IMPACT OF NOTICEBOARD READERSHIP CULTURE IN CREATING AWARENESS AMONG STUDENTS OF

IBARAPA POLY ERUWA AND POLYTECHNIC OF IBADAN

CHAPTER ONE ( INTRODUCTION )

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

INTRODUCTION

The Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has changed the reading habits of
individuals. These new devices of technology have become time killing machines and eliminate
reading habits. ICTs, particularly online technological tools, have become part of a traditional reading
culture (Olszak, 2015). Loan (2009) considered the new technology like TV, radio, cell phones,
computer, and the internet have reduced the time for reading. However, Olszak (2005) saw the
integration of ICTs, particularly online technological tools, in traditional reading culture as a
sign of progress in different areas of education. Moreover, it is necessary to use ICTs in schools
for the enhancement and development of reading. Cell phones are vital tools for accessing social
networking sites (Hussain, Loan, & Yaseen, (2017

The spate of technology and it's elaboration, and creativity had brought to rapod growth of Nigerian
Students I t has many options and facilities on the same channel for the user, such as texting, images
sharing, audio, and video sharing, fast publishing, linking with all over the world and with other social
media applications. The people use different social networking sites and are a member of these sites
considered it trend and style of today. The young adults particularly students have embraced the
social media very fast. The social media have positive as well as negative effects on the reading habits
of students. Reading has been a great source of information and knowledge at all the times and in
all ages. Reading is one of the oldest cultures for human progress in society. The ability to read and
write is highly valued and essential for social, cultural and economic advancement. The regular
and systematic reading develops the cognitive ability and improves communication skills. Reading
habit is the most fundamental skill that is necessary for the success not only for academic purpose
but for all walks of life. Reading is the mental process of securing and reacting to an author's message
represented by written or printed symbols. To read one must recognize words, know the meaning of
words, understand the ideas expressed by authors, since the mood and tone of selection, evaluate the
accuracy of the ideas and learned use or apply them (Pawar, 2007). Reading helps to grasp the
primary and essential details what author try to convey and persuade them. Reading is not limited to
the activity of reading as it is the process of learning and perceiving knowledge from written
words.

Reading develops the cognitive abilities. The cognitive means the intellectual powers of
understanding. "Reading involves meta cognition. Meta cognition is a higher order of cognition,
where an individual can use the constructed knowledge in mind to evaluate and categorize the
new information because information enters the mind in random order" (Govindsamy, 2006). When
we read, cognitive skills are used to understand, interpret and evaluate the information from
written words for productive use. Cognitive abilities develop an interest in the individual and force
the individual to know about unknown things. "Reading habit is behavior which makes an
individual to read a book for knowledge or entertainment or just to pass the time" (Sherly, 2011)
and it is an essential element for the development of personality and intellectual capacities of people.
In addition to personal and mental developments, reading is access to social, economic and civic
lifestyles (Bano, 2011). Reading habit is an active ability based on the constructing meaning and
gaining information from written text. Reading habit enhances the competencies of comprehension
and increases vocabulary. Reading habit increases intellectual skills helps in producing ideas and
evokes them to think. Regular reading enhances creativity as it develops the imagination,
increases our interest and provides information from all around the world.

However, this has turned out to have a multiply effect as most university graduates are ill-equipped
and half baked. Secondary school learners cannot take minutes at meetings while primary school
leaving certificate is no more accorded recognition. The performance of students nowadays is
attributed to their poor background in the reading culture which is a carryover from their primary
school through the secondary and up to the University level.

To read is to get ideas from print or written materials. Reading is a way of acquiring knowledge.
Oyeyemi (2005) observed that reading is a means of tapping knowledge from superior minds.
Reading is a term used to refer to an interaction by which meaning encoded in visual stimuli by an
author makes meaning in the mind of the reader. It involves the recognition of printed or written
symbols which serve as stimuli for the recall or meaning through the intellectual manipulation of
concepts already possessed by the reader. The resulting meanings are thereafter organized into
thought process according to the purpose adopted by the reader, such an organization leads to
modified thought and/or behaviour, or else leads to a new behaviour which takes its place either in
personal or in social development. From another perspective, reading is defined as the vocalization
of words in a given passage and the process of giving meaning to materials.

This definition refers to reading aloud which beginners do quite often and enables teachers to detect
and to correct errors spontaneously. Although, reading can be done aloud but vocalization in the
course of silent reading slows down reading pace. For reading to be effective, it should be done with
a good speed. Reading speed is expressed in the number of character or words read per minute.

Johnson (1999) observed that there are two types of reading namely, reading aloud and silent
reading. Reading aloud involves audible vocalization of what is being read and is good for young
learners because it exposes error for timely corrective measure. Reading aloud is used for speech
delivery in public gatherings, and is also the format for dictation and oral comprehensive tests. In
silent reading, the reader reads in the inside of him. In other words, he does not vocalize what he
reads. Wide reading imposes reading silently and this is necessary for developing the reading habit,
effective reading and for a profound understanding of literate and technical tests. The ability to read
is essential to being able to learn any subject taught in school. In our high-tech society, proficiency in
reading is a must to compete favourably in today’s job market.

Akinbola (2007) observed that the importance of reading cannot be denied. According to him while
quoting the submission of the Nigeria University Commission, reading culture is a sustained regime of
reading textual and non-textual materials for the purpose of broadening the horizon of knowledge
within and outside one’s disciplinary interest. Reading is essential to literacy and it is an
emancipatory tool that liberates one from ignorance, disease and poverty as well as providing one
with the liberty for all round development. For effective and efficient living and learning Onuhaogo
(2000) maintained that one should be able to read. Reading according to him is the foundation of
literacy. It is therefore evident through the above submission that for literacy to be functional,
durable and development oriented, reading skill is essential.
Also, as the event of the world is ever-changing, reading apart from stimulating one’s cognitive
ability, broadening one’s understating by exposing the time expands the readers knowledge to be
able to cope with new challenges in life.

According to Ike (1999) the successes brought about by these campaigns on the reading habit of
Nigerians are minimal. A conducive environment that can foster the inculcating of the habit of
reading books among Nigerians, is non-existent, he continued. In his arguments, he stressed that a
book reading culture cannot be established among illiterates. He further advised that Nigerians
should be made literate in one or more Nigerian language and/or English/other foreign languages.
Bankole (1999) believes that if children have the kind of childhood exposure, they were exposed to in
other areas, to books and reading, the conviction that reading is a habit will be impressed on their
mind. According to him, this impression once established does not die easily. The reading habit is
learnt, nurtured and cemented in the school environment. A good school should form the habit of
providing the pupils with things to read whether they are books, inscription or toys. According to
Johnson (1999), the level of readership is to a large extent, an index to a country’s level of
development.

She defined readership as the number of citizens who do effective reading in relation to the
population of a particular country. Based on Johnson’s definition, one can infer that Nigeria has a
poor readership culture because, the number of those who are not actively reading, far out-weights
that of those who are actively reading. Johnson (1999) further stated that the inability to read by a
large proportion of the population of a country points to under-development since reading, writing
and arithmetic constitute the foundation of elementary education.
According to Nzeako (1982), the ability to read is a skill that a person can develop or acquire. This skill
has become more necessary now than before because, in order to live well and succeed in our
modern and complex world, which has become a reading world, one requires an effective reading
skill. Nzeako (1982) maintained that the average Nigerian was neither taught neither how to read
well nor how to acquire the skill for reading proficiently.
Consequently, his reading is full of such faults that emanate from: Moving of the lips and or vocalizing
what he reads Reading all material at the same rate Being frequently stopped by an unfamiliar word.
Reading each word one by one which is a sign of short word-span and Back-tracking and re-reading
words and/or lines.

All these are practices that both slow down one’s reading speed and hinder comprehension.
Holte, (1998) indicated that, over 180 researcher studies to date have proven that phonics is the best
way to teach reading to all students. It has also been shown that phonics is the only way to teach
reading to all youths with learning difficulties such as dyslexia (difficulty in learning to read due to
oneor more information processing problems such as visual perceptual or auditory perceptual
deficits).
Reading like writing is simply “talking on paper”. Children learn to talk by imitating sounds and then
combining the sounds to form words. Also, the human brain is programmed, and made to learn the
same way they learn to talk. Whilst there are about one million words in English, there are only 44
sounds. It is easier to memorize 44 sounds than to memorize hundreds of thousand of words (whole-
word approach). Learning to read using the wholeword approach is not the best way to learn because
it teaches through memorization of word pictures and guessing. Countries that use the phonetic
language, like in the English Language should employ phonic (the study of the sounds of speech) in
teaching how to read. For children, phonic is a very vital tool in teaching to read because it teaches
children to read the same way they learnt to talk.
According to Yilmaz (2000), people who do not learn to read through an intensive phonic programme
often have one or more of the following

symptoms:

Below grade level reading achievement

Slow reading

Poor comprehension
Fatigue after reading only for a short while
Poor spelling skills

Lack of enjoyment from reading According to Ilegogie (2005), reading helps in the development of
one’s communications skills and intellect. Development through reading is more

progress engendering, lasting, effective and beneficent to mankind when held in the reading culture.
To Holte (1998), the importance of reading is essential to full participation in modern society because
it adds value to life and provides access to culture and cultural heritage. Reading empowers, and
emancipates citizens, and brings people together. It can be thought as a factor, which has important
role to play in fulfilling the multicultural structure of our country.

