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Provenance of Mexican Terranes:

Isotopic Constraints
a a
J. Duncan Keppie & E. Ortega-Gutierrez
a
Institute de Geología , Universidad National Autónoma de México,
Ciudad Universitaria , Delegatión Coyoacán, México D. F., 04510,
México
Published online: 06 Jul 2010.

To cite this article: J. Duncan Keppie & E. Ortega-Gutierrez (1995) Provenance of Mexican Terranes:
Isotopic Constraints, International Geology Review, 37:9, 813-824, DOI: 10.1080/00206819509465428

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 International Geology Review, Vol. 37, 1995, p. 813-824.
Copyright © 1995 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved.

Provenance of Mexican Terranes: Isotopic Constraints

J. DUNCAN KEPPIE AND E ORTEGA-GUTIÉRREZ
Institute de Geología, Universidad National Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria,
Delegatión Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., México

Abstract
Pb isotopes in Mesozoic and Cenozoic lavas and mineral deposits of eastern Mexico (Oaxaquia
and Maya terranes) are highly radiogenic, in contrast to signatures from areas underlain by
Laurentian Grenville basement. The sharp boundary between these Pb-isotope domains and its
NE trend nearly perpendicular to the Laramide suture and the Cenozoic trench suggest that the
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main source of radiogenic Pb lies in the continental basement. Similar Pb-isotope signatures in
the lavas and mineral deposits in the western Mexican (Pacific) oceanic-arc terranes suggest a
source in sediments derived from eastern Mexico. The ca. 0.55 to 3.1 Ga Nd model ages of lower-
crustal granulite-facies xenoliths in Cenozoic lavas is consistent with the hypothesis that much
of eastern Mexico may be underlain by rocks of the ca. 1 Ga Oaxacan Complex of southern
Mexico or Late Proterozoic-Cambrian rocks in the basement of the Yucatán Peninsula.
Comparison of the Mexican Pb- and Nd-isotopic signatures with Laurentian and Gondwanan
data indicates that they are generally distinct from Laurentian Grenvillian basement, but are
similar to those in the Arequipa-Antofalla terrane (in Peru, western Bolivia, and northern
Chile), the southwestern Amazonian craton in Brazil, and the Appalachian-Ouachita terranes
derived from Gondwana. This suggests that a possible provenance of the Mexican Proterozoic
basement lies in northwestern South America, which is consistent with the Late Cambrian-
Early Ordovician faunal similarities between Oaxaca (Mexico) and Bolivia. Interaction between
eastern Laurentia and western South America during the Ordovician appears to be absent in
Oaxaquia, the earliest deformation being Devonian. A provenance for Oaxaquia off Colombia,
outside the sphere of such Ordovician interactions, is supported by lithological comparisons.

Introduction which was exotic with respect to adjacent cra-

PROTEROZOIC BASEMENT IN MEXICO
covered by younger rocks, mainly of Mesozoic
and Cenozoic age, which include subduction-
related lavas and mineral deposits. Isotopes of
Pb, Nd, and Sr from igneous rocks (especially
felsic varieties) and associated mineral deposits
have been used widely to identify the magmatic
source and the nature of the basement (e.g.,
DePaolo, 1988; James and Henry, 1993a).
Supra-subduction zone magma sources include
subducted sediment, the mantle wedge, and
continental basement. In general, Pb isotopes
inherit more crustal component than Nd iso­
topes, and thus have been used to map conti­
nental basement domains. Despite the wealth of
recent isotopic data in Mexico, their tectonic
significance has not been assessed on a regional
basis. This analysis suggests that most of Mex­
ico is underlain by a Proterozoic basement and/
or sediments derived from such a basement,
tonic North America and may have been derived
is largely
from northwestern South America.
Geological Setting
Mexico has been subdivided into several tec-
tonostratigraphic terranes that vary in terms of
number and location, depending upon indi­
vidual authors (e.g., Campa-Uranga and Coney,
1983; Ramirez-Espinosa et al., 1991; Talavera-
Mendoza, 1993; Sedlock et al., 1993). Although
differing in detail, the terranes may be grouped
according to their time of accretion to Lauren­
tia: (1) Late Paleozoic; and (2) Mesozoic to
early Cenozoic. Much of eastern Mexico (Maya
terrane, Oaxaquia, and the Inner Ouachita
Zone) was amalgamated during the Devonian
and further telescoped during collision
between southern Laurentia and northern
South America in the Permo-Carboniferous.
Most of the terranes in southwestern Mexico

0020-6814/95/146/813-12 $10.00 813

 814 KEPPIE AND ORTEGA-GUTIÉRREZ
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FIG. 1. Map showing the distribution of the main tectonic features of Mexico and southern United States
(modified from Stewart et al., 1993; Ortega-Gutiérrez et al., 1995). A slight modification involves placing a jog in the
boundary in northern Mexico to include Pb-isotope data within the Ouachita Inner Zone, as indicated by the
affinity of the Pb isotopes. Abbreviations: LO = La Olivina; LP = El Potrillo.

