ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

Lesson Objective

• Use the one-way ANOVA technique to determine if there is a

significant difference among three or more means.
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
• It is used to test claims involving three or more means.

• For example, suppose a researcher wishes to see whether the

means of the time it takes three groups of students to solve a
computer problem using Fortran, Basic, and Pascal are different.

• If the F test indicates that there is a difference among the

means, other statistical tests are used to find where the
difference exists.
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
• It is used to test claims involving three or more means.

• The most commonly used tests are the Scheffé test and the Tukey
test.
Assumptions for the F Test comparing Three or More Means

• The population from which the samples where

obtained must be normally distributed.
• The sample must be independent.
• Variances of populations must be equal.
ANOVA
The analysis of variance that is used to compare three or
more means is called a one-way analysis of variance since it
contains only one variable.

The variable is the type of computer language used. The

analysis of variance can be extended to studies involving two
variables, such as type of computer language used and
mathematical background of the students. These studies
involve a two-way analysis of variance.
 WHY USE ANOVA INSTEAD OF T-TEST?
1.When you are comparing two means at a time, the rest of the
means under study are ignored. With the F test, all the means
are compared simultaneously.

2. When you are comparing two means at a time and making all
pairwise comparisons, the probability of rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is true is increased, since the more t tests
that are conducted, the greater is the likelihood of getting
significant differences by chance alone.
 WHY USE ANOVA INSTEAD OF T-TEST?
3. The more means there are to compare, the more t tests are needed. For example, for
the comparison of 3 means two at a time, 3 t-tests are required. For the comparison of
5 means two at a time, 10 tests are required. And for the comparison of 10 means two
at a time, 45 tests are required.
 One-Way Analysis of Variance
Between-group Variance

-it involves finding the variance of the means.

Within-group Variance
-is made by computing the variance using all
the data and is not affected by differences in
the means.
 One-Way Analysis of Variance

Source Sum of df MS F
Squares (SS)
Between
Treatments
Within
Treatments
Total
One-Way Analysis of Variance
Example 1:

A researcher wishes to try three different techniques to lower the

blood pressure of individuals diagnosed with high blood pressure.
The subjects are randomly assigned to three groups; the first group
takes medication, the second group exercises, and the third group
follows a special diet. After four weeks, the reduction in each
person’s blood pressure is recorded. At a 0.05, test the claim that
there is no difference among the means. The data are shown.
One-Way Analysis of Variance
Example 1:

MEDICATION EXERCISE DIET

10 6 5
12 8 9
9 3 12
15 0 8
13 2 4
 SOLUTION:
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Ho: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 (There are no significant differences among the means.)

Ha: 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 ≠ 𝜇3 (There are significant differences among the means.)
(At least one group is different from another.)
Step 2: Find the critical value.
𝑘=3 𝑑. 𝑓. 𝑘 = 𝑘 − 1 𝑑. 𝑓. 𝑁 = 𝑁 − 1 𝑘 2
𝑁 = 15 = 15 − 3 =
=3−1 𝑁 12
=𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐

𝑘 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
 SOLUTION:
Step 2: Find the critical value.
𝑘=3
𝑁 = 15
𝑑. 𝑓. 𝑘 = 2
𝑑. 𝑓. 𝑁 = 12
𝑘 2
=
𝑁 12

𝐶. 𝑉. = 3.89
SOLUTION: 𝑘 2 𝐶. 𝑉. = 3.89
=
Step 2: Find the critical value. 𝑁 12
 SOLUTION:
Step 3: Statistics: ANOVA (One-Way)

Step 4: Computation
a. Find the mean and standard deviation per treatment
MEDICATION EXERCISE DIET
10 6 5
12 8 9
9 3 12
15 0 8
13 2 4

𝑥ҧ1 = 11.8 𝑥ҧ2 = 3.8 𝑥ҧ3 = 7.6

𝑠12 = 5.7 𝑠22 = 10.2 𝑠32 = 10.3
𝑘 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
 SOLUTION:
Step 3: Statistics: ANOVA (One-Way)
Step 4: Computation
b. Find grand mean.
𝑥ҧ1 = 11.8
MEDICATION EXERCISE DIET
𝑠12 = 5.7
10 6 5
𝑥ҧ2 = 3.8 12 8 9
𝑠22 = 10.2 9 3 12
𝑥ҧ3 = 7.6 15 0 8
13 2 4
𝑠32 = 10.3
෍ 𝑋 = 116 N = 15