Iheanacho (2007) opined that a healthy reading culture has a pivotal role to play in the social,
economic and technological development of any country.
Reading is a very essential commodity in the task of nation building. It is a main political weapon in
the development of any nation. Development countries of the world were able to attain that height
because, at a point in their history, they were able to give themselves too much reading and
research. Countries like Japan, America, and Britain etc. took to reading and research to achieve
technological breakthroughs. Most developing countries do not have a healthy reading culture hence
they lack substantial information that could be utilized for national development. If these countries
can reorientate their citizens to have a change of attitude towards reading as well as research we can
be rest assured that it is just a matter of time before the dividends of an informed people will began
to manifest in such countries.

Teachers have a significant impact on the development of a society. They shape the society by
working with children. In this way, a future with a high level of welfare could be constituted. To be
able to become an effective and qualified teacher, they are supposed to improve themselves in their
undergraduate years and professional years, qualitatively. According to Gültekin (2002), teachers
have an important role in education system and it is important that a qualified teacher training and
education could be provided eligible teacher education programs. With the help of these education
programs, teachers with competencies could be trianed and the quality of the education could be
enhanced. It is necessary to place importance to teacher competencies if a qualified education is
required in a class.

Teacher competencies, including knowledge, skills, and attitudes which teachers possess, are
categorized into three different sections (MEB, 2006). These sections are professional teaching
knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and general knowledge (Lunenberg, 2002; Sünbül,
2001). One of the subfields of professional teaching knowledge is learning and teaching process
competency including planning lesson, preparing environment and activities, diversification of
teaching, time management, behavior management, and material development (Yavuz Konokman &
Yanpar Yelken, 2013). These competencies are required to create an environment in which effective
learning and teaching can be maintained. Among these competencies, material development are
used to create materials which improve the quality of learning and teach children, permanently.

In teacher training programs, teacher candidates take courses related to material development. One
of these courses is “Instructional Technology and Material Development” and teacher candidates find
an opportunity to learn the importance of materials in education, and how to create materials for
teaching and learning, and to develop their own materials. Herewith, they experience material
development process, they can use this experience when it is needed in their professional teaching
life. To be able to develop effective materials, teacher candidates are supposed to know the functions
of them in teaching, preparation principles, types, advantages, and limitations of them (Gündüz &
Odabaşı, 2004). Well-qualified materials can be used for different purposes as attention getting, giving
the knowledge, giving feedback, providing participation (Akkoyunlu, 2002), motivating students,
facilitating learning and teaching (Şahin & Yıldırım, 1999), creating a pleasant and significant learning
environment (Demirel, 2002), and materialising the abstract terms, concepts, and subjects (Karataş &
Yapıcı, 2006). It is important that teacher candidates know some points to consider when developing
the materials. These points are being simple and understandable, fitting for purposes, choosing
appropriate visuals, being age-appropriate, reflecting real life, being accessible to each students and
durable for several usages (Yanpar-Şahin & Yıldırım, 1999). With the help of materials, individuality in
the classroom are taken into consideration. Because appropriate and qualified materials appeal to all
students with different learning styles such as visual, auditory, and (Karataş & Yapıcı, 2006).

Using materials in education is very critical and important in early childhood education. The reason is
that children do not have capacity to understand and learn abstract subjects, terms, and concepts, in
this period, developmentally. Preschool teacher candidates are supposed to know developmental
chracteristics of children and regulate teaching and learning processes in terms of these
characteristics. For providing an effective preschool education, the physical environment of classroom
matters for all people who are related to the education in that class. In preschool period, children
have a desire to learn, a curiosity to everything, and an interest in new around them. If children are
answered phsically and psychologically, their development and learning proceed, positively. In child
life, developing age-appropriate behaviors depend on responsiveness of stimulus to children’s
requirements. A preschool class with properly prepared environment and qualified materials is for
children’s healthy, reliable, and whole development (Çelik & Kök, 2007). In preschool period, learning
by doing is a very significant way for children since they learn easier if they do hear, see, touch, smell,
hold, and feel. In other words, it can be said that the best learning way is experience. According to
Montessori, an environment, providing concrete experience to children and including well-desinged
materials, ensures an effective learning (Berk, 2006). In Turkish preschool classrooms, teachers are
supposed to prosper their educational experiences with the help of using different environments,
activities, and materials (MEB, 2013). In this context, preschool teacher candidates should learn how
to design classroom and develop materials in order to provide a rich learning opportunities and give
chances to children for choosing which materials they want (Kostelnik, Soderman, & Whiren, 2004)

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The notice board is a place where people can read about different announcements such as test results,
attendance, seminars or they can share some information regarding any study anomaly.

Following problems are encountered due to wooden notice boards in given vicinity. Adeyanju et al,
(2017)

Multiple people struggle and cluster a single wooden notice board for information just released e.g.
Exam results.
People mutilate, remove or destroy paper notices from the notice board leaving other people to be
uninformed. Hence Dennies, (2013) Affirms that "Some people don't have the sufficient time to stand
and read from notice board. "

There is unregulated display of information, difficulty in storage and no efficient reference to the past
relevant information being posted.

This research is mainly focused on information dissemination within the key locations of a Polytechnic ,
so as to create out official and academic operations within a paperless community

The use of social media is extensively increasing worldwide, and the same phenomenon exist in
Nigerian tertiary institutions . Polytechnic students are the dominant segment of the population of
social media users. The use of technology is affecting the students reading habits, and they spend
much time chatting with friends instead of reading (Shehu & Shehu, 2014). The primary purpose of
this study is to expand the previous research and to explore the effects of social media on the reading
habits

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of noticeboard readership culture in
creating awareness among students of Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa & Ibadan Polytechnic.
However, Specific Objectives are to ;

1. Investigate the effect of Noticeboard readership culture in creating awareness among

students of Ibarapa Polytechnic and Polytechnic of Ibadan ,

2. Know the perception of Students towards Noticeboard readership culture among the
students,

3. identify the other media to create awareness on reading Culture among the students of
Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The Followings are the Research questions of the study

1. What are the effect of Noticeboard readership culture in creating awareness among
students of Ibarapa Polytechnic and Polytechnic of Ibadan ?
2. How do students perceived Noticeboard readership patterns in sensitizing them on their
Culture ?

3. What are other media to create awareness on reading Culture among the students of
Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The Followings are the null and positive hypotheses of the study

H01 : There are no effect of Noticeboard readership culture in creating awareness among
students of Ibarapa Polytechnic and Polytechnic of Ibadan

H1 : There are no effect of Noticeboard readership culture in creating awareness among

students of Ibarapa Polytechnic and Polytechnic of Ibadan

H02 : students find it difficult to perceived Noticeboard readership patterns in sensitizing

them on their Culture

H2 : students does not find it difficult to perceived Noticeboard readership patterns in

sensitizing them on their Culture

H03. There are no other media to create awareness on reading Culture among the students of
Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan

H3 : There are other media to create awareness on reading Culture among the students of
Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study when fully completed would be useful to Teachers, Students and any academic
inclined personalities. Therefore, this study would be immense benefits in promoting the
readership pattern of the Students entirely.

This study when done, would be of great benefit to promote our Cultural heritage and advance
with technological advancements in Nigerian tertiary institutions.

Future Researcher would be of great benefit on this findings if found useful.

To the researchers, this work will serve as an effort in fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Higher National Diploma HND in mass communication studies and at the same time
increase the knowledge of the researcher in the study

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study revolves on the impact of noticeboard readership Culture in creating awareness
among students of Ibarapa polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan

However, since a Nigerian tertiary institutions Students cannot be examined, Therefore, the
researcher limits it's scope of study to Students in Ibarapa polytechnic and Polytechnic of
Ibadan

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

The followings key variables will be defined operationally;

Noticeboard : This consist of both Digital and paper work that showcase Students of Ibarapa
polytechnic and Polytechnic of Ibadan bio data , class informations, School management
Information, Departmental informations etc.

Reading : This is when the Students ( IBARAPA POLYTECHNIC AND IBADAN POLYTECHNIC ) Read
meanings to information by study sounds and formation

Student : This is a prospective person studying in Ibarapa polytechnic and Ibadan polytechnic

Impact : this is the effect that noticeboard had brought to the reading pattern of the students in
Ibarapa Polytechnic and Polytechnic of Ibadan respectively

Media : this is the means of conveying information to the students of Ibarapa Polytechnic and
Ibadan polytechnic .

Awareness : this is bringing it a notice the impact of Noticeboard on the reading culture of the
students
Culture : pattern and way of life in which students or Ibarapa polytechnic and Ibadan
polytechnic engage in

Ibarapa Polytechnic : this is the respondents that the resercher wants to conduct findings on

Ibadan polytechnic : this is the tertiary institutions Students that the resercher wants to
emabark her findings on

CHAPTER TWO ( LITERATURE REVIEW )

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The ability to read and write is highly valued and essential for social, cultural and economic
advancement. The regular and systematic reading develops the cognitive ability and improves
communication skills. Reading habit is the most fundamental skill that is necessary for the success not
only for academic purpose but for all walks of life. Reading is the mental process of securing and
reacting to an author's message represented by written or printed symbols. To read one must recognize
words, know the meaning of words, understand the ideas expressed by authors, since the mood and
tone of selection, evaluate the accuracy of the ideas and learned use or apply them (Pawar, 2007).
Reading helps to grasp the primary and essential details what author try to convey and persuade them.
Reading is not limited to the activity of reading as it is the process of learning and perceiving
knowledge from written words. ( Badmus et al, 2014).

However, this section focuses on the conceptual studies, Theoretical framework and related
empirical evidence of the study.