(Pacific terranes—Guerrero, Yuma, Zihuata- rocks in northwestern Sonora; 1700 to 1650 Ma

nejo, Xolapa, etc.), on the other hand, were
accreted to the Pacific margin of Mexico either
during the latest Triassic and Jurassic (Sedlock
et al., 1993) or during the Late Cretaceous
to Eocene Laramide Orogeny (Coney, 1983;
Ramirez-Espinosa et al., 1991; Tardy et al.,
1991; Lapierre et al., 1992).
Proterozoic crystalline rocks in Mexico
occur in widely scattered outcrops, in wells, and
as xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks. They
may be subdivided into an area adjacent to the
United States that represents the southwestern
continuation of cratonic North America and
the Ouachita Orogen, and areas of uncertain
affinity that have been variously interpreted as
southern extensions of cratonic North America
or exotic terranes (Fig. 1) (e.g., Shurbet and
Cebull, 1987; Stewart, 1988; Hoffman, 1989).
Undisputed cratonic North American Pro­
terozoic rocks fall into three main units: 1800
to 1700 Ma amphibolite-facies eugeoclinal
greenschist-facies cratonic rocks in north­
eastern Sonora; and 1400 to 1000 Ma unmeta-
morphosed to amphibolite-facies rocks of the
Grenville Orogen in northern and eastern Chi­
huahua. They are intruded by ca. 1460 to 1410
Ma and ca. 1300 to 1000 Ma plutons in Sonora
and Chihuahua, respectively (U-Pb zircon ages
from Anderson and Silver, 1977a, 1977b;
Anderson et al., 1979; Rodriguez-Castafieda,
1988; Blount, 1993; Rudnick and Cameron,
1991; Anderson and Silver, unpubl. data
reported in Sedlock et al., 1993).
Proterozoic rocks of uncertain affinity may be
subdivided into two main units (Fig. 1): (1)
miogeoclinal or continental rift deposits and
plutonic rocks that were deformed under gran-
ulite-facies metamorphic conditions during the
interval from 1100 to 1000 Ma (Oaxacan Com­
plex) ; and (2) Late Proterozoic (544 ± 5 Ma)
rocks beneath the Yucatan Peninsula (Maya
Terrane) (U-Pb zircon ages from McBirney and
 PROVENANCE OF MEXICAN TERRANES 815
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FIG. 2. Compilation of Mesozoic (A) and Cenozoic (B) Pb-isotopic data from Mexico and adjacent Texas plotted on
the 207Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb diagram (data from de Cserna et al., 1978; Cumming et al., 1979; Barreiro et al.,
1984; Ortigoza-Cruz, 1988; Rubalcaba-Ruiz and Thompson, 1988; Heatherington, 1988; Lucio, 1990; Mango et al.,
1991; Yta, 1992; James and Henry, 1993a, 1993b; Verma and Luhr, 1993; Miranda-Gasca, 1995; Nelson et al., 1995).
Upper crust and Orogene curves are from Zartman and Doe (1981), and the Northern Hemisphere reference line for
mid-oceanic ridge basalts is from Hart (1984).

