 7(0.4! '%! 6#! +%&'(#**+,%!
*4%!6#2!&/*%+*#2!1!F#&'(+#6'2!)+20#6'2!1!.6G2&+*42C!

T!!G/)&.13#`!-%G6+2+2!5'!6#2!X#J+6+5#5'2!*('#&+)#2!4J2'()#5#2!50(#%&'!
6#!('#6+A#*+,%!5'!6#2!4J(#2!.6G2&+*4T)+20#6'2H!*4%!6#!<+%#6+5#5!5'!4<('*'(!('*0(242!
Y&+6'2!#!6#2!%'*'2+5#5'2!':.('2+)#2!5'6!+%5+)+504C!R#FJ+/%H!.#(#!.45'(!)#64(#(!
20! <4(F#! 5'! .'(*+J+(H! 202! +%&'('2'2H! .('<'('%*+#2H! ('2.0'2&#2H! &'F#2!
('+%*+5'%&'2H! #*&+&05! #! 6#! X4(#! 5'! ('246)'(! 0%! .(4J6'F#! .6G2&+*4T)+20#6H!
('2+2&'%*+#2!4!.('5+2.42+*+,%!X#*+#!5'&'(F+%#5#2!&/*%+*#2H!'&*C!

"#! ')#60#*+,%! .0'5'! *'%&(#(2'! '%! #67Y%! G('#! *4%*('&#! 5'.'%5+'%54! 5'! 6#2!
*#(#*&'(82&+*#2!1!5'F#%5#2!5'!*#5#!+%5+)+504!4!7(0.4C!

J+N+I+)aY%(2(;)2.)K="'&"-/1,!

=%! [M\\H! $2'%J'(7TD('A5#! +5'%&+<+*#! *+%*4! .#(GF'&(42! S0'! +%<601'%! '%! 6#!
#.6+*#*+,%! 5'! 642! F/&4542! 5'! ')#60#*+,%H! 5'%&(4! 5'6! GFJ+&4! 5'! 6#! F02+*4&'(#.+#! .'(4!
':&'%2+J6'2!#6!('2&4!5'!6#2!&'(#.+#2!*('#&+)#2C!

Q% >#4*&015,`! 30*X42! 5'! 6#2! &/*%+*#2! '! +%2&(0F'%&42! 5'! ')#60#*+,%!


'2&G%! '%<4*#5#2! '2.'*8<+*#F'%&'! #! *+'(&42! %Y*6'42! 5'! .4J6#*+,%B! %+>42H!
#546'2*'%&'2H! #506&42H! #%*+#%42H! .#('W#2H! <#F+6+#2H! '2&05+#%&'2H! '%<'(F42!
F'%&#6'2H!.'(24%#2!*4%!5+2*#.#*+5#5'2!.28S0+*#2H!'&*C!

T!h/)&%$)%)3&*(&015,`! "#2! .(0'J#2! &(#&#%! 5'! 5'&'(F+%#(! '6! 7(#54! 5'!


<0%*+4%#F+'%&4!<82+*4H!*47%+&+)4H!'F4*+4%#6H!*('#&+)4H!'&*CH!5'!642!.#*+'%&'2C!

298
!"#$%&'()8

T! ^/1),.&015,% .)5/10#Q8).#$#*5:10&B! 9#5#! F45'64! .('2'%&#! 202! .(4.+42!


.(4*'5+F+'%&42! 5'! ')#60#*+,%! 2'7Y%! 6#! ':.'(+'%*+#! 5'6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! 1! 5'! 6#!
+%2&+&0*+,%!54%5'!&(#J#W'C!

T! "R0,10&-`! -670%#2! ')#60#*+4%'2! 2'! *'%&(#%! '%! '6! 024! 5'! &/*%+*#2!
#(&82&+*#2! '2.'*8<+*#2! .#(#! 4J2'()#(! 6#2! ('2.0'2&#2! 5'6! +%5+)+504! X#*+#! 6#2!
*4%2+7%#2H!6#!0&+6+A#*+,%!5'!642!F#&'(+#6'2!4!5'!6#!4J(#!('206&#%&'C!!

T! M)0)-1$&$)-% $)% *&% 1,-.1.(015,! 1! '6! /#*% $)*% &/.).)/&6)(.&! '%! 5+*X#!
+%2&+&0*+,%C!

J+N+I+*+)8Y-,/-";).)5,;%4&?.,%(;)2.)K="'&"-/1,)

=%!('6#*+,%!#!642!.#(GF'&(42!*+&#542H!642!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!0&+6+A#%!7(#%!5+)'(2+5#5!
5'! F/&4542! 5'! ')#60#*+,%H! 1#! S0'! 20! 024! ('6#&+)#F'%&'! *4FY%H! #105#! #! 5'F42&(#(! '6!
.(47('24!5'6!*6+'%&'!1!#!F'W4(#(!6#!*#6+5#5!5'6!&(#&#F+'%&4C!ND#%&&!1!R#J4%'H!KLLgQC!

"#2!&/*%+*#2!'!+%2&(0F'%&42!'6'7+542!5'.'%5'%!5'6!&+.4!5'!+%<4(F#*+,%!S0'!2'!
S0+'(#! ')#60#(C! 94F4! '%! *0#6S0+'(! 4&(#! 5+2*+.6+%#H! '%! #(&'&'(#.+#! 2'! 0&+6+A#%! &#%&4! 6#2!
')#60#*+4%'2! 5'! *#(G*&'(! *0#%&+&#&+)4H! *4%! 5#&42! <4(F06#542! %0F/(+*#F'%&'H! 1! 6#2!
')#60#*+4%'2!*0#6+&#&+)#2H!':.('2#5#2!&':&0#6F'%&'C!-FJ#2!<4(F#2!5'!')#60#*+,%!20'6'%!2'(!
*4F.6'F'%&#(+#2H! 1#! S0'! 6#2! 5'<+*+'%*+#2! 5'! 0%#! *0J('%! 6#2! 5'! 6#! 4&(#! 1! )+*')'(2#C "#!
')#60#*+,%! *0#%&+&#&+)#! &+'%5'! #! ('#6+A#(! )#64(#*+4%'2! 7'%'(#6'2! 5'! 0&+6+5#5! .#(#! 6#!
.('2'%&#*+,%! 5'! ('206&#542! <+%#6'2H! 64! S0'! .'(F+&'! F#14(! <#*+6+5#5! #! 6#! X4(#! 5'! &#J06#(H!
*4F.#(#(! 1! ':&(#'(! 5#&42! 764J#6'2! 24J('! 6#! '<'*&+)+5#5! 5'6! &(#&#F+'%&4C! "#! ')#60#*+,%!
*0#6+&#&+)#!2'!5'&+'%'!FG2!'%!642!F#&+*'2H!F4&+)42!1!(#A4%'2!5'6!.(4*'24!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4!5'!
0%#! <4(F#! #J+'(&#H! 2+%! 'FJ#(74H! ('206&#! FG2! *4F.6'W4! &(#&#(! 1! 2+2&'F#&+A#(! 642! 5#&42!
('*47+542C!!