2.2.1. NOTICEBOARD: MEANING AND OVERVIEW

Communication is by far one of the most distinctive traits of the human species (Adler &
Rodman, n2006; Fiske, 2011; Richmond & McCroskey, 1995). The ability to pass varying
information along from one person to the next sets us apart in the animal kingdom using both
verbal and nonverbal means (Hub Pages, 2015; Johnson, 2015). Without our ability to
communicate, life would be far much harder than it is right now (Fluency Translation, 2014).
Communication however needs to be achieved efficiently and effectively.
Communication forms the backbone of every institution of learning, with the entirety of the
learning process being hinged on its effectiveness (Escudar & Esteller, 2009; Kowalski, 2007).
Lectures, textbooks, the Internet, electronic media and notices are the main source of learning
and acquiring information in these institutions (Escudar & Esteller, 2009; Spielgaben, 2013).
Outside .of the communication that happens during formal education, there are a lot of
messages that are passed along, supporting the whole process. Most of these messages are
passed along either.verbally through one on one interactions, electronically through emails and
website postings or most importantly on noticeboards and bulletin boards (Biczysko, 2013).
The noticeboard is an important part of formal education, helping educate children iprimary
and .secondary schools and to inform people in colleges and universities (Early Learning Future,
2015).

For the children, teachers have used bulletin boards to post science projects, display creativity
through posting artwork and poetry as well as posting inspiration for the children to look up to
(EducationWorld, 2006; Ramani, 2011). In the colleges and universities varying information
about campus activities are posted, ranging from career opportunities to tuition programs and
importance health and safety notices (Ashburton, 2016; Dawson , 2016).

With the arrival of smartphones, the conversations on campus have moved from emails and
noticeboards to social media (Brown, 2015; Kim, 2015; Pitsburg State University, 2013). People
share important information through social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and
WhatsApp, forming groups within which relevant information can be shared. According to
Carahar (2010), students have been observed to use social media to connect with classmates,
work on assignments and in some instances connect with their faculty. The rise of social media
puts the traditional noticeboard in danger of going extinct, with most things moving online and
very few people taking time to go through information that is placed on these boards.
Despite the shift to more digital and paperless means of passing messages and notifications
along, it is important to note that the noticeboard is still an integral part of campus
communication (Bernard, 2015; Ramani, 2011). In the case of Strathmore University, despite
the slow update times, location and space issues, noticeboards still play an important role in
communication due to their visual nature. Evolving the noticeboard through context aware
services, smartphones and their applications is one of the ways to make the board more
relevant and up to date. The discussion of how and when information is delivered to people in
different contexts is becoming more and more important with information overload being seen
as a growing problem (Horrigan, 2016; Ross, 2014; Zanarini, 2017). People are being
bombarded with information on

their various smart devices through multiple sources such as email, text messages, phone calls,
social media sites, adverts, videos and many more (Horrigan, 2016). We are exposed to
information worth 175 newspapers on a daily basis, making it harder and harder to focus on
what is important to us. This inability to sift through what is important on the Internet an what
is not is posing a major challenge.
With more powerful and more capable smartphones coming out every year, the shift to
ubiquitous computing is becoming more and more a reality (Krumm, 2009; Rouse, 2016).
Without context awareness, smartphones are pretty much blind and deaf, not knowing where
they are and the things that are happening around them (Chen, 2004; Schillit, 1994). This lack
of context renders it useless in providing helpful information to its user, in environments where
context aware services are running or required.

2 .2.2 NATURE OF NOTICEBOARD

bulletin board (pinboard, pin board, noticeboard, or notice board in British English) is a surface
intended for the posting of public messages, for example, to advertise items wanted or for sale,
announce events, or provide information. Bulletin boards are often made of a material such as
cork to facilitate addition and removal of messages, as well as a writing surface such as
blackboard or whiteboard. A bulletin board which combines a pinboard (corkboard) and writing
surface is known as a combination bulletin board. Bulletin boards can also be entirely in the
digital domain and placed on computer networks so people can leave and erase messages for
other people to read and see, as in a bulletin board system. (William, Omotara ,2015)

Biobaku et al, (2016 ) says Bulletin boards are particularly prevalent at universities. They are
used by many sports groups and extracurricular groups and anything from local shops to official
notices. Dormitory corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies, and freestanding kiosks often
have cork boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At some universities, lampposts,
bollards, trees, and walls often become impromptu posting sites in areas where official boards
are sparse in number.( Timilehin & Balogun 2019)

Internet forums are a replacement for traditional bulletin boards. Online bulletin boards are
sometimes referred to as message boards. The terms bulletin board, message board and even
Internet forum are interchangeable, although often one bulletin board or message board can
contain a number of Internet forums or discussion groups. An online board can serve the same
purpose as a physical bulletin board.

Magnet boards, or magnetic bulletin boards, are a popular substitute for cork boards because
they lack the problem of board deterioration from the insertion and removal of pins over time.
2.2.3 CONCEPT OF READING CULTURE

Akinbola (2007) observed that the importance of reading cannot be denied. According to him
while quoting the submission of the Nigeria University Commission, reading culture is a
sustained regime of reading textual and non-textual materials for the purpose of broadening
the horizon of knowledge within and outside one’s disciplinary interest. Reading is essential to
literacy and it is an emancipatory tool that liberates one from ignorance, disease and poverty as
well as providing one with the liberty for all round development. For effective and efficient
living and learning Onuhaogo (2000) maintained that one should be able to read. Reading
according to him is the foundation of literacy. It is therefore evident through the above
submission that for literacy to be functional, durable and development oriented, reading skill is
essential.
Also, as the event of the world is ever-changing, reading apart from stimulating one’s cognitive
ability, broadening one’s understating by exposing the time expands the readers knowledge to
be able to cope with new challenges in life.

According to Ike (1999) the successes brought about by these campaigns on the reading habit
of Nigerians are minimal. A conducive environment that can foster the inculcating of the habit
of reading books among Nigerians, is non-existent, he continued. In his arguments, he stressed
that a book reading culture cannot be established among illiterates. He further advised that
Nigerians should be made literate in one or more Nigerian language and/or English/other
foreign languages.
Bankole (1999) believes that if children have the kind of childhood exposure, they were
exposed to in other areas, to books and reading, the conviction that reading is a habit will be
impressed on their mind. According to him, this impression once established does not die
easily. The reading habit is learnt, nurtured and cemented in the school environment. A good
school should form the habit of providing the pupils with things to read whether they are
books, inscription or toys. According to Johnson (1999), the level of readership is to a large
extent, an index to a country’s level of development.

She defined readership as the number of citizens who do effective reading in relation to the
population of a particular country. Based on Johnson’s definition, one can infer that Nigeria has
a poor readership culture because, the number of those who are not actively reading, far out-
weights that of those who are actively reading. Johnson (1999) further stated that the inability
to read by a large proportion of the population of a country points to under-development since
reading, writing and arithmetic constitute the mfoundation of elementary education.
According to Nzeako (1982), the ability to read is a skill that a person can develop or acquire.
This skill has become more necessary now than before because, in order to live well and
succeed in our modern and complex world, which has become a reading world, one requires an
effective reading skill.

Nzeako (1982) maintained that the average Nigerian was neither taught neither how to read
well nor how to acquire the skill for reading proficiently.
Consequently, his reading is full of such faults that emanate from:
• Moving of the lips and or vocalizing what he reads
• Reading all material at the same rate
• Being frequently stopped by an unfamiliar word. Reading each word one by one which is a
sign of short word-span and

Back-tracking and re-reading words and/or lines.

Iheanacho (2007) opined that a healthy reading culture has a pivotal role to play in the social,
economic and technological development of any country.

Holte, (1998) indicated that, over 180 researcher studies to date have proven that phonics is
the best way to teach reading to all students. It has also been shown that phonics is the only
way to teach reading to all youths with learning difficulties such as dyslexia (difficulty in
learning to read due to one or more information processing problems such as visual perceptual
or auditory perceptual deficits).
Reading like writing is simply “talking on paper”. Children learn to talk by imitating sounds and
then combining the sounds to form words. Also, the human brain is programmed, and made to
learn the same way they learn to talk. .Whilst there are about one million words in English,
there are only 44

sounds. It is easier to memorize 44 sounds than to memorize hundreds of thousand of words

(whole-word approach). Learning to read using the wholeword approach is not the best way to
learn because it teaches through memorization of word pictures and guessing. Countries that
use the phonetic language, like in the English Language should employ phonic (the study of the
sounds of speech) in teaching how to read. For children, phonic is a very vital tool in teaching
to read because it teaches children to read the same way they learnt to talk.
2.2.4 MEANING OF READING

Reading is a very essential commodity in the task of nation building. It is a main political
weapon in the development of any nation. Development countries of the world were able to
attain that height because, at a point in their history, they were able to give themselves too
much reading and research. Countries like Japan, America, and Britain etc. took to reading and
research to achieve technological breakthroughs. Most developing countries do not have a
healthy reading culture hence they lack substantial information that could be utilized for
national development. If these countries can reorientate their citizens to have a change of
attitude towards reading as well as research we can be rest assured that it is just a matter of
time before the dividends of an informed people will began to manifest in such countries.
( Tejumade et al, 2001)

Bambo ,( 2001 ) asserts that reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters,
symbols, etc., especially by sight or touch. ( For educators and researchers, reading is a
multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling),
alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and
motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol and an emoji), are
not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols
to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (as in the case of Braille).

