THE NOMINAL DECLENSION:-A,-

JA,-WA STEMS; -Ō, -JŌ, -WŌ

STEMS; -I STEMS; -U STEMS; -N
STEMS; -ROOT STEMS; -R STEMS

Prepared by:Bakhytkyzy.D,Kydykenova.D,Ryskaliyeva.D
 In the Old English name system, the following parts of speech were
distinguished: noun, adjective, pronouns and numerals.

INTRODUCTION

From a morphological point of view , these parts of

speech were characterized by the following categories:
Genus category
Case category
The category of the number.
Category of certainty and uncertainty
The category of degrees of comparison.
Declension of nouns differed from declension of adjectives and pronouns
by a large variety of endings for the same form:

neuter gender. genitive case. singular: fisc-es рыбы , car-е заботы

, sun-a сына , nåm-an имени and so on. But in the genitive case,

singular, masculine declension of the adjective ȝōd-es хорошего —

always with the same ending -es (blind-es слепого , heard-es тяжелого

, dēop-es глубокого и т. д.).

The following stems are usually distinguished in Old
English: stems on -o, -a, -i, -u, -n, -r, -s, -nt
and root stems

-n, -r, -s
-о, -ā, -i, -u
and-nt

Stems on the vowel the stems of consonant



 O-STEMS
The basics of the -o in the Old English period included a very large
number of nouns. New nouns that belonged to other types or borrowed from
other languages passed into the specified type of declension.
 JO-STEMS

in the basics of na -jo, there were two varieties of the long-term

option.
 WO-STEMS

There were two variants in the bases on -wo: a) with a vowel preceding
the base suffix; b) with a consonant preceding the base suffix
 A-stems
Only feminine nouns belonged to the basics of -a.
 JA-STEMS
the ending -ena in the genitive plural
was usually absent
 Wa-stems

the ending -ena in the genitive plural is also absent,

distinguish long-syllable and short-syllable variants
 i-stems

The bases on -i include nouns of all three genders. Only a few

nouns, mainly the names of tribes, nationalities, etc., retain the
former endings of the bases on -i in the nominative and accusative
plural cases:
Enȝle англы, англо-саксы, Seaxe саксы и т. д.;

some of them are exposed to analogous effects of the bases on -n:

Seaxna
 U-STEMS

singular form
Nom sunus sunu
Gen sunaus suna
Dat sunau suna
Acc sunu suna
sunu-son
plural form
Nom sunjus suna
Gen suniwē suna
Dat sunum sunum
Acc sununs suna
 N-STEMS
Gothic Masc Fem
-in- / -an- -ansing Nom guma tuggō
Gen gumins tuggōns
Dat gumin tuggōn
Acc guman tuggōn
pl Nom gumans tuggōns
Gen gumanē tuggōnō
Dat gumam tuggōm
Acc gumans tuggōns
OHG Old English
sing Nom zunga tunZe
Gen zungûn tunZan
Dat zungûn tunZan
Acc zungûn tunZan
pl Nom zungûn tunZan
Gen zungôno tunZena
Dat zungôm tunZum
Acc zungûn tunZan
 ROOT-STEMS

This class was not extensive and stood apart among

other Old English nouns due to peculiarities of
form-building which was partly retained in Modern
English. Unlike other classes the root-stem nouns
such as man (man, masculine), mus (mouse, feminine)
originally had no stem-suffix the grammatical ending
was added directly to the root. As a result of that
in the Dative Singular and the Nominative and the
Accusative Plural the root-vowel had undergone
palatal mutation due to the [i]-sound in the
grammatical ending of these forms. Later the ending
was dropped and vowel interchange remained the only
means of differentiating the given forms in the
paradigm.