T! =%&('! 642! +%2&(0F'%&42! FG2! 0&+6+A#542! .4(! 642! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2! 2'! '%*0'%&(#%!
642!F/&4542!5'!*#(G*&'(!*0#6+&#&+)4!1!642!*0#%&+&#&+)42C!

299
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

3C)5,;%4&?.,%(;)!&"'/%"%/=(;)2.).="'&"-/1,)"4%.%.4"#Y&%/-"G)

Q%=&%^4-)/3&015,%?%)*%/):1-./#%$)%*&-%-)-1#,)-%

=6!#FJ+'%&'!%#&0(#6!'%!'6!S0'!2'!5'2'%)0'6)'!&454!'6!.(4*'24!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4H!
*4%2&+&01'! 6#! <0'%&'! .(+F#(+#! .#(#! 6#! 6#J4(! 5'6! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! *4F4! 4J2'()#54(! 5+('*&4! 1!
.#(&+*+.#%&'H!*4%)+(&+/%542'!'%!0%!+%2&(0F'%&4!JG2+*4!.#(#!6#!')#60#*+,%C!"#!4J2'()#*+,%!
5+('*&#! '2! 0%#! &/*%+*#! 5'! ('*47+5#! 5'! 5#&42! 5'! 7(#%! *4F.6'W+5#5C! Nj#66H! KLLKQC! =6!
#(&'&'(#.'0&#! &+'%'! S0'! .'(*+J+(! 6#2! 5+)'(2#2! 5+F'%2+4%'2! 5'6! *4F.4(&#F+'%&4! X0F#%4B!
#*&+&05'2H! +%&'('2'2H! 2'%&+F+'%&42H! *#(G*&'(! 1! 4&(42! #&(+J0&42! 5'! 6#! .'(24%#! 5'%&(4! 5'! 6#!
('6#*+,%! &(+#%706#(C! I+! '6! <4(F#&4! '6'7+54! '2! 7(0.#6H! #5'FG2! 5'! 4J&'%'(! 5#&42! 5'! *#5#!
.#(&+*+.#%&'H! 6#! 4J2'()#*+,%! +(G! 5+(+7+5#! X#*+#! 642! <'%,F'%42! 7'%'(#542! 50(#%&'! 6#!
+%&'(#**+,%! 5'6! 7(0.4H! ('2.'*&4! #! 6#! &#('#! .6G2&+*#! #! ('#6+A#(U! 2'! 20'6'! #&'%5'(! #6! 7(#54! 5'!
*44.'(#*+,%H!5'!.'(&'%'%*+#H!.'(&+%'%*+#H!6+5'(#A742H!(46'2H!'&*C!!

-6!<+%#6+A#(!*#5#!2'2+,%!2'!('7+2&(#%!.4(!'2*(+&4!642!#*4%&'*+F+'%&42!('6')#%&'2C!
"#! ('#6+A#*+,%! 5'! <4&47(#<8#2! 24J('! 6#2! 4J(#2! &'(F+%#5#2! #105#! #! ('*4(5#(! 642! 20*'242! 5'!
*#5#!2'2+,%H!#!4(5'%#(642!1!2+%&'&+A#(!6#!+%<4(F#*+,%!4J&'%+5#C!"42!5#&42!('7+2&(#542!2+()'%!
5'!708#!#6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!1!24%!5'!7(#%!0&+6+5#5!.#(#!6#!')#60#*+,%!*4%&+%0#C!R#FJ+/%!.0'5'%!
2'(! *4%&(#2&#542! *4%! 4&(#2! <0'%&'2! 5'! +%<4(F#*+,%! 4J&'%+5#2! '%! &'2&2! .2+*4F/&(+*42H!
'%&(')+2&#2H!&/*%+*#2!.(41'*&+)#2H!'&*C!!

"#! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! -6J#! @'67#54! NKLLiQ! .('2'%&#! '6! 5+2'>4! 5'! 542! <+*X#2! 5'!
('7+2&(4H! 0%#! .#(#! '6! 2'70+F+'%&4! +%5+)+50#6! 1! 4&(#! .#(#! '6! *4%W0%&4! 5'! .#(&+*+.#%&'2! N)'(!
&#J6#2!%h!KL!1!%h!K[QC!=%!#FJ#2!2'!('*47'(G%!642!5#&42!FG2!5'2&#*#J6'2!5'!6#!4J2'()#*+,%!
5'! *#5#! 2'2+,%C! =2&'! &+.4! 5'! +%2&(0F'%&42! #105#%! #! 4(7#%+A#(! 6#! +%<4(F#*+,%! .#(#! 20!
.42&'(+4(!)#64(#*+,%C!

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
300
!"#$%&'()8

Tabla nº 20. Modelo de ficha de registro individual. (Delgado, 2004)

k$9l-!$o@$Z$@c-"B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!k=9l-B!
!
3-R=E$-"=IB!
!
o$Z="!@=!9Vo9=oRE-9$ÖoB!
!
"=oDc-d=!9VE;VE-"B!!
!
E=;=R$9$Vo=I!@=!"-I!VjE-IB!
!
;-ER$9$;-oR=IB!
!
$oR=EZ=o9$Vo=IB!