2.2.5 SPOKEN LANGUAGE : THE FOUNDATION OF LEARNING

Spoken language is the foundation of learning to read (long before children see any letters) and
children's knowledge of the phonological structure of language is a good predictor of early
reading ability. Spoken language is dominant for most of childhood, however , reading
ultimately catches up and surpasses speech. ( Mark, 2017)

By their first birthday most children have learned all the sounds in their spoken language.
However, it takes longer for them to learn the phonological form of words and to begin
developing a spoken vocabulary. ( Kamil, 2011)

Student acquire a spoken language in a few years. Five-to-six-year-old English learners have
vocabularies of 2,500 to 5,000 words, and add 5,000 words per year for the first several years of
schooling. This exponential learning rate cannot be accounted for by the instruction they
receive. Instead, children learn that the meaning of a new word can be inferred because it
occurs in the same context as familiar words (e.g., lion is often seen with cowardly and king).
As British linguist John Rupert Firth says, "You shall know a word by the company it keeps". The
environment in which children live may also impact their ability to acquire reading skills.
Children who are regularly exposed to chronic environmental noise pollution, such as highway
traffic noise, have been known to show decreased ability to discriminate between phonemes
(oral language sounds) as well as lower reading scores on standardized tests. ( Raju 1999)

2 .2.6 HISTORY OF LEARNING

The history of reading dates back to the invention of writing during the 4th millennium BC.
Although reading print text is now an important way for the general population to access
information, this has not always been the case. With some exceptions, only a small percentage
of the population in many countries was considered literate before the Industrial Revolution.
Some of the pre-modern societies with generally high literacy rates included classical Athens
and the Islamic Caliphate. ( Andrew, 2011)

Scholars assume that reading aloud (Latin clare legere) was the more common practice in
antiquity, and that reading silently (legere tacite or legere sibi) was unusual.[391] In his
Confessions, Saint Augustine remarks on Saint Ambrose's unusual habit of reading silently in
the 4th century AD. ( Mary , 2008)

During the Age of Enlightenment, elite individuals promoted passive reading, rather than
creative interpretation. Reading has no concrete laws, but lets readers escape to produce their
own products introspectively, promoting deep exploration of texts during interpretation. Some
thinkers of that era believed that construction, or the creation of writing and producing a
product, was a sign of initiative and active participation in society—and viewed consumption
(reading) as simply taking in what constructors made.[393] Also during this era, writing was
considered superior to reading in society. They considered readers of that time passive citizens,
because they did not produce a product. Michel de Certeau argued that the elites of the Age of
Enlightenment were responsible for this general belief. Michel de Certeau believed that reading
required venturing into an author's land, but taking away what the reader wanted specifically.
This view held that writing was a superior art to reading within the hierarchical constraints of
the era. ( Carutthurs Mary, 2008 )
Nika, (2017) In 18th-century Europe, the then new practice of reading alone in bed was, for a
time, considered dangerous and immoral. As reading became less a communal, oral practice,
and more a private, silent one—and as sleeping increasingly moved from communal sleeping
areas to individual bedrooms, some raised concern that reading in bed presented various
dangers, such as fires caused by bedside candles. Some modern critics, however, speculate that
these concerns were based on the fear that readers—especially women—could escape familial
and communal obligations and transgress moral boundaries through the private fantasy worlds
in books.

In 19th century Russia, reading practices were highly varied, as people from a wide range of
social statuses read Russian and foreign-language texts ranging from high literature to the
peasant lubok.[395] Provincial readers such as Andrei Chikhachev give evidence of the
omnivorous appetite for fiction and non-fiction alike among middling landowners

2.2.7 THE CONCEPTS OF CULTURE

Culture (/ˈkʌltʃər/) is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms
found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities,
and habits of the individuals in these groups. ( Edward 1871 )

Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization,
which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies.

A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior,
dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a
social group. Accepting only a monoculture in a social group can bear risks, just as a single
species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the
change. ( Jackson, 2003) Thus in military culture, valor is counted a typical behavior for an
individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional
responses in the continuum of conflict. In the practice of religion, analogous attributes can be
identified in a social group.

Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of

phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. Cultural universals
are found in all human societies. These include expressive forms like art, music, dance, ritual,
religion, and technologies like tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing. The concept of
material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and
art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization
(including practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy,
literature (both written and oral), and science comprise the intangible cultural heritage of a
society. ( John 2011)

In the humanities, one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to
which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in the arts, sciences, education, or
manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish
civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also
found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture,
popular culture, or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to
cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic
markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body
modification, clothing or jewelry. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated
forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such
as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the
elites to manipulate the proletariat and create a false consciousness. Such perspectives are
common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical
perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material
conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the
basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.

However, When used as a count noun, a "culture" is the set of customs, traditions, and values
of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. Culture is the set of knowledge
acquired over time. In this sense, multiculturalism values the peaceful coexistence and mutual
respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes "culture" is also used
to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. "bro culture"), or
a counterculture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural
relativism hold that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any
evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

2.2.8 MAJOR NIGERIA ETHNIC CULTURES

The followings are the Nigerian Ethnic cultures suggested by Bambo (2013) :

Bini culture
The Binis are located in the South South region of modern Nigeria. They are ruled by monarchs,
and are famous for their Benin Bronzes. In the pre-colonial period, they controlled a powerful
empire.

Hausa-Fulani culture

The Hausa and Fulani live in the northern part of Nigeria. They are the most populous ethnic
grouping in the country, even though the Hausa and Fulani are in fact different tribes. Like the
Efik and Ibibio, they are counted as one here due to the historic ties that have united them
politically. They have monarchs, are known for celebrating the Hawan Sallah festival,[2] and are
followers of the religious teachings of Sheikh Usman dan Fodio.

Igbo culture

The eastern part of Nigeria is the home of the Igbos, who are mostly Christians. Their traditional
religion is known as Omenani. Socially, they are led by monarchs who had limited power
historically. These figures are expected to confer subordinate titles upon men and women that
are highly accomplished. This is known as the Nze na Ozo title system.

Ijaw Culture

The Ijaw culture of the South South has been influenced greatly by its location on the coast and
the interaction with foreigners that it necessitated. Its members amassed great wealth while
serving as middlemen, and the preponderance of English names among them today is a
testament to the trade names adopted by their ancestors at this time.

Yoruba Culture

The Yorubas are located in the western region of Nigeria and their leadership is monarchial in
nature. Their chiefs are monarchs and titled individuals, with most of the latter group making
up the membership of the Ogboni secret society. Their traditional religion, Ifa, has been
recognized by UNESCO as a masterpiece of the oral tradition of Humanity

2.2.9 THE EFFECT OF NOTICE BOARD ON STUDENTS

The noticeboard is one of the oldest means of campus communication alongside the traditional
posted letter (Carreon, 2013). They play an integral role in the learning processes by providing a
fixed means of communication. There are noticeboards spread out across campuses in the
different schools, which are meant to be used to pin up relevant information for students,
faculty and visitors (Ashburton, 2016; Bernard, 2015). These noticeboards are accessible to
students and staff, as well as external parties looking to conduct publicity campaigns within
campus. Communication via these boards is however not the most effective due to a number of
factors including board location and their overall static nature, the possibility of message
distortion and removal by malicious people and limitations in space (Dawson, 2016). Due to
these factors, to the bottom of the pile which means the student will probably never get to see
the post not unless they visit the site directly (Constine, 2016). Message EffectivenessHow
effective a message being passed along can determine whether or not the message will be
understood or even read by its intended recipients (Waddington, 2010). Considering that we
live in a time where information access is easy and information overloads are the norm, it is
imperative that messages of any kind of importance be structured in the most effective
manner in order to pull and keep the attention of its intended audience. According to ASEP
(2008), communication between parties break down for the following reasons:I. Messages are
not direct: this means that messages that are not straight forward and straight to the point may
often be misunderstood, distorted, misinterpreted or even ignored. ASEP (2008) notes the
reason for this is that the recipients may not know the stand that the message is taking and
may end up interpreting the messages in a way not intended by its sender.

II. Messages sometimes lack ownership: In a lot of cases, corporates send out messages that
have no identity. This means that these messages have no human elements to them and are
often considered to be spam by the recipients. ASEP (2008) points out that messages that have
identity, i.e. a message from Brian from accounting, is more effective than a message from ‘the
Team’.III. Messages are not complete and specific: Most messages sent out do not tell the
whole story, leaving out important pieces of information that could be vital to how the reader
responds to the message.IV. Messages are not clear and consistent: Messages that keep
changing with every new mail end up sending mixed messages which show that the sender is
undecided and unsure of themselves. Sending out messages that are consistent every time
could be the difference between the intended audience reading the message or ignoring it
completely.
2.3 THEORETICAL STUDIES

The followings are the theoretical reviews of the study

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

Social cognitive theory maintains the fact that people learn through observation, especially

through television when applied to mass media. The conceptual roots of social cognitive theory

came from Edwin B. Holt and Harold Chapman Brown in 1931. The social cognitive theory

argues that people model (copy) the behavior they see and this occurs in two ways; through

imitation and identification. (Baran, 2009) sees it as imitation the direct replication of an

observed behavior.

Mass communication theorists who study television impact find value in the idea of

identification. Everyone admits that people can imitate what they see on television, but not all.

Social cognitive theorists demonstrated that imitation and identification are products of three

processes: Observational learning, inhibitory influences and disinhibitory influences (Baran,

2009).

By observational learning, social cognitive theorists posit that observers can acquire (learn) new

behaviors simply by seeing those behaviors performed.

Inhibitory influences entails seeing a model, a movie character for example punished for a

behavior, reduces the likehood that the observer will perform that behavior. In the media, we sse

good Samaritans sued for trying to help someone, and it reduces our willingness to help. In

similar situations, that behviour is inhibited by what we have seen.

Disinhibitory influence: this is seeing a model rewarded for inhibited or threatening behavious,

increase the likehood that the observer will perform that behavior. For instance, it is the

complaint against the glorification of crime and drugs in movies.