σ 𝑋 10 + 12 + 9 + 15 + 13 + 6+. . . +8 + 4 116
= = = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟑 = 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧
𝑁 15 15
𝑘 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
 SOLUTION:
Step 3: Statistics: ANOVA (One-Way)
Step 4: Computation
b. Find grand sum squares.
𝑥ҧ1 = 11.8
MEDICATION EXERCISE DIET
𝑠12 = 5.7
10 6 5
𝑥ҧ2 = 3.8 12 8 9
𝑠22 = 10.2 9 3 12
𝑥ҧ3 = 7.6 15 0 8
13 2 4
𝑠32 = 10.3
෍ 𝑥1 = 59 ෍ 𝑥2 = 19 ෍ 𝑥3 = 38
෍ 𝑋 = 116

N = 15 ෍ 𝑥12 = 719 ෍ 𝑥22 = 113 ෍ 𝑥32 = 330

σ𝑋
= 7.73
𝑁
 SOLUTION: ෍ 𝑥1 = 59 ෍ 𝑥2 = 19 ෍ 𝑥3 = 38
Step 3: Statistics: ANOVA (One-Way)
Step 4: Computation ෍ 𝑥12 = 719 ෍ 𝑥22 = 113 ෍ 𝑥32 = 330
b. Find sum squares.
𝑥ҧ1 = 11.8
MEDICATION EXERCISE DIET
𝑠12 = 5.7
10 6 5
𝑥ҧ2 = 3.8 12 8 9
𝑠22 = 10.2 9 3 12
𝑥ҧ3 = 7.6 15 0 8
13 2 4
𝑠32 = 10.3

෍ 𝑋 = 116
෍ 𝑋 2 = 1162
N = 15

σ𝑋
= 7.73
𝑁
 SOLUTION: ෍ 𝑥1 = 59 ෍ 𝑥2 = 19 ෍ 𝑥3 = 38
Step 3: Statistics: ANOVA (One-Way)
Step 4: Computation ෍ 𝑥12 = 719 ෍ 𝑥22 = 113 ෍ 𝑥32 = 330
b. Find grand mean.
𝑥ҧ1 = 11.8
MEDICATION EXERCISE DIET
𝑠12 = 5.7 ෍ 𝑋 2 = 1162
10 6 5
𝑥ҧ2 = 3.8 12 8 9
𝑠22 = 10.2 9 3 12
𝑥ҧ3 = 7.6 15 0 8
13 2 4
𝑠32 = 10.3

෍ 𝑋 = 116

N = 15

σ𝑋
= 7.73
𝑁
 One-Way
SourceSum of
Analysis
Squares (SS)
df
of
MS
Variance
F

Between
Treatments
Within
Treatments
Total 294.93

σ𝑋 2
෎ 2
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 𝑋 − ෍ 𝑋 2 = 1162
𝑁

1162 ෍ 𝑋 = 116
= 1162 −
15

= 264.93 N = 15
 One-Way
SourceSum of
Analysis
Squares (SS)
df
of
MS
Variance
F

Between
Treatments
Within 104.80
Treatments
Total 264.93

σ 𝑥1 2 σ 𝑥2 2 σ 𝑥3 2
𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑇 = ෎ 𝑥12 − + ෎ 𝑥22 − + ෎ 𝑥32 −
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3

592 192 382

= 719 − + 113 − + 330 −
5 5 5

= 22.8 + 40.8 + 41.2

𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑇 = 104.80
 One-Way Analysis of Variance

𝑆𝑆𝐵𝑇 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑇

= 264.93 − 104.8

= 160.13
Source Sum of Squares df MS F
(SS)

Between 160.13 2
Treatments

Within Treatments 104.80 12

Total 264.93 14
 Example 2

A photocopy machine shop has 3 machines of different models: Model A, Model B and
Model C. During the past 3 months, the owner made some tabulations of the average
number of minutes per week each photocopy machine out of service because of repairs.
Tabulated results are given below.
Model A Model B Model C
75 102 86 At 0.05 level of significance, decide
109 58 35 whether differences among three
68 74 43 samples can be attributed.
80 77 41
71 90 56
60 60
50
THANK YOU!