%
!
Tabla nº 21. Modelo de ficha de registro grupal. (Delgado, 2004)

k$9l-!DEc;-"B!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!k=9l-B!
!
=I;-9$VB!
R$;V!@=!DEc;VB!
R$;V!@=!I=I$ÖoB!
3-R=E$-"=IB!
9Vo9=oRE-9$Öo!=o!"-!R-E=-B!
oà3=EV!@=!$oR=EZ=o9$Vo=IB!
R$=3;VI!3c=ERVIH!I-j=E!=I;=E-EB!
-oI$=@-@!sc=!D=o=E-!="!DEc;VB!
E=;=R$9$Vo=I!=o!"-!3-o=E-!@=!-9Rc-EB!
E=;=R$9$Vo=I!=o!"-I!VjE-IB!
3$=@VH!@=IVE$=oR-9$ÖoH!-$I"-3$=oRVB!
@=I=VI!;-E-!="!kcRcEVB!
E="-9$Öo!9Vo!VREVI!;-ER$9$;-oR=IB!
-;VtV!sc=!o=9=I$R-!="!DEc;V!V!9-@-!;-ER$9$;-oR=!
9VoI$@=E-E!"-!$3;VER-o9$-!@=!"-!;E$3=E-!I=I$ÖoB!
%
%
Q%>/()4&-%6*7-.10&-%)-./(0.(/&$&-%),%-)/1)<%%

c6F#%!N[MM`Q!5'2#((466#H!'%![M`eH!0%4!5'!642!.(+F'(42!F/&4542!5'!')#60#*+,%!
.#(#! <4(F#&42! +%5+)+50#6'2! '%! #(&'&'(#.+#B! "+)% _*8&,% >)/-#,&*1.?% @--)--8),.% >/#0)$(/)2%
J_>@>LC!I0!F/&454!*4%2+2&'!'%!('#6+A#(!0%#!2'*0'%*+#!5'!*0#&(4!5+J0W42!5+(+7+542!50(#%&'!
0%#!Y%+*#!2'2+,%C!"42!5+J0W42!2'!'6#J4(#%!*4%!6#!&/*%+*#!5'!*464('2!.#2&'6!24J('!0%#!X4W#!

301
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

5'!.#.'6!5'![\!:!Ki!.067#5#2C!"#!2'(+'!2'!*4F.4%'!5'B!JOL%Y/))%$/&U1,:2%JlL%B/&U%8#3)8),.-Omk2%
JpL%A+?.+810%-0/144*)2%J}L%C*):1/%),./)%Y/))%-0/144*)%#%$/&U1,:<!@'2.0/2!6#!.'(24%#!*4F'%&#!*4%!'6!
&'(#.'0&#! 1!'6! 7(0.4! 64! 4*0((+54! '%! '6! .(4*'24! 1! 24J('! 642! 5+J0W42! ('206&#%&'2C! "42! 5#&42!
('*47+542!50(#%&'!'6!'2.#*+4!5'!('<6':+,%!2+()'%!#6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!.#(#!6#!')#60#*+,%!+%+*+#6C!!

V&(4! F/&454! .+4%'(4! <0'! j/&8)/% @/.% "+)/&6?% C3&*(&.1#,% Jj@"CL2! '6#J4(#54!
.4(! O(#F'(! N[M_MQC! "#! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! 207+'('! 0%#! 2'(+'! 5'! &('2! &#('#2! .6G2&+*#2H! 6#! .(+F'(#!
F'5+#%&'! 6#! &/*%+*#! 5'6! 5+J0W4H! 6#! 2+70+'%&'! *4%! 0%#! &/*%+*#! .+*&,(+*#! 1! .#(#! <+%#6+A#(! 0%#!
*4%2&(0**+,%! #! .#(&+(! 5'6! F45'6#54! *4%! #(*+66#C! =6! 4(5'%! .0'5'! )#(+#(! 2'7Y%! 6#2!
*#(#*&'(82&+*#2!5'!6#!.'(24%#!')#60#5#C!!

j'&'%2P1! N[MMeQ! 5'2+7%#! @/.% "+)/&6?% B1&:,#-.10-H! #6! *4%W0%&4! 5'! &#('#2!
#7(0.#5#2!2'7Y%!6#2!'5#5'2!5'!642!.#*+'%&'2C!;#(#!%+>42!'%&('!&('2!1!2'+2!#>42B!JOL%CD6*#/1,:%
8&.)/1&*-2%JlL%Y/))%$/&U1,:%T%6&1,.1,:2%JpL%G*&?2%J}L%B#**+#(-)%6*&?%T%W.#/?%2%JuL%Y&81*?%B/&U1,:<%%

;#(#!%+>42!'%&('!2+'&'!1!5+'A!#>42B!JOL%Y/))%8)$1&%)D6)/18),.&.1#,2%JlL%Y/))%$/&U1,:2%
JpL%W0/144*)%$/&U1,:2%J}L%Y&81*?%610.(/)2%Ju&L%f#/i%U1.+%616)%0*)&,)/2%Ju4LY/))%G*&?%X#$)**1,:2%JoLaQ
"Q>Omr%J0#,%*7610)-%?%0)/&-L2%JkL%b/#(61,:%b&8)C!

;#(#!.('T#546'2*'%&'2H!#546'2*'%&'2!1!#506&42B!JOL%G#*#/-Q%Y#/8-%P*#0i-2JlL%>#-.)/%
>&1,.-2%JpL%Y/))%>10.(/)2%J}L%Y/))%G*&?%W0(*6.(/)2%JuL%aQ"Q>%J0#,%*7610)-%?%0)/&-L2%JoL%W)*H%1,%.+)%U#/*$%
-0/144*)2%Jk&L%@$#*)-0),.%f1,$#U%"/16.?0+Omn2%Jk4L%Y&81*?%/)&*1-.OOm%2%JrL%Y&81*?%&4-./&0.OOO2%JnL%G#*#/)$%
W#01#:/&8OOl2%JOmL%Y/))%B/&U<%

-6! +70#6! S0'! '%!_*8&,%>)/-#,&*1.?%@--)--8),.%>/#0)$(/)H! &(#2! 6#! ('#6+A#*+,%! 5'! 6#2!


*4%2+7%#2!2'!X#*'!0%#!.0'2&#!'%!*4FY%!5'!64!20*'5+54!50(#%&'!&454!'6!.(4*'24C!!