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Social Cognitive Theory

Promotes active learning; makes learner responsible and accountable to the learning process

Individualized goals; not necessarily determined by social norms

Calls for self monitoring (observing and recording) and self evaluation (judging performance);

suggests learning can be adjusted, corrected, and valued

Assumes learning only occurs to highly motivated learners who care about their own learning

process

Linear process contingent upon goal setting; how do you know what you have learned or how

well you have learned it unless you follow this process

Discounts cultural influence on view of one's self

Relevance to the Study

The theory is relevant to this study because it emphasis that people learn not only through their

own experience but also by observing the action of others and the results of those action

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Social learning theory is a theory of learning process and social behavior which proposes

that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. ( Bandura, 1971) It

states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can

occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor

reproduction or direct reinforcement. ( Bandura 1963) In addition to the observation of

behavior, learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a

process known as vicarious reinforcement. When a particular behavior is rewarded

regularly, it will most likely persist; conversely, if a particular behavior is constantly

punished, it will most likely desist. ( Ranzetti: 2012 ) The theory expands on traditional
 behavioral theories, in which behavior is governed solely by reinforcements, by placing

emphasis on the important roles of various internal processes in the learning individual.

Therefore, Many classroom and teaching strategies draw on principles of social learning

to enhance students' knowledge acquisition and retention. For example, using the

technique of guided participation, a teacher says a phrase and asks the class to repeat the

phrase. Thus, students both imitate and reproduce the teacher's action, aiding retention.

An extension of guided participation is reciprocal learning, in which both student and

teacher share responsibility in leading discussions. (Kumpulainen,2002) Additionally,

teachers can shape the classroom behavior of students by modelling appropriate behavior

and visibly rewarding students for good behavior. By emphasizing the teacher's role as

model and encouraging the students to adopt the position of observer, the teacher can

make knowledge and practices explicit to students, enhancing their learning outcomes.

( Wray, et Al 2002)

Relevance

The theory is relevant to the study because it emphasizes on what people do and how

they react with ones cultural heritage and how they interact socially within the

classframe.

USES AND GRATIFICATION THEORY

Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) is an approach to understanding why and how people

actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs. UGT is an audience-centered approach
to understanding mass communication. Diverging from other media effect theories that question

"what does media do to people?” UGT focuses on "what do people do with media?"

This communication theory is positivistic in its approach, based in the socio-psychological

communication tradition, and focuses on communication at the mass media scale. The driving

question of UGT, which forms its assumptions are: Why do people use media and what do they

use them for? UGT discusses how users deliberately choose media that will satisfy given needs

and allow one to enhance knowledge, relaxation, social interactions/companionship, diversion, or

escape.

It assumes that audience members are not passive consumers of media. Rather, the audience has

power over their media consumption and assumes an active role in interpreting and integrating

media into their own lives. Unlike other theoretical perspectives, UGT holds that audiences are

responsible for choosing media to meet their desires and needs to achieve gratification. This

theory would then imply that the media compete against other information sources for viewers'

gratification.

However, UGT has a heuristic value today because it gives communication scholars a

"perspective through which a number of ideas and theories about media choice, consumption,

and even impact can be viewed. Research has shown that media taken in for entertainment

purposes (i.e., movies, songs, television, etc.) have a wide range of uses and emotional b

Strengths and Weaknesses Of Uses and Gratification Theory

According to Raynex, Wall and Kruger, the uses and gratification theory is the idea that the mass

audience make active use of what the media offer. The overall idea of the theory is that people

are using the media to fulfill their needs ( psychological and social). The theory have some

limitations as highly individualistic nature. It only takes into account the individual
psychological gratification derived from individual media use. The social context of the media

use is ignored. Despite the wide range of choices available to users, they have no control over the

media and what it produces. What they consume is solely prepared by gatekeepers and may

include their influences and perception.

2. 4 EMPIRICAL REVIEWS

Eugene ,(2017) carried out a study on A Noticeboard application using context aware services

The aim of this research is to develop a noticeboard application that uses the power of context
aware services. The Study aregues that The dissemination of information on campuses using
noticeboards is both inefficient andnineffective due to the static, unreliable and limiting nature
of the boards.Descriptive survey research method is used to elicit information from the
respondent. This implies that people nwho need to post information for consumption by the
public are constrained in terms of reach, poor feedback mechanisms and a general lack of
security. Posts can be tampered with by malicious people or even removed by competitors.
Due to their fixed nature, noticeboards also do not cater for context, meaning that a lot of posts
are consumed outside of their actionable spaces, meaning that people might never get a
chance to act on them. There is therefore a need for a smart noticeboard system using the
power of context aware services that allows for notices to be sent directly to user’s devices only
when they are in the correct context.
With such a solution, students are able to receive notices through an application when they are
in the correct and most effective context and be in a better position to react or act on them
accordingly. They are also able to save notifications on their mobile devices for later use .or
sharing. The study therefore supports the communications departments by providing an easy,
paperless way to setup notices and to track interactions with each post.
The Study concluded that " The proposed system is developed and tested on the Android
platform coupled with an analytical backend for post manipulation and presenting summaries
analytical data for the communication department. The study recommended that object
Oriented Analysis and Agile development methodologies were applied to develop a robust and
dynamic, context aware noticeboard system. The final prototype was tested to ensure that the
requirements were met by the developer and the potential users. Tests included functional
testing and usability testing.

E- Notice board:Dynamic
Sumair ,(2016) also carried out a study on

Information Processing Application

This study focuses on Mehran University of Engineering & Technology (MUET) as its case study, and
looks at the development of an information processing infrastructure containing hardware and software
modules that are installed and ported on various key locations within an institute. Although with such
high priority of communication, most of the universities still use a wooden notice board hanging on a
wall to display daily announcements or paper based attendance system.

Descriptive research method was used to elicit Informariin from the respondent.

The over-reliance of this practice in a university is still not enough to pass relevant information around.
The major strength of the research work is its usability and information processing throughout the
academic or business vicinity. The modules include a wide spread touch screen acting as a digital notice
board displaying information to students. An admin panel that would handle network communication,
software interface created via web technology and teacher interface that would upload information to
be displayed on the notice board.

Belgin ,(2004) conducted a study on Introduction and Evaluation of the Notice Boards
Designed for Pre-school Children and Their Parents within the Framework of “Media
Literacy” Theme

The aim of this study was to raise the awareness of pre-school teacher candidates within the
framework of media literacy the importance of which has been noticed recently in Turkey and
which has attracted attention of academic circles as a research topic. In addition, by providing
opportunities for pre-school candidates to design materials on this study , it also aimed to help
them practice what they know and internalize the information they would obtain on media
literacy. In this regard, the article introduces the notice board practices of media literacy theme
performed by teacher candidates for pre-school students and their parents. The study found
that . Teacher candidates made their own choices on designing notice boards either for
 children or for their parents. Encouraging candidates to design such notice boards and to use
them in training and then in their professional life is extremely important for them both to
discover their own creativity and to develop their hand skills. The study concluded that dealing
with the media literacy theme and expecting them to develop materials by informing the
candidates on this issue is a step taken towards raising the awareness of teacher candidates
who will educate future generations.The study recommended that From this point of view, it
could be recommended to provide practices on board and material development and use
within the framework of media literacy theme through in-service seminars for teachers
currently continuing their professional life; and to share functional teaching materials among
teachers on various platforms (conferences, congress, workshops etc.).

Fabunmi et al, (2010) examined a study on Poor Reading Culture: A Barrier to Students’
Patronage of Libraries Selected Secondary School in Ado Local Government Area of Ekiti-
State, Nigeria.

The purpose of the study was to examined poor reading culture: A barrier to students’
patronage of Selected Secondary School Libraries in Ado Ekiti Local Government Area of Ekiti
State.

The design for the study is descriptive survey which utilizes questionnaire to collect data. Oral
interview was also conducted. Tables and simple percentages were adopted in the data
analysis. The study found that computer and other media, harsh economic reality, societal
demand for materialism, inadequate library materials among others are causes of poor reading
culture of students in secondary schools The study concluded that . It was also revealed that
materials in secondary school libraries are not organized, inadequate, not relevant, school
librarians not readily available among others constitute the reasons for poor patronage of
secondary schools libraries. The study recommended that giving towards the improvement
of reading culture of secondary school students and the enhancement of the patronage of their
school libraries.

Furthermore, Micheal et al (1997) Carried out a study on An Exploratory Study of the

Perceived Benefits of Electronic Bulletin Board Use and Their Impact on Other
Communication Activities.

The Study examined the importance of Electronic bulletin boards have become more popular
with the advent of low cost computers, easily available communication channels, and large
network systems. With its public posting of messages, relatively large audiences can read and
provide immediate feedback. Network organization provides a hierarchical system to give users
access to thousands with like interests across the country, or even the world.
A random sample of bulletin board users was selected from the two major national bulletin
board services, CompuServe® and Prodigy®, and interviewed asynchronously, on-line, using
electronic mail.

This study characterized this bulletin board audience focusing on the issues of 1) adoption--
what characteristics bulletin board users possess, and 2) social impacts-- how bulletin board
adoption affects the use of other communication media. Results of the on-line survey
supported adoption hypotheses suggesting bulletin board users are higher educated, more
wealthy, and work in more prestigious occupations the average American. Rejected was a
similar lower age hypothesis. Open-ended responses to the question "why use boards?" were
content analyzed, with selections made to categories in five areas.showing a typology of use for
this medium. Hypotheses suggesting a reduction of consumption of the media television,
books, telephone use, and personal letter writing were supported. Rejected were suggestions
of lower magazine reading, face-to-face conversations, and other online communication.
The findings also showed significant differences in the CompuServe and Prodigy systems along
several of the above variables, in addition to quantity of use, message rate, and family usage
patterns.

