AR 8521 | BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION IV

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO CEMENT AND CONCRETE

A. CEMENT
 What is Cement?
 Brief History of Cement
 Composition of Cement
 Functions of the different cement ingredients
 Manufacturing process of Cement – Outline & detail of each step – Dry & Wet Processes
 Physical & Chemical Properties of cement
 Site suitability for cement factory
 Types of cement
 Uses of cement
 Tests for cement
1. Field Tests & Market survey
 Colour
 Physical properties
 Strength
2. Laboratory Tests
 Fineness Test,
 Consistency test
 Setting Time Test
 Compressive strength test
 Soundness Test
 Cement Mortar
 Plastering
 Mix Design
 Sampling
 Analysis
 Testing for Temperature
 Testing for Air Content
 Testing for Density and Yield
 Making and Curing Concrete Test
 Testing for Compressive Strength
 Testing Finished Products

B. CONCRETE
 What is Concrete?
 History of Concrete
 Concrete composition
 Aggregates
 Nature of aggregates in concrete – According to source, unit weight, size, shape
 Grading of Aggregates
 Proportioning
 Water cement ratio
 Workability of concrete – Factors affecting workability of concrete
 Stages in concrete construction – in Detail
 Cement & Concrete finishes
C. WATERPROOFING & DAMP-PROOFING
 Definition & difference – Causes & Effects
 Necessity for waterproofing - Where it’s done?
 Penetration of water into concrete structures
 How it’s done? – Positive, Negative & Blind side
 Types of Water proofing & Materials used for waterproofing
 Methods to combat Damp proofing
 Waterproofing method for – toilet, terrace, swimming pool, basement, OHT, sunshade
 Waterproofing method – in detail with section sketches
A3 Sheet Sketching 1: WC Water proofing & Terrace Water Proofing
A3 Sheet Sketching 2: Swimming Pool Water Proofing
A3 Sheet Sketching 3: Basement Waterproofing – Membrane, Impregnated, Injection
A3 Sheet Sketching 4: Roof Garden, Internal Wall, External wall Waterproofing

 Methods to combat dampness – Pressure grouting & Gunting

UNIT II CAST IN-SITU CEMENT CONCRETE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

1. PLATE 1 – Foundations: Shallow foundations – Isolated, Combined, Continuous, Strap
(Plan, Section & Isometric View)
2. PLATE 2 – Foundations: Raft foundation & Pile foundation - (Plan, Section & Isometric View)
3. PLATE 3 – Columns: Types of Columns on Basis of Shape, Type of Lateral ties,
Types of Lateral reinforcement
4. PLATE 4 – Beams: Fixed beam, Simply supported beam, Cantilevered beam protecting from
a beam over a column – Plan, Section
5. PLATE 5 – Slabs: One-way slab, Two-way slab – Plan, Section
6. PLATE 6 – Slabs: Waffle slab, Flat slab with drop panel
7. PLATE 7 - RCC Staircase: Dog legged staircase - Plan, Section, Detail, Isometric View

A. FOUNDATIONS
1. What is foundation? – Terminologies: Foundation bed, Superstructure, Substructure,
Footing
2. Types of foundation – Depth & Material based
 Depth based (In detail): Definition, Working, Subtypes, Advantages, Disadvantages
(a) SHALLOW – Definition, usage, Advantages & Disadvantages
I. Isolated footing
II. Combined foundation
III. Continuous/Wall/Strip foundation
IV. Strap beam/Cantilever foundation
V. Raft/Mat foundation
(b) DEEP – Definition, usage, Advantages & Disadvantages
I. Pile Foundation
II. Pier Foundation
 Differences between Shallow and Deep foundation
 Material based classification
3. Materials used in foundation
4. Function of foundation
5. Factors to choose foundation
B. COLUMNS
1. What is a column? – Section
2. Load Transfer Mechanism - Construction
3. Loads carried / combated by columns
4. Types of column –
 Based on dimension: Short & Long
 Based on shape: Square, Rectangular, Octagon, L-shaped, Circular
 Based on Shapes with reinforcement: Square, Rectangular, Circular, L, T, +
5. Types of column failure – Crushing, Buckling, Shear, Combination of all
6. Types of Reinforcement in Column
 Longitudinal Reinforcement – Definition, Function, Dia.
 Lateral or Transverse Reinforcement – Definition, Function, Dia.
7. Definition of Stirrup & Ties
8. Types of ties – Lateral, Helical/Spiral, Circular – Spacing standards for each
9. Tie Arrangements – Drawings for typical square / rectangular rcc column
10. Hooks – Types & Functions
11. Column splice – definition
12. Detailing of columns in seismic zones

C. BEAMS
1. What is a beam? – Section
2. Load Transfer Mechanism - Construction with Section
3. Loads combated by beams – Bending moment & shear
4. Types of load – Concentrated, uniformly distributed load, uniformly varying load,
Arbitrary loading
5. Types of beams based on support – Simply supported, Continuous beam, Fixed beam,
Overhanging beam, Cantilever beam
6. Types of beams based on reinforcements – Singly reinforced & Doubly reinforced
7. Stirrups in beams
8. Hanger bar & hooked bar