"')+*P!N[M\g#QH!+%<60'%*+#5#!.4(!-%%#!k('05!1!;+#7'&H!#.6+*#!'%!20!&(#J#W4!*4%!
%+>42!=)310i%C8#.1#,&*%&,$%G#:,1.13)%@/.%"+)/&6?%@--)--8),.%J=CG@"@L2!'2&(0*&0(#54!'%!2'+2!
*4%2+7%#2B!JOL%B14(E#%*14/)%&0#86&I&$#%$)%(,&%+1-.#/1&2%JlL%@(.#//)./&.#2%JpL%b&/&4&.)#%0#,%(,%-#*#%
0#*#/2% J}L% >1,.(/&% 0/)&$&% &% 6&/.1/% $)% (,% :&/&4&.#2% JuL% _,% *(:&/% $#,$)% .)% :(-.&/9&% )-.&/2% JoL% _,% *(:&/%
186#/.&,.)%6&/&%.1%?%*&%H&81*1&%J6&/&%)$&$)-%),./)%-)1-%&%#,0)%&I#-L<%%

E0J+%! N[M\iQ! 1! I+6)'(! N[M\gQ! &#FJ+/%! .6#%&'#%! .(0'J#2! 5'! ')#60#*+,%! +%+*+#6H!
*4F.0'2&#2! .4(! *4%2+7%#2! '2&(0*&0(#5#2! .#(#! )#64(#(! 642! #2.'*&42! *47%+&+)42H!
.(+%*+.#6F'%&'!'%!.4J6#*+,%!+%<#%&+6C!

[L_!I'!5+J0W#!+F#7+%#(+#F'%&'!2+70+'%54!642!F4)+F+'%&42!5'6!J(#A4!24J('!'6!'2.#*+4!2+%!24.4(&'C
[L\!R'2&!.(41'*&+)4!5'!6#!*#2#H!'6!G(J46!1!6#!.'(24%#H!Nl402'TR(''T;'(24%QC
[LM!;+%&0(#2!24J('!*,F4!2'!)'!6#!.'(24%#!'%!'6!.#2#54H!'6!.('2'%&'!1!'6!<0&0(4C
[[L!@+J0W4!<+70(#&+)4!5'!6#!<#F+6+#C
[[[!@+J0W4!#J2&(#*&4!5'!6#!<#F+6+#C
[[K!@+J0W4!24J('!0%4!F+2F4!1!642!#F+742C

302
!"#$%&'()8

=%! ('6#*+,%! #! 642! F/&4542! 5'! ')#60#*+,%! .#(#! 7(0.42H! 5'2&#*#! '6! F/&454! 5'!
l#%%#!t#:#!Or+#&P4r2P#!N[M_\QH!S0'H!+%<60'%*+#5#!.4(!'6!&(#J#W4!5'!c6F#%H!5+2'>#!Y&81*?%
@/.% C3&*(&.1#,2% JY@CL! '%! [M`_H! .#(#! *6#(+<+*#(! 642! .(4*'242! 5+%GF+*42! '%! 642! 7(0.42!
<#F+6+#('2C!"42!.#(&+*+.#%&'2!('#6+A#%!0%#!2'(+'!5'!2'+2!5+J0W42B!JOL%B14(E#%*14/)%[JlL%B14(E#%$)%
.(%H&81*1&[%JpL%A)./&.#%&4-./&0.#%$)%.(%H&81*1&[%J}L%B14(E#%&%6&/.1/%$)%:&/&4&.#-[%JuL%B14(E#%0#,E(,.#%&%
6&/.1/%$)%(,%:&/&4&.#[%JoL%B14(E#%*14/)<!R(#2!*4%*60+(!6#2!*4%2+7%#2!.(4.0'2&#2H!'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!
<#*+6+&#!6#!5+2*02+,%!*4%!6#!<#F+6+#!24J('!'6!&(#J#W4!('#6+A#54C!!

V&(42!.(4*'5+F+'%&42!5'!')#60#*+,%!#(&'&'(#./0&+*#!*4%!&'FG&+*#!1!'2&(0*&0(#!
2+F+6#('2! 24%B! Y&81*?% @/.QP&-)$% @--)--8),.% JY@P@L! 5'! E0J+%! 1! 3#7%022'%! N[M_iQU! Y&81*?%
W0(*6.% ")0+,1'()! N[M\gQH! 5'! O'1'2! 54%5'! 2'! +%*4(.4(#%! &/*%+*#2! &(+5+F'%2+4%#6'2H!
.(+%*+.#6F'%&'! #(*+66#H! #22'FJ6#7'2H! *466#7'2! 1! 4JW'&42! '%*4%&(#542U! Y&81*?% @/.% B1&:,#-.10H!
N[M\_Q!5'!"#%57#(&'%U!B1&:,#-.10%B/&U1,:%W)/1)-%JBBWLH!5'!94X'%H!l#FF'(H!1!I+%7'(H!N[M\\QU!
"+)%P/1)H%@/.%"+)/&6?%C3&*(&.1#,%JP@"WCL2!5'!D'(J'(H!N[MMiQC!!

R#FJ+/%! ':+2&'%! 4&(42! .(4*'5+F+'%&42! '2&(0*&0(#542! '%! 2'(+'H! .'(4! *4%!


&'FG&+*#2!5+<'('%&'2B!^#5'24%!N[M\LQ!'F.6'#!'%!.(47(#F#2!5'!#(&'&'(#.+#!*4%!.#('W#2!@/.%
C3&*(&.1#,% P&..)/?% H#/% G#(6*)-U! I.(+%7! N[MMgQH! @/.% "+)/&6?% @--)--8),.% f1.+% A&6)% c10.18-H!
5+(+7+54!#!.4J6#*+4%'2!5'!F0W'('2!*4%!2+7%42!5'!#J024!2':0#6!1!642!F/&4542!5'!;'&'(24%!1!
l#(5+%7!N[MM_QH!5'2&+%#542!#!%+>42!S0'!20<('%!4!X#%!.#2#54!.4(!.(4*'242!5'!5464(!<82+*4H!
5'2*(+&42!'%!20!4J(#!G+1*$/),%1,%$1-./)--`%@%:(1$)%H#/%-0/)),1,:%0+1*$/),~-%&/.<!