Shijuan (2010) investigated a findings on Cultural differences in online learning: International

student perceptions on Noticeboard

This article reports the findings of a case study that investigated the perceptions of
international students regarding the impact of cultural differences on their learning experiences
in an online MBA program. The study also revealed that online instructors need to design
courses in such a way as to remove potential cultural barriers, including language,
communication tool use, plagiarism, time zone differences and a lack of multicultural content,
which may affect international students’ learning performances. The study indicates that a
culturally inclusive learning environment needs to consider diversity in course design in order to
ensure full participation by international students

Moreover, in a similar findings conducted by Ali et al, (2001) : on The roles of Bulletin board
on Students learning culture in Nigeria.

The study aim to examine the importance of Noticeboard on quick assemination of the
Students . The study adopted survey research method to elicit information from the respondent
. 230 Questionnaires were shared and distributed . The study found that Bulletin board plays a
pivotal role in Students readership skills . The study recommended that Students should adhere
to things seen on notice board.

Moreover, Alice et al, (2014) also investigated on the motive behind bulletin board as a tool
to increase student reading habit in Nigeria.
The main objective of the study was to examine bulletin board as was used to increase the rate
of reading habit of student. The study used to the research method as a means of eliciting
information from the respondent with the use of 400 questionnaires. The data were gathered
from primary and secondary source of data. The study employee purposive and random
sampling method. The study found that notice board play a vital role in students reading habits
such as increasing the rate of easy-access immolation of the student. The study concluded that
blessing board please an important and significant impact on the life of the students. The study
recommended that student should not take nonchalant attitude as regards to adequate
concentration of information posted on the bulletin board to eat their reading culture.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0: INTRODUCTION

This chapter focuses on methodology used in the Research work.Therefore, it explains the
Research design, population of study, sample size Determinations, sampling procedure,
instrument of data collection, Method of data collection, sources of data collection, validity and
reliability of data instruments and method of data analysis and presentations.

3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design, according to Asika (2016), is an outline or a scheme that serves as a useful
guide to the researcher in his effort to generate data for this study. "it will be used for obtaining
data to enable the researcher test hypothesis or answer research question". This study will adopt
survey in investigating the relationship between the variables. The choice of survey design is
hinged on the nature of the study, which is a communication cum social research. Onwubere
(2018) qoute Babbie ( 2014) as saying that survey research method is probably the best method
available to a social scientist interested in collecting data for describing a population too large to
observe directly and in discovering the current situation in a given area. Severin and Tankard
(2013) described survey as the study of a portion or sample of a specific population.
3.2 POPULATION OF STUDY

A research population is generally a large collection of individuals or objects that is the main focus of a
scientific query. It is for the benefit of the population that researches are done. However, due to the
large sizes of populations, researchers often cannot test every individual in the population because it is
too expensive and time-consuming. This is the reason why researchers rely on sampling techniques.
( Williams et al, 2015)

However, A research population is also known as a well-defined collection of individuals or objects

known to have similar characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a
common, binding characteristic or trait. ( Popoola 2015 )

The total population of the Students in Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa according to the school PRO is about
15,900

While the total population of Students in Polytechnic of Ibadan is about 25, 000

Total population of the two schools is 40,900

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

In determining the sample size for this study, the researcher employed the Krejcie-Morgan
formula which was calculated below ;

krejae and morgan formulae will be used to determine our sample size which is:

n = x² NP (1-P)

d²(N-1) + x² (1-P)

n = sample size 2

N = population size = 40,900

d² = acceptable sampling error = 0.25

x² = chi – square of degree of freedom of 1 and confidence 9590 = 3.841

P = proportion of population (if unknown 0.5) but 5.0 if known

n = x² NP (1-P)

d² (N-1) + x² (1-P)

n = 3.841 ×40,900 × 5 (1-5.0)

0.25 (40,900-1) + 3.841 (1-5.0)

n = -3,141,938

10,222.841

N = 307

Therefore out of the 307 the researcher shall narrow the sample size to 200 respondent due to the time
frame given by the department and ability to actualize fact work.

3.4. SAMPLING PROCEDURE

In this section the Researcher examined the sampling procedure and select how the sampling size will
be determined . Hence, the Researcher shall employ probability sampling; simple random Method; as
defined by Daniel, (2008) simple random sample (or srs) is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen
from a larger set (a population) in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same
probability. In srs, each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample
as any other subset of k individuals. A simple random sample is an unbiased sampling technique. Simple
random sampling is a basic type of sampling and can be a component of other more complex sampling
methods. so that every residents will have equal chance of being chosen.
3.5. INSTRUMENTS OF DATA COLLECTIONS

In this study, the Researcher employed the use of Questionnaire to collect quantitative data
from the Respondents. Thus, the questionnaire was constructed in different sections and
several part . Section A consisted of items on demographic of respondents , Part B comprised
item on IMPACT OF NOTICEBOARD READERSHIP CULTURE IN CREATING AWARENESS AMONG
STUDENTS OF IBARAPA POLY ERUWA AND POLYTECHNIC OF IBADAN
Therefore, the Researcher was motivated by the fact that the respondents learned person who
could read, write and understand, Hence, they would not have much problems responding to the
Questionnaire . Copies of the Questionnaire were administered on Respondents on face to face
approach by the Researcher.

3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTIONS

This was determined by the researcher it self. Therefore, Face to face means and interview was
adopted by the Researcher in carrying out the work effectively.

3.7 SOURCES OF DATA INTRUMENTS

The Researcher used primary, secondary and tertiary sources of data . However, in Primary
method of data collection, Data were gotten through the use of questionnaire administration
Thus, This was conducted on the field. Also, secondary data will be collected through secondary
sources such as text book, journal, articles, newspaper and internet . While tertiary sources of
data were done through sourcing from experts, professional, library on related thesis.

3.8. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF DATA INTRUMENTS

Validity is the degree or extent to which the research instrument can generate authentic data.
Therefore, the research instrument will be validated as the questionnaire will be structure in a
manner that enables the researcher to get the right response from the respondent.

Reliability: this means the ability of research instrument to generate achial data of the study
hereafter this research work will have been done.(Adefolakan,2021) It is believed that the
instrument (questionnaire) will be reliable because it is the main instrument for primary data
collection in survey research.

Therefore, the Researcher ensures that the Questionnaire was carefully worded and submitted to the
supervisor, for proper corrections to ensure rights responses from the Respondents. In other words
after necessary had been done the study was piloted to some experts in the filed of Research work .

3.9: METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

The researcher used , table and percentage for data presentation and analysis for this study ,also
the test of the hypothesis would be drawn from the table .

Therefore will encompasses the discuss of findings of the Research question

their Culture ?

QUESTIONNAIRE

APPENDIX III
 MOSHOOD ABIOLA POLYTECHNIC
P.M.B 2210, ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE.
DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION
SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Dear Respondent,
REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
Good day dear respondents, I am a student of the above institution and department, I have
designed this questionnaire to help me gather information on

IMPACT OF NOTICEBOARD READERSHIP CULTURE IN CREATING AWARENESS AMONG STUDENTS OF

IBARAPA POLY ERUWA AND POLYTECHNIC OF IBADAN

Please your responses to this questionnaire will help me complete my research. Such will only
be use for academic purposes only.
Thanks for your co-operation
SECTION A

1.Gender A. Male B. Female

2. Age group A.18-20 years B.21-25 years C.26-30 years
D. 31 and Above
3. Marital Status A. Single B. Married C.
Divorced
4. Religion A. Christian B. Muslim C. Traditional
5. Level A.ND B. HND C. Bsc and above

SECTION B :

RESEARCH QUESTION ONE: What are the effect of Noticeboard readership culture in creating
awareness among students of Ibarapa Polytechnic and Polytechnic of Ibadan ?

6. How often do the Students read information on Noticeboard ?

Often ( ) always ( ) Sometimea ( )

7. Notice boards help students to increase on their academic performance ?

8. How does Culture affect the readership pattern among the students.

Positive ( ) Negatively ( ) undecided ( )

9. Culture of the students influenced the reading style

A agree B disagree C undecided

10. Notice. Board help to increase the level of Students exposure to reality of life ?

To some extent? ( ) To large extent ( ) neutral ( )

RESEARCH QUESTION TWO : How do students perceived Noticeboard readership patterns in

sensitizing them on their CULTURE?

11 : Students of tertiary institutions do not perceive noticed boards on enlightenment about

their Culture

Yes ( ) no ( ) may be

12. Culture promote the reading habits of tertiary institutions Students ?

Yes ( ) no ( ) undecided ( )

13. The use of Noticeboard increases the reading pattern of Students entirely ?

Yes ( ) no ( ) I don't know ( )

RESEARCH QUESTION THREE : What are other media to create awareness on reading Culture
among the students of Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan?

14. Would you agree that there are other media to create awareness on reading culture among
the students of Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan?

Strongly agree ( ) strongly disagree ( ) undecided ( )

15. Broadcast media are the best media to enlighten Students reading proficiency?

Yes ( ) no ( ) may be ( )

16. The use of other media also enhance the reading skills of the Students ?

Yes ( ) no ( ) Undecided ( )

17. How would you rate the traditional media of communication among the students ?

Satisfactory ( ) unsatisfactory ( ) undecided ( )

18. Would you agree that billboard also help to increase Students reading skills and Culture ?

Agree () disagree ( ) undecided ( )

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4. INTRODUCTION

this chapter is concerned with the analysis of data collected through the use of survey research method.
There are questionnaires were distributed to 307 respondents of Odeda local government area.