D. SLABS
1. What is a slab? Terminologies (Cranking, Spacers etc.), Section
2. Types of slab – based on reinforcement provided, beam support, ratio of the span
- One-way slab
Definition, Proportions, Sections, Advantages & Disadvantages
- Two-way slab
Definition, Proportions, Variations, Sections, Advantages & Disadvantages
 Beam slab
 Flat slab
 Flat plate slab
 Waffle slab
- Differences between one way and two-way slab
- Post tensioning slab

E. SHEAR WALLS
1. What is a shear wall? - Drawings
2. Usage & Placement
3. Advantages
F. LINTELS
1. What is lintel?
2. Functions of lintel
3. Lintel Beam size
4. Advantages of lintel beam
5. RCC lintels – Advantages, Section – Reinforcement Details

G. SUNSHADES
1. What is a sunshade?
2. Need for sunshade
3. RCC sunshade detail – Section & View – Waterproofing
4. Lintel with Sunshade detail

H. STAIRCASES
1. What is a RCC staircase? – Parts of a staircase
2. Construction procedure of RCC Staircase – Waist slab staircase
3. 6 Types of Stairs - Plan, Sections
 Straight Flight Stairs
 Quarter Turn Stairs
 Dog-Legged Stairs
 Open Newel Stairs or Open Well Staircase
 3 Quarter Turn Staircase
 Circular Stairs
 Spiral Stairs
 Bifurcated Stairs

I. SUMP
Definition – Construction procedure - Sketches
J. WATER TANK
Definition – Construction procedure - Sketches
K. FLOORING
Definition – Construction procedure - Sketches

A3 Sheet Sketching 5:
 Lintel beam – Longitudinal section & cross section
 RCC Sunshade Detail – Sections & Isometric view
A3 Sheet Sketching 6:
 Shear Wall - Plan, Sections, Isometric View
A3 Sheet Sketching 7:
 Sump, Water tank – Plan, Section
 Flooring – Section & Details
SITE VISIT 1 – Relevant sketches to be made at site
 UNIT III PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
 What is Precast Structure?
 Advantages & Disadvantages Companies involved (India/Abroad)
 Manufacture, Laying/Constructing & Finishing of Precast Products
 Types of precast products
 Characteristics of precast concrete products
 STRUCTURAL & NON STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS TO BE STUDIED IN DETAIL:
 Construction Principles & Procedures
 Outline of:
o Manufacture
o Laying/constructing and
o Finishing
 Sketches, Drawings & Miniature Models
1. Precast Footing
2. Beams & Girders
3. Columns
4. Slabs & its types
5. Walls – Light wall/Shear wall, blocks/ tiles for walls
6. Bridges
7. Precast Stairs
8. Jaali & Parapet
9. Precast Blocks, Pavements and Floors
10. Roofs
 Connection between precast elements
 Column to Column
 Column to Beam
 Slab to Beam
 Case study on Precast Buildings
 Comparison of Precast concrete building vs Cast in situ

UNIT IV SPECIAL CONCRETES AND INNOVATIONS IN CONCRETE

 What is Special concrete?
 Characteristics & Applications of Special concrete
 Differences between Ordinary & Special concrete
 Types of Special concrete – Manufacture, Properties, Pros & Cons, Application
o LIGHT WEIGHT
o AERATED
o NO FINES
o POLYMER
o FIBRE REINFORCED
o READY MIX
o FERROCEMENT
o PRE STRESSED CONCRETE
 Research Organisations:
1. CBRI - CENTRAL BUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTE
 About
 Mission
  Contributions
 Concrete Brick Making Machine - Application, Salient features
 Roof Cooling Device - Application, Salient features
 Urethanized Bitumen System for Waterproofing Roof - Application, Salient
features
2. SERC - STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTRE
 About
 Research
 Laboratory
 Contributions
 Ferro cement Water tank products – Application & uses
 Funicular shells for roofing – Application & uses
 Portable lightweight foldable module for make-shift hospitals and other
needs
 Precast Lightweight wall and roof panels for mass housing
 Aerodynamically Shaped Cyclone Shelter
 Toilet unit using thin precast concrete segmental panels
3. NBO - NATIONAL BUILDING ORGANISATION (NBO)
 About
 Contribution
4. BMTPC - BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION COUNCIL (BMTPC)
 About
 Contribution

 Techniques for renovation and retrofitting in concrete

 Seismic design in concrete:
Definition
Seismic Design Strategies & Devices

UNIT V DESIGN AND DETAILING USING CONCRETE

PLATE 8 – Project: Design and detailing exercise for a simple scale project - Drawings & Sketches
Miniature Models/ Workshop –
Foundation, Staircase, Beam, Column, Sunshade with waterproof, Waffle slab, Overhead water tank,
Sump

PREPARED BY
Ar. Mohideen Fathima S.I
Assistant Professor
Measi Academy of Architecture