Q%=&%C,./)31-.&%

s0#+6! #%5! ;'#)1! N[MMiQ! 1! k'%%'(! N[MM`Q! #.6+*#%! '%&(')+2&#2! %4! '2&(0*&0(#5#2!
*4F4! F/&454! 5'! ')#60#*+,%C! I+6)'(! 0&+6+A#! B/&U% @% W.#/?! N@-IH! [M\\H! [MMgH! KLLKQ! S0'!
*4%2+2&'!'%!0%#!'%&(')+2&#!2'F+2&(0*&0(#5#H!'%!6#!S0'!2'!F0'2&(#%!5+J0W42!.#(#!'2&+F06#(!6#!
*4F0%+*#*+,%!1!*4%2'70+(!('2.0'2&#2!('6#*+4%#5#2!*4%!642!5+J0W42C!I'7Y%!j'&&2!NKLLgQH!'2&#!
F'&4546478#!X#!&'%+54!0%!*4%2+5'(#J6'!+F.#*&4!'%!'6!*#F.4!5'6!#(&'&'(#.+#C!!

-!.'2#(!5'!642!'W'F.642!F42&(#542!X#1!0%#!'2*#2'A!5'!F/&4542!5'!')#60#*+,%!
#(&'&'(#./0&+*42! J#2#542! '%! '%&(')+2&#2! %4(F#6+A#5#2C! =2&'! X'*X4! +%*6+%#! #! 642!
.(4<'2+4%#6'2! #! 0&+6+A#(! *0'2&+4%#(+42! .(4.+42! 5'6! *#F.4! 5'! 6#! .2+*46478#C! k'5'(! 1! k'5'(!
N[MM\Q! #<+(F#%H! #6! ('2.'*&4H! S0'! 0(7'! '6! 5+2'>4! 1! 6#! %4(F#6+A#*+,%! 5'! *0'2&+4%#(+42!
#5#.&#542!#!6#2!%'*'2+5#5'2!5'!642!&(#&#F+'%&42!#(&'&'(#./0&+*42H!*4%)+(&+'%54!'2&'!&'(('%4!
'%!0%!*#F.4!5'!+%)'2&+7#*+,%!.4(!':.64(#(C!

303
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

Q%C*%>#/.&H#*1#-%

=6! 024! 5'! 6#! (')+2+,%! 5'6! .4(&#<46+42! .#(#! 6#! ')#60#*+,%! *4%&+%0#! 1! <+%#6H!
.(4.0'2&4! .4(! 6#! '50*#*+,%! #(&82&+*#! &+'%'! +F.6+*#*+4%'2! Y&+6'2! .#(#! 6#! &'(#.+#! 5'! #(&'H!
N3*o+<<H! [MM\#QC! "42! .(4<'24('2! 5'! '50*#*+,%! #(&82&+*#! 20'6'%! (')+2#(! 6#2! 4J(#2! 5'! 202!
'2&05+#%&'2! #! 64! 6#(74! 5'6! *0(24! '2*46#(! *4F4! F/&454! 5'! ')#60#*+,%C! "#! (')+2+,%! 5'! 642!
.4(&#<46+42H! '%! 6#! &'(#.+#! 5'! #(&'H! &(#'! *4%2+74! 6#! 0%+,%! 5'! 4J(#2! *('#5#2! .4(! '6! *6+'%&'! 1!
.'(F+&'!(#2&('#(!642!*#FJ+42!1!6#!')460*+,%!5'!6#2!4J(#2!'%!*4%W0%&4H!#28!*4F4!6#!&'FG&+*#!
S0'!207+'('%C!!!

3*o+<<!207+(+,!S0'!6#!(')+2+,%!.0'5'!2'(!J'%'<+*+42#H!.4(S0'!.(4.4(*+4%#!0%#!
<02+,%! *4F.('%2+)#! 5'! 6#2! +%&'(.('&#*+4%'2! 5'6! *6+'%&'H! 5'! 20! .(4.+#! 4J(#! 5'! #(&'H! 6#2!
)#64(#*+4%'2H! 1! 6#2! &(#%2*(+.*+4%'2! 5'! 2'2+4%'2C! =6! .4(&#<46+42! .'(F+&'! #6! &'(#.'0&#!
*4F.('%5'(!642!.6#%&'#F+'%&42!5'6!*6+'%&'H!642!.(4J6'F#2!S0'!.('2'%&#H!6#2!')+5'%*+#2!5'!
20! .(47('24H! '&*C! =2&'! F/&454! 2'(8#! F01! #.(4.+#54! .#(#! '6! 024! 5'! &(#&#F+'%&42! #! 6#(74!
.6#A4H!1#!S0'!.'(F+&'!4J2'()#(!6#2!4J(#2!('#6+A#5#2!'%!0%!.'(+454!6#(74!5'!&+'F.4C!

bC)5,;%4&?.,%(;)!&",%/%"%/=(;)2.).="'&"-/1,)"4%.%.4"#Y&%/-")

T")-.-%6/#?)0.13#-!!

=%!'6!*#F.4!5'6!#(&'&'(#.+#H!642!&'2&!.(41'*&+)42!2'!20'6'%!0&+6+A#(!.#(#!('#6+A#(!
')#60#*+4%'2! +%+*+#6'2! *4%! 6#! <+%#6+5#5! 5'! 4J&'%'(! +%<4(F#*+,%! .(')+#! 24J('! '6! 020#(+4C!
Nk'5'(! 1! k'5'(H! [MM\U! E0J+%H! [MMMQC! =%&('! 642! FG2! #.6+*#542! .4(! 642! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2! 2'!
'%*0'%&(#%B! ")-.% $)% *&% Y1:(/&% a(8&,&H! ND445'%407XH! [MK`U! 3#*X4)'(H[MiMQH! ")-.% a">`%
a#(-)Q"/))Q>)/-#,OOp%Nj0*PH![Mi\QH!Y&81*?%B/&U1,:%N-..'6H![Mg[U!^46<<H![MiKQH!j1,).10%Y&81*?%
B/&U1,:2%j1,).10%a#(-)Q"/))Q>)/-#,QB/&U1,:2%Nj0(%2!#%5%O#0<F#%H![M_LQH!>&/),.-]%W)*HQG),.)/)$%
G1/0*)% B/&U1,:% Nj0(%2H! [MMLQH! "+)! >/#-6)0.13)% j1,).10% Y&81*?% B/&U1,:% Nj0(%2H! [MMKQH! B/&UQ&Q
b/#(6% ")-.% Nl#('2H[Me`QH! B/&U% &% X)84)/% #H% &% X1,#/1.?% b/#(6% Nl#FF'(H[Me\QH! j1,).10% W0+##*%

[[g!9#2#T!-(J46T!;'(24%#C

304
!"#$%&'()8

B/&U1,:%N;(40&!1!;X+66+.2H![M_iQH!B/&U%&%G*&--/##8%1!")&0+)/2%B#0.#/2%>#*10)8&,2!(')+2#542!.4(!
O6'.2*X!1!"47+'!'%!20!4J(#!b/#(6%c&*()-%.+/#(:+%G+1*$/),]-%B/&U1,:-%N[M\KQC!!