Three hundred ( 300) copies of the questionnaire we are returned and found useful for the study.

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

Table 1: classification of the respondents based on gender.

Response Frequency Percentage

Male 200 67

Femle 100 33

Total 300 100

Source: field Survey 2021

The above table implies that 67% represented 200 respondent are male while 33 representing 100
respondents are females

Table 2 : classification of the respondent based on age

Response Frequency Percentage

15- 20 100 33

21- 25 100 33

26-30 60 20

31-and above 40 13
Total 300 100

Source : field survey, 2021.

The above table implies that 33% represent 100 responding are from age 15 to 20, 33% representing
100 responded are from 21 to 25 age, 20% represent 16 respondent 26_ 30 ages while 13% representing
40 respondent are from age 31 and above.

Table 3 : classification of the respondent based on education qualification.

Response Frequency Percentage

SSCE 200 67

ND/HND 60 20

MASTER /PHD 40 13

TOTAL 300 100

The above table implies that 67% representing 200 respondent I have ssce, 20% representing 60 in ND
and HNDwhile 30% representing 40 have master and PhD.

Table 4 : classification of the respondent based on religion

Response Frequency Percentage

Christianity 150 50

Islam 150 50

Traditional 0 0

Total 300 100

Source : field survey , 2021.

the above table implies that 50% representing 150 responded and Christian while 50% representing 150
respondent are Muslim while 0% representing 0 and traditionalist

Table 5 : classification of the respondent based on marital status

Response Frequency Percentage

Single 200 67

Engaged 60 20
Married 40 13

Total 300 100%

The above table implies that 60% represent e200 responded as single 20% representing 60 respondents
have engaged 13% representing 40 respondents have married.

Table 6 :. How often do the Students read information on Noticeboard ?

Response Frequency Percentage

Often 150 50

Always 100 33

Sometimes 50 17

Total 300 100

Source; Field survey , 2022

The above table indicated that 50% of 150 respondent ,often read informations

On Noticeboard, 33% of 100 respondent always read informations on Noticeboard

whuke17% of 50 respondents are sometimes read informations on Noticeboard

Table 7: 7. Notice boards help students to increase on their academic performance ?

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 170 57

No 30 10

Maybe 100 33

Total 300 100

Source : Field survey, 2022

The above table indicated that 57% of 170 respondents says noticeboard helps student to
increase on their academic performance 10% of 30 respondents says notice board does not
help students to increase on their academic performance while 33% of £100 and could not
decide whether notice board help students to increase their academic performance.
Table 8 : How does Culture affect the readership pattern among the students.

Response Frequency Percentage

Positive 140 47

Negative 130 43

Undecided 30 10

Total 300 100

Source ; Field survey, 2022

The table above implies that 47% of 140 respondents are of opinion that culture affect the
leadership pattern among the students positively 43% of 130 respondents as culture affect
the readership pattern of the student negatively while 10% of 30 respondents are undecided.

Table 9 : Culture of the students influenced the reading style

Response Frequency Percentage

Agree 130 43

Disagree 150 50

Undecided 20 7

Total 300 100

Source: Field survey, 2022

The table above indicated that 43% of 130 respondents agreed that culture of the students
influence the reading style 50% of 150 respondents disagreed that cultural of the students
influenced the reading style while 7% of 20 respondents are undecided that culture of the
students influenced the reading style

Table 10 : Notice. Board help to increase the level of Students exposure to reality of life ?

Response Frequency Percentage

To some extent 100 33

To large extent 150 50

Undecided 50 17

Total 300 100

Source : Field survey, 2022

The above table indicated that 33% of £100 says notice board help to increase the level of
students exposure to realities of Life to some extent 50% of 150 respondents says notice
board help to increase the level of students exposure to reality love life to large extent while
17% of 50 respondents are undecided on where did Otis ball help to increase the level of
student exposure to realities of life.

Table 11 : Students of tertiary institutions do not perceive noticed boards on enlightenment

about their Culture

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 100 33

No 180 60

Maybe 20 7

Total 300 100

Source :Field survey, 2022

The above table indicated that 33% of $1 spawn don't say seasons of tertiary institutions do
not perceive notice board on the light meant about their culture 60% of 180 respondents say
student of social institutions received notice board on the light mint about their culture while
7% of 7020 respondents said maybe.

Table 12 : Culture promote the reading habits of tertiary institutions Students ?

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 130 43
No 100 33

Undecided 70 23

Total 300 100

Source : Field survey, 2022

The above table indicated that 43% of 140 respondents agree that culure promote the
reading habits of tertiary institutions Students , 33 of 100 respondent does not agree , while
23% of 17 respondents are undecided on whether culture promotes the reading habit of
tertiary institutions student.

Table 13 : . The use of Noticeboard increases the reading pattern of Students entirely ?

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 200 67%

No 60 20%

Don't know 40 13%

Source : Field survey, 2022

The above table indicated that 67% of 200 then says the use of notice but increases the
reading pattern of student entirely , 20% of 60 respondents since the use of notice board does
not increase the reading pattern of students entirely why 13% of 40 respondents don't know.

Table 14 : Would you agree that there are other media to create awareness on reading culture
among the students of Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan?

Response Frequency Percentage

Strongly agree 200 67

Strongly disagree 70 23

Undecided 30 10
Total 300 100

Source : Field survey, 2022

the above table indicated that 67% of £200 and strongly agree that there are other media to
create awareness on reading culture among the student of Ibarapa Polytechnic eruwa and
Polytechnic of ibadan, 23% of 70 respondents strongly disagree that they are all the media to
create awareness on reading culture among students of a bar wrapper Polytechnic eruwa and
Polytechnic of ibadan by 10% of 30 respondents are undecided.

Table 15 : Broadcast media are the best media to enlighten Students reading proficiency?

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 140 47

No 100 33

Maybe 60 20

Total 300 100

Source : Field survey, 2022

the above table indicated that 47% of 140 respondents is broadcast Media at the best media
to enlighten students reading proficiency 33% of £100 don't disagree while 20% of 60
respondents is maybe.

Table 16: The use of other media also enhance the reading skills of the Students ?

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 125 42

No 75 25

Undecided 100 33

Total 300 100

Source : Field survey, 2022

The above table indicated that 42% of 125 respondent says the use of other media also
enhance the reading skills of the students 25% of 75 respondents disagree why 33% of 100
and are undecided on the use of all the media to enhance reading skills of the students.

Table 17 : How would you rate the traditional media of communication among the students

Response Frequency Percentage

Satisfactory 150 50%

Unsatisfactory 70 23%

Undecided 80 27%

Total 300 100

Source : Field survey, 2022

the above table indicated that 50% of 150 respondents are satisfied on the rates the
traditional Media of communication among the students 23% of 70 respondents are
unsatisfied on how traditional Media of communication are being used among the students
while 27% of 80 respondents are undecided on great rate to wish traditional Media of
communication are used among the students.

Table 18 : Would you agree that billboard also help to increase Students reading skills and
Culture ?

Response Frequency Percentage

Agree 100 23

Disagree 140 47

Undecided 60 20

Total 300 100

Source : Field survey, 2022

the above table indicated that 23% of 100 respondents agreed that the board also help to
increase students reading skills and culture 47% of 140 respondents disagreed that the board
also help to increase students reading skills and culture while 20% of 60 respondents are
undecided that billboard also help to increase students reading skills and culture.

4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

In this section the researcher shall discuss extensively the major findings and how data have
been analysed and presented.however you know that you discuss the findings the research put
forward in the introductory part of this study would be used.

RESEARCH QUESTION ONE : What are the effect of Noticeboard readership culture in creating
awareness among students of Ibarapa Polytechnic and Polytechnic of Ibadan ?

In order to answer the research question, questions in table 7 9 and 10 Analyses

In table 7 Analyses, The table indicated that 57% of 170 respondents says noticeboard helps
student to increase on their academic performance 10% of 30 respondents says notice board
does not help students to increase on their academic performance while 33% of 100 and could
not decide whether notice board help students to increase their academic performance. This
shows that majority of the respondents which are 170 agreed that notice board helps to
increase students of tertiary institutions on the academic performance

In table 9 Analyses, The table indicated that 43% of 130 respondents agreed that culture of the
students influence the reading style 50% of 150 respondents disagreed that cultural of the
students influenced the reading style while 7% of 20 respondents are undecided that culture of
the students influenced the reading style. this implies that 43% of 130 respondents agreed that
cultured of the students influence the reading style

In table 10 Analyses, The table indicated that 33% of £100 says notice board help to increase
the level of students exposure to realities of Life to some extent 50% of 150 respondents says
notice board help to increase the level of students exposure to reality of live to large extent
while 17% of 50 respondents are undecided on where did Otis ball help to increase the level of
student exposure to realities of life. This implies that majority of the respondent 106 notice
board help the students to increase the level of their exposure to reality of life to some extent
why 150 of them which happened to be the majority one says noticeboard help to increase the
level of students exposure to reality love life into very large extent
RESEARCH QUESTION TWO : How do students perceived Noticeboard readership patterns in
sensitizing them on their CULTURE?

In order to answer the research question, questions in table 12 and 13 would be useful

In table 12 Analyses : The table indicated that 43% of 140 respondents agree that culure
promote the reading habits of tertiary institutions Students , 33 of 100 respondent does not
agree , while 23% of 17 respondents are undecided on whether culture promotes the reading
habit of tertiary institutions student. This implies that majority of the respondent that is 140 of
them agree that culture promotes the reading habit of tertiary institutions

In table 13 Analyses, The table indicated that 67% of 200 then says the use of notice but
increases the reading pattern of student entirely , 20% of 60 respondents since the use of
notice board does not increase the reading pattern of students entirely why 13% of 40
respondents don't know. this use that majority of the respondents 67% say is the use of notice
board increases the reading pattern of students in tertiary institutions entirely

RESEARCH QUESTION THREE : What are other media to create awareness on reading Culture
among the students of Ibarapa Polytechnic Eruwa and Polytechnic of Ibadan?