Q%C-0&*&-%$)%8)$1$&%

c6F#%!%4!66'7#!#!'2&#%5#(+A#(!'6!_>@>!*4F4!0%!2+2&'F#!5'!'2*#6#!5'!F'5+5#2!
*0#%&+&#&+)4H! 2+%! 'FJ#(74! 2+()+,! *4F4! ('<'('%&'! .#(#! '6! 5'2#((4664! .42&'(+4(! 5'! 4&(#2!
.(0'J#2! *4F4% B),.% jU1&.i#U-i&% A&.1,:% X&,(&*2% 54%5'! 6#! #(&'&'(#.'0&#! Or+#&P4r2P#%
'2&#J6'*'!0%#!'2*#6#!%4(F#6+A#5#!5'!F'5+5#2!.#(#!*0#%&+<+*#(!642!5#&42!4J&'%+542!'%!Y&81*?%
@/.%C3&*(&.1#,H!Nk-=Q!1!4J&'%'(!.4(*'%&#W'2!%0F/(+*42!5'!*#5#!8&'FC!

@'! <4(F#! #%G647#! 4*0(('! *4%! 6#! '2*#6#! %4(F#6+A#5#! 5'! F'5+5#2! j/&8)/% @/.%
"+)/&6?%C3&*(&.1#,%W0&*)2!5'2#((466#5#!.4(!-%5'(24%!N[M\gQ!#!.#(&+(!5'6!F/&454!0&+6+A#54!.4(!
O(#F'(!'%!j/&8)/%@/.%"+)/&6?%C3&*(&.1#,%NO-R=QC!BBW%A&.1,:%W?-.)8!'6#J4(#5#!.4(!94X'%H!
N[M\`q[MMiQH! &#FJ+/%! 2'! #.6+*#! '%! *4%W0%&4! *4%! B1&:,#-.10% B/&U1,:% W)/1)-! N@@IQC! Nj'&&2H!
KLLeQC!

=%&('! 4&(42! +%2&(0F'%&42! 2+F+6#('2! 2'! '%*0'%&(#%B!"+)% B)-0/16.13)% @--)--8),.% #H%


>-?0+1&./10%@/.U#/i%N@-;-QH!5'!l#*P+%7!1!k4('F#%!NKLLLQH!'F.6'#54!'%!&(#J#W42!.6G2&+*42!
'2.4%&G%'42C! I'! '2&(0*&0(#! '%! *+%*4! '2*#6#2! F'5+J6'2B! 9464(H! $%&'%2+5#5H! "8%'#2H! ('#2! 1!
R4%4!=F4*+4%#6C!!!

D#%&&!1!R#J4%'!N[MM\Q!0&+6+A#%!"+)%Y#/8&*%C*)8),.-%@/.%"+)/&6?H!Nk=-RIQH!.#(#!
F'5+(! 642! ('206&#542! 4J&'%+542! '%! 6#! .(0'J#! 'F.6'#5#! .4(! "4r'%<'65H! >)/-#,% >10i1,:% &,%
@66*)%Y/#8%&%"/))%N;;-RQC!I'!*4F.4%'!'%!*#&4(*'!'2*#6#2C!

"#! 0&+6+A#*+,%! 5'! '2&42! .(4*'5+F+'%&42! ':+7'! '6! *0F.6+F+'%&4H! .4(! .#(&'! 5'6!
#(&'&'(#.'0&#H!5'!0%#!2'(+'!5'!('2.4%2#J+6+5#5'2!/&+*4T.(4<'2+4%#6'2C!"#!@-#01&015,%>/#H)-1#,&*%
C-6&I#*&%$)%@/.).)/&6)(.&-2!N-R=H!KLLKQ[[iH!*4%&'F.6#!'6!*4F.(4F+24!/&+*4!5'6!#(&'&'(#.'0&#!
'%!'6!#.#(&#54!%YF'(4!&('2!5'6!G5$1:#%x.10#%5'5+*#54!#!642!F/&4542!5'!')#60#*+,%C!

-! .'2#(! 5'! 6#! )#(+'5#5! 5'! 0242! 1! 642! *6#(42! J'%'<+*+42! S0'! #.4(&#%! 6#2!
)#64(#*+4%'2! #6! &(#&#F+'%&4! #(&'&'(#./0&+*4H! 2+%! 'FJ#(74H! X#1! #670%#2! *0'2&+4%'2!
+%*4%*602#2C!!

"#! F02+*4&'(#.'0&#! I#J#&'66#! NKLLgQ! #<+(F#! S0'! %4! ':+2&'%! *(+&'(+42!


*4%2'%20#542!'%!*0#%&4!#B!

[[i!I'!.0'5'%!64*#6+A#(!'%!6#!r'JB!X&&.BqqrrrC#(&'&'(#.+#C4(7C'2q*45+74'&+*4C.5<C

305
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

#Q =%0%*+#542!5'!*(+&'(+42!5'!')#60#*+,%!0%+<+*#542C!

JQ =2&#%5#(+A#*+,%!5'!#2.'*&42!('6')#%&'2!#!2'(!')#60#542!5'!*#5#!.#&46478#C!

*Q $%2&(0F'%&42!5'!')#60#*+,%!FG2!#5'*0#542!.#(#!*#5#!0%#!5'!6#2!.#&46478#2C!!

5Q -0%#(!6#!)'(&+'%&'!#(&82&+*#H!&'(#./0&+*#!1!*+'%&8<+*#!'%!0%!F+2F4!.(4*'24!'2!
0%#!6#J4(!5'!7(#%!*4F.6'W+5#5C!

=2&#2! #<+(F#*+4%'2! .45(8#%! #.6+*#(2'! .'(<'*&#F'%&'! #6! GFJ+&4! 5'6! #(&'&'(#.+#H!