In order to discuss the research questions , analysis in table15,16, 17 and 18 is considered in

answering the reserch question

In table 15 Analyses , thia indicated that 47% of 140 respondents is broadcast Media at the
best media to enlighten students reading proficiency 33% of 100 don't disagree while 20% of 60
respondents is maybe. this shows that majority of the respondents 156 best means that is ,
also another media and best media to enlighten students reading proficiency.

In table 16 Analyses, The table indicated that 42% of 125 respondent says the use of other
media also enhance the reading skills of the students 25% of 75 respondents disagree why 33%
of 100 and are undecided on the use of all the media to enhance reading skills of the students.
This implies that majority of the respondent 125 says the use of all the media enables the
increasement of the reading skills of the students which it can be social media , traditional
Media or multimedia entirely
In table 17 Analyses, the table indicated that 50% of 150 respondents are satisfied on the rates
the traditional Media of communication among the students 23% of 70 respondents are
unsatisfied on how traditional Media of communication are being used among the students
while 27% of 80 respondents are undecided on great rate to wish traditional Media of
communication are used among the students. this implies that majority of the respondent 150
as satisfied on the rate that traditional being the other medium of communication increase the
religion speed and culture of the students.

In table 18 Analyses, the table indicated that 23% of 100 respondents agreed that Billboard
also help to increase students reading skills and culture 47% of 140 respondents disagreed that
the board also help to increase students reading skills and culture while 20% of 60 respondents
are undecided that billboard also help to increase students reading skills and culture. This is
done through the graphical outlook portrayed by the billboard

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

The study examines IMPACT OF NOTICEBOARD READERSHIP CULTURE IN CREATING AWARENESS

AMONG STUDENTS OF IBARAPA POLY ERUWA AND POLYTECHNIC OF IBADAN

Therefore the findings are classified into five sections which are introduction literature review
research methodology data analysis and presentation summary conclusion and recommendation.
Hence, it further explains the following

The introductory part of this work comprised of the background of the study statement of the
problem objectives of the study research questions research hypothesis significance of the study
scope of the study limitations of discourse study and definitions of terms

However, literature review comprised of conception studies in which various scholars concerns
related to the work are being explained, relevant theoretical studies are:, Social Cognitive
Theory, Uses and gratification theory . The last session of this parts comprises of empirical
(relevant) findings to the study.

Moreover, the methodology used by the researcher in carrying out the findings was the use of
research design method used population of the study sample size determination sampling
procedure instrument of data collection sources of data collection validity and reliability of data
instruments, method of data collection and method of data analysis and presentation.

Likewise, data analysis and presentation explained how Data were collected gathered and
presented likewise the discussion of findings.

The concluding part of this research work comprised the summary of the study summary of the
key findings, conclusion, recommendation , limitations of the study and suggestions for further
studies.

However the key findings include:

The study shown that The spate of technology and it's elaboration, and creativity had brought to rapod
growth of Nigerian Students , it haas many options and facilities on the same channel for the user, such
as texting, images sharing, audio, and video sharing, fast publishing, linking with all over the world and
with other social media applications.

Communication forms the backbone of every institution of learning, with the entirety of the
learning process being hinged on its effectiveness. Thus, Communication via these boards is
however not the most effective due to a number of factors including board location and their
overall static nature, the possibility of message distortion and removal by malicious people and
limitations in space

Students use different social networking sites and are a member of these sites considered it trend and
style of today. The young adults particularly students have embraced the social media very fast. The
social media have positive as well as negative effects on the reading habits of students. Reading has
been a great source of information and knowledge at all the times and in all ages.

Reading is regards to be one of the oldest cultures for human progress in society,This ability to read
and write is highly valued and essential for social, cultural and economic advancement. The regular
and systematic reading develops the cognitive ability and improves communication skills. Therefore,
Reading habit is the most fundamental skill that is necessary for the success not only for academic
purpose but for all walks of life. Reading is the mental process of securing and reacting to an author's
message represented by written or printed symbols

Bankole (1999) believes that if children have the kind of childhood exposure, they were exposed to in
other areas, to books and reading, the conviction that reading is a habit will be impressed on their
mind. According to him, this impression once established does not die easily.

5 .2 CONCLUSION

The Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has changed the reading habits of individuals.
These new devices of technology have become time killing machines and eliminate reading habits. ICTs,
particularly online technological tools, have become part of a traditional reading culture.

Notifications along, it is important to note that the noticeboard is still an integral part of
campus communication

However, this has turned out to have a multiply effect as most university graduates are ill-equipped and
half baked. Secondary school learners cannot take minutes at meetings while primary school leaving
certificate is no more accorded recognition, the voice versa to the tertiary institutions Students The
performance of students nowadays is attributed to their poor background in the reading culture which is
a carryover from their primary school through the secondary and up to the University level.

Reading is essential to literacy and it is an emancipatory tool that liberates one from ignorance, disease
and poverty as well as providing one with the liberty for all round development. For effective and
efficient living and learning

Onuhaogo (2000) maintained that one should be able to read. Reading according to him is the
foundation of literacy. It is therefore evident through the above submission that for literacy to be
functional, durable and development oriented, reading skill is essential. Also, as the event of the world is
ever-changing, reading apart from stimulating one’s cognitive ability, broadening one’s understating by
exposing the time expands the readers knowledge to be able to cope with new challenges in life.

The noticeboard is one of the oldest means of campus communication alongside the traditional
posted letter , in the view of Correan, (2013) says They play an integral role in the learning
processes by providing a fixed means of communication. There are noticeboards spread out
across campuses in the different schools, which are meant to be used to pin up relevant
information for students, faculty .

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
The followings are the recommendations for the study

With a matter of urgency , Government should show a sign of concern to the reading skills and
cultural pattern employed by governmental School to enhance easy flow of information and for
youths development

Nigerian student, despite having a have the kind of childhood exposure, they should be exposed to in
other areas, to books and reading, the conviction that reading is a habit will be impressed on their
mind. According to him, this impression once established does not die easily. The reading habit is learnt,
nurtured and cemented in the school environment. A good school should form the habit of providing
the pupils with things to read whether they are books, inscription or toys.

In teacher training programs, teacher candidates should take courses related to material development.
One of these courses is “Instructional Technology and Material Development” and teacher candidates
should fnd an opportunity to learn the importance of materials in education, and how to create
materials for teaching and learning, and to develop their own materials. Herewith, they experience
material development process, they can use this experience when it is needed in their professional
teaching life. To be able to develop effective materials, teacher candidates are supposed to know the
functions of them in teaching, preparation principles, types, advantages, and limitations of them

For effective and efficient living and learning Onuhaogo (2000) maintained that Students
should be able to read. Reading according to him is the foundation of literacy. It is therefore
evident through the above submission that for literacy to be functional, durable and
development oriented, reading skill is essential.

5.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This section explains the difficulties experienced by the researcher during the course of elliciting
informations from the respondents. The researcher face , financial problems, pressures to meet up with
stated date of submission and lack of cooperation from the Respondents. Most especially the issues that
the researcher face in the selected tertiary institutions side.

5.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES

THE STUDY EXAMINE THE IMPACT OF NOTICEBOARD READERSHIP CULTURE IN CREATING

AWARENESS AMONG STUDENTS OF IBARAPA POLY ERUWA AND POLYTECHNIC OF IBADAN

However, incoming researcher should look at the followings :

Poor reading culture : A barrier to Students patronage libraries

The effect of notice board on Students reading skills in Nigeria

Culture : A motive to Educational skilss development

The role of Billboard in enhancing effective reading habit among student

Teachers Training: Benefits and challenges of Noticeboard among the young lecturers in Nigeria
tertiary institutions.

REFERENCE

Akinbola, I.B (2007) “Poor Reading culture a barrier to the study of literature in Nigerian
secondary schools” REFA. Vol. 6 (1) pg 89.
Bankole, S.B. (1999), “Enhancement the reading culture in Nigeria”, Paper
Presented in a Symposium during the National Reading week bythe National Library of
Nigeria, Abuja. Pg.113 – 125.
Bullient, Yilmaz (2000), “Reading and Library Usage Habit of the students whose Mother
Tongue is Turkish in Vienna”, Austria 661FLA Council and general Conference, August 13-15th
Holte, Marieke sander-Ten (1998), “Creating an Optimum Reading Culture in the Low
Countries”. The Role Stitching lezen. 64th IFLA General Conference August 16th -21.
Ike, Chukwemeka (1999), “Creating an effective Environment for reading in Nigeria. National
Reading Week”, paper Presented at Symposium Organized by national Library of Nigeria
Abuja February 22nd – 26th pg. 83-95.
Iheanachi (2007) “Improving the Reading culture for the National Youth: Challenges for the
National Library of Nigeria”. JOSSAN vol. 1(1) pg. 36.
Ilogogie, Peter (2005), “Me and My Books”, Daily Sun, Tuesday June 7thpg. 33.
Johnson (prof) Stella M.A. (1999), “Strategies to Create Effective Reading Environment for
Nigerians. National Reading Week. Paper presented at the Symposium organized by
National Library of NigeriaAbuja, February 22-26. pg. 152-179.

Nzeako, (1982), “The Origin of the problem of Reading and its Effect.
Oyeyemi, Bode (2005, “Me and My Books”, Daily Sun, Tuesday June 14th, pg. 30.