*01#! &(#1'*&4(+#! X+2&,(+*#! 2'! '%*0'%&(#! #Y%! F'%42! 5'2#((466#5#! S0'! 6#! 'F.('%5+5#! .4(! 6#!
F02+*4&'(#.+#C!!

V&(42! #20%&42! .'%5+'%&'2H! 5#5#! 6#! W0)'%&05! 5'6! *#F.4! 5+2*+.6+%#(!


#(&'&'(#./0&+*4H!2'!5'50*'%!5'6!&(#J#W4!5'!+%)'2&+7#*+,%!('#6+A#54!.4(!j'&&2!NKLLeQH!J#2#54!
'%!6#!(')+2+,%!J+J6+47(G<+*#!24J('!642!F/&4542!5'!')#60#*+,%!'%!#(&'&'(#.+#C!"42!('206&#542!
(')'6#%! S0'! 642! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2! &45#)8#! 2'! '%*0'%&(#%! '%! 0%#! <#2'! %#*+'%&'! #! 6#! X4(#! 5'!
'%&'%5'(!6#2!)#64(#*+4%'2!1!5'!&#2#(!642!+%2&(0F'%&42C!=%!'6!'%&4(%4!5'!6#!&'(#.+#!#(&82&+*#!
&45#)8#!%4!2'!X#!.(450*+54!6#!+%)'2&+7#*+,%!20<+*+'%&'!.#(#!5'&'(F+%#(!2+!6#2!)#64(#*+4%'2!1!
642! +%2&(0F'%&42! 5'! ')#60#*+,%! .0'5'%! .(4.4(*+4%#(! J#2&#%&'! +%<4(F#*+,%! 24J('! 642!
*6+'%&'2! 4! F'5+(! '6! .(4*'24! 5'! *#FJ+4! S0'! '6! .#*+'%&'! .0'5#! ':.'(+F'%&#(! 50(#%&'! 6#!
&'(#.+#C! "#! #0&4(#! ('*4F+'%5#! S0'! 642! +%)'2&+7#54('2! *4%&+%Y'%! ':.64(#%54H! &#%&4! 642!
'%<4S0'2!*0#%&+&#&+)42!*4F4!642!5'!8%546'!*0#6+&#&+)#C!!

k'5'(!1!k'5'(!N[MM\Q!#>#5'%!S0'!642!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!0J+*#542H!&#%&4!'%!GFJ+&42!
.2+S0+G&(+*42H! *4F4! '%! '%&4(%42! '50*#&+)42! 20'6'%! &(#J#W#(! 5'%&(4! 5'! 0%! 'S0+.4!
+%&'(5+2*+.6+%#(H! 54%5'! .('54F+%#%! 642! F/&4542! 5'! ')#60#*+,%!)'(J#6'2! #.6+*#542! .4(! 642!
.2+S0+#&(#2H!.2+*,64742!4!'50*#54('2C!I+%!'FJ#(74H!6#!F#14(8#!5'!642!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!20'6'%!
5#(!FG2!+F.4(&#%*+#!#!642!.(4*'242!%4!)'(J#6'2!4*0((+542!50(#%&'!6#2!2'2+4%'2H!.4(!64!S0'!
2'(8#!%'*'2#(+4!+%&(450*+(!F/&4542!5'!')#60#*+,%!.(4.+42!5'6!#(&'&'(#.+#H!S0'!*4%&'F.6'%!
5+*X42! #2.'*&42! 1! *4%2'70+(H! #28H! 0%#! #0&4%4F8#! *4F4! .(4<'2+4%#6'2! +%5'.'%5+'%&'2H! *4%!
)#64(#*+4%'2!S0'!('*4W#%!4&(4!&+.4!5'!5#&42H!.#(#!*4%&'F.6#(H!5'25'!4&(#2!.'(2.'*&+)#2H!642!
.(4J6'F#2!5'6!*6+'%&'!1!'%(+S0'*'(!6#!+%<4(F#*+,%!#.4(&#5#!.4(!'6!('2&4!5'!'2.'*+#6+2&#2C!!

"#! (')+2+,%! 5'! 6#! 6+&'(#&0(#H! '%! #670%#2! 5'! 6#2! .(+F'(#2! X'((#F+'%&#2!
#F.6+#F'%&'! 0&+6+A#5#2H! +%5+*#! S0'! '6! 024! 5'! 6#2! &/*%+*#2! .(41'*&+)#2! 1! 642! +%2&(0F'%&42!
J#2#542!'%!'6!#(&'!24%!*0'2&+4%#J6'2!#!6#!X4(#!5'!5'F42&(#(!20!)#6+5'A!1!<+#J+6+5#5C!

l#7445! NKLLKQ! '%*0'%&(#! S0'! '%! 6#2! +%)'2&+7#*+4%'2H! '%! 6#2! S0'! 2'! X#%!
'F.6'#54! X'((#F+'%&#2! 5'! ')#60#*+,%! #(&'&'(#./0&+*#2! X#%! 2+54! 24J('! .4J6#*+4%'2! F01!
.'S0'>#2C! 30*X42! '2&05+42! *4%*601'%! *4%! ('206&#542! +%#*'.&#J6'2H! ('*4F'%5#%54!

306
!"#$%&'()8

+%)'2&+7#*+4%'2! *4%! 0%#! ':&'%2+,%! 5'! .4J6#*+,%! F#14(C! l#*P+%7! N[MMMQ! #.0%&#! S0'!
#5'FG2H! #670%42! +%)'2&+7#54('2! %4! #5F+&'%! .YJ6+*#F'%&'! 642! <#6642! 5'! 20! &(#J#W4! 1!
*4%&+%Y#%!'%2'>#%54!#!4&(42!'6!024!5'!202!)#64(#*+4%'2H!#!.'2#(!5'!'242!<#6642C!->#5'H!S0'!
'2!5'!20F#!+F.4(&#%*+#!.45'(!*4F.#(&+(!642!5'&#66'2!5'!'2&#2!+%)'2&+7#*+4%'2H!.#(#!.45'(!
F'W4(#(!6#!*#6+5#5!5'!6#2!)#64(#*+4%'2C!!

-670%42! 5'! 642! .(4J6'F#2! ('6#&+)42! #! 642! +%2&(0F'%&42! 5'! )#64(#*+,%! '%!
#(&'&'(#.+#! '2&G%! ('6#*+4%#542! *4%! 6#! <#6&#! 5'! (+74(! *+'%&8<+*4C! 30*X#2! X'((#F+'%&#2! 24%H!
7'%'(#6F'%&'H! 5'<+*+'%&'2! 1! %4! .(4.4(*+4%#%! 5#&42! S0'! #.41'%! 20! )#6+5'A! 1! <+#J+6+5#5H!
#5'FG2!5'!%4!&'%'(!#.414!'%!0%#!&'4(8#!.2+*46,7+*#!*('8J6'C!N3*o+<<H![MM\QC!

D#%&&!1!R#J4%'!N[MM\Q!4.+%#%!S0'!6#2!.(0'J#2!.(41'*&+)#2!%4!*4%&'F.6#%!'6!
*4%&':&4!5'6!.#*+'%&'!1!'6!&'(#.'0&#!.0'5'!+%*6+%#(2'!X#*+#!6#!+%&'(.('&#*+,%!20JW'&+)#C!"42!
'2<0'(A42! .4(! '2&#J6'*'(! )8%*0642! '%&('! 642! '6'F'%&42! )+20#6'2! 1! 6#2! .(0'J#2! 5+#7%,2&+*#2!
.2+S0+G&(+*#2! 2'! 5'J'%! #J#%54%#(! '%! '6! GFJ+&4! #(&'&'(#./0&+*4C! E0J+%! N[M\_Q! &#FJ+/%!
#<+(F#!6#!+F.4(&#%*+#!5'!4J2'()#(!*4%!0%#!F'%&'!#J+'(&#!1!2+%!*#&'74(+A#(!6#!':.'(+'%*+#!5'6!
#(&'&'(#.+#!X#2&#!S0'!642!&'F#2!*'%&(#6'2!'F.+'*'%!#!'F'(7'(C!

O#.6#%! NKLLgQ! #<+(F#! S0'! 6#! (+S0'A#! 5'! +%<4(F#*+,%! 2+F.6'F'%&'! .0'5'! 2'(!
('*47+5#!5+2*0&+'%54!6#!4J(#!*4%!'6!*6+'%&'C!

V&(42!.(4J6'F#2!24%!5'25'!#2.'*&42!FG2!&',(+*42!4!<+642,<+*42B!j0(&!N[MM`Q!X#!
5'<'%5+54! S0'! 642! +%2&(0F'%&42! J#2#542! '%! 6#2! )#64(#*+4%'2! 5+#7%,2&+*#2! *0#%&+&#&+)#2!
5'2.'(24%#6+A#%! 6#! +%<4(F#*+,%! 24J('! '6! .#*+'%&'H! 1#! S0'! %4! 20'6'%! +%*4(.4(#(! 642!
'6'F'%&42! 20JW'&+)42H! *4F4! 642! *4F'%&#(+42! .(4.+42! 5'6! *6+'%&'! 4! 5'! 202! 4J(#2! .6G2&+*4T
)+20#6'2C!!

=%!642!.#82'2!FG2!#)#%A#542!*4F4!==cc!'!$%76#&'((#H!6#!')#60#*+,%!'2!0%4!
5'! 642! &'F#2! 5'! 5+2*02+,%! FG2! +F.4(&#%&'2! 1! *4%&(4)'(&+542C! =%! ==ccH! 2'! '%*0'%&(#%!
.42&0(#2! 5+)'(7'%&'2! 24J('! 6#! 7(#%!)#(+'5#5! 5'! F/&4542! 0&+6+A#542! .4(! 642! #(&'&'(#.'0&#2H!
'%&('!642!S0'!2'!'%*0'%&(#%!642!5'!5+#7%42+2!#!&(#)/2!5'6!5+J0W4C!Nl4(4)+&AH!-7'66H!D#%&&H!
d4%'2!1!^#5'24%H!KLL[QC!

;#(#!642!J(+&G%+*42!'6!.(4*'24!#(&'&'(#./0&+*4!'2!'6!*'%&(4!5'!6#!')#60#*+,%C!=%!
*4%&(#.42+*+,%!*4%!642!#F'(+*#%42H!642!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!+%76'2'2H!7'%'(#6F'%&'H!%4!'2&G%!5'!
#*0'(54! *4%! '%! '6! 024! 5'! 4J(#! .6G2&+*#! .#(#! '6! 5+#7%,2&+*4! 1! 2'! 24(.('%5'%! 5'6! 024! &#%!
*4FY%! '%! 642! ==cc! Nl#7445H! [MMLQH! Nj0(6'+7X! v! j'0&6'(H! [MM_QC! 94%2'*0'%&'F'%&'! '6!
024!5'!6#2!.(0'J#2!5+#7%,2&+*#2!%4!'2&G!F01!':&'%5+54!'%&('!642!#(&'&'(#.'0&#2!+%76'2'2C!

307
9')#3(,-5()"3%-%-3"#:&%.,(

=6!'F.6'4!5'!6#2!%0')#2!&'*%46478#2!1!6#!#.6+*#*+,%!5'!&/*%+*#2!5'!F'&#T#%G6+2+2!
2'!207+'('%!*4F4!)8#2!.42+J6'2H!.#(#!F'W4(#(!6#2!.(0'J#2!@/.QP&-)$!1!642!&'2&2!.(41'*&+)42C!
Nj'&&2H!KLLeQC!V&(#2!#6&'(%#&+)#2!.(4.0'2&#2!.4(!o'#6'!1!E42#6!N[MMgQ!2'(8#%B!!

T=6!024!5'!*(+&'(+42!4JW'&+)42!.#(#!#%4&#(!6#2!)#(+#J6'2C!!!

T=6!'2&#J6'*+F+'%&4!5'!<+#J+6+5#5!5'6!+%&'((#&'(C!!!

T"#!*46'**+,%!5'!5#&42!5'!0%!%YF'(4!#F.6+4!5'!#20%&42C!!

T"#! 50.6+*#*+,%! 5'! *46'**+,%! 5'! 642! 5#&42! 1! .(4*'5+F+'%&42! 5'! #%G6+2+2H!
#.(4.+#542! .#(#! '2&#J6'*'(! 6#! '<'*&+)+5#5! 1! <+#J+6+5#5! 5'! 642! 5+J0W42!
.(41'*&+)42C!

308

You might also like