Bass, 1969; Anderson and Silver, 1971; Ortega-
Gutiérrez et al., 1977; Robinson et al., 1989;
Robinson, 1991; Yañez et al., 1991; Krogh et
al., 1993; Herrmann et al., 1994; Murillo-
Muñetón, 1994; Silver et al., 1994). Using
these data, along with structural trends,
exposures of undated but lithologically similar
high-grade banded gneiss, and occurrences of
granulite-facies xenoliths, Ortega-Gutierrez et
al. (1995) proposed that rocks similar to the
ca. 1 Ga Oaxacan Complex underlie an area
of about 1,000,000 sq. km (Oaxaquia) that
extends southeastward from the Ouachita
Orogen through much of eastern and southern
Mexico (Fig. 1). Furthermore, on the basis of
lithological similarities and paleomagnetic data
from the ca. 1 Ga Oaxacan Complex (Ballard
et al., 1989), Ortega-Gutiérrez et al. (1995)
inferred that the microcontinent originated
adjacent to eastern Laurentia in the vicinity of
the Adirondacks and Ontario. However, the
paleomagnetic data also are satisfied by a prove-
 816 KEPPIE AND ORTEGA-GUTIERREZ
nance along the northwestern Gondwana mar­
gin (Ballard et al., 1989); in latest Cambrian to
earliest Ordovician times, faunal provinciality
indicates Gondwanan affinities for Oaxaquia
(Robison and Pantoja-Alor, 1968). Ca. 1 Ga
rocks in northwestern Gondwana have been
recorded in the Sunsas Orogen, which runs
along the southwestern side of the Amazonian
craton (Litherland et al., 1986; Teixeira et al.,
1989) and also in the Arequipa massif in Peru
(Wasteneys et al., 1995), suggesting that a
Gondwanan origin is equally compatible with
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the geochronological data. Another hypothesis
suggests that the ca. 1 Ga Oaxaca basement
represents a subsurface extension of the Lau-
rentian Grenville Orogen (de Cserna, 1971;
Shurbet and Cebull, 1987). Isotopic data from
igneous rocks and mineral deposits may be used
to evaluate the extent, age, and nature of conti­
nental basement beneath Mexico and their
comparison with potential provenance regions.
Isotopic Data
Mexican Pb-isotopic data were derived from
analyses of sulfide and oxide ore minerals in
Mesozoic massive sulfide and sedimentary
exhalative deposits and in Cenozoic lavas and
volcanogenic epithermal-mesothermal deposits
(Fig. 2). In general, all of the lavas and deposits
are highly radiogenic, with 2 0 6 Pb/ 2 0 4 Pb of ca.
18.3 to 19.4, 2 0 7 pb/ 2 0 4 pb of ca. 15.4 to 15.9, and
208
pb/ 2 0 4 pb of ca. 38.1 to 39.5. The Pb-isotopic
signature of Oaxaquia, the Ouachita Inner
Zone, and the Pacific terranes display a large
degree of overlap, suggesting that radiogenic Pb
was derived from a similar source. Although
Cumming et al. (1979) interpreted the increase
in radiogenic Pb from SW to NE in terms of a
thickening continental crust, such trends are
not readily apparent in the more comprehensive
data base now available. On the 2 0 7 Pb/ 2 0 6 Pb
versus 2 0 6 Pb/ 2 0 4 Pb diagram (Fig. 2), most of the
data fall between the Orogene and Upper Crust
curves of Zartman and Doe (1981), suggesting
that the main source lies either in the continen­
tal basement or in basement-derived sediments
with minor mantle input. The Pb signatures
south of the late Paleozoic Ouachita suture
contrast with those encountered in Cenozoic
lavas overlying cratonic North America (Fig. 3)
(James and Henry, 1993a, 1993b). This bound­
ary is sharply defined and is generally NE-
trending (except in NW Mexico). This trend
is roughly perpendicular to the late Meso-
zoic-early Cenozoic Laramide suture and
Cenozoic trench, suggesting that continental
basement composition east of the Laramide
suture is the main source of radiogenic Pb.
James and Henry (1993b) have shown that local
sedimentary rocks or basinal fluids also have
contributed radiogenic Pb to sediment-hosted
deposits. The overlap in Pb signatures of Oaxa­
quia and the Ouachita Inner Zone suggests that
some of the radiogenic Pb may have come from
Oaxaquia basement or from sediments derived
from Oaxaquia. However, the wider range of
206
Pb/ 2 0 4 Pb values in the Ouachita Inner Zone
suggests that the sediments were derived from a
more varied source than Oaxaquia alone.
Prior to accretion, the Pacific terranes con­
sisted of arc complexes built upon continen-
tally derived sediments (up to 15 km thick)
lying on top of oceanic lithosphere (Centeno-
García, 1994). Nevertheless, the Mesozoic Pb-
isotope signatures of the Pacific terranes lie
between the Orogene and Upper Crust curves,
indicating little mantle contribution (Fig. 2).
Furthermore, the Pb-isotopic signatures of
these Pacific terranes are similar to those of
Oaxaquia and the Ouachita Inner Zone, sug­
gesting that the latter represents the source of
the sediments in the terranes. Following accre­
tion, the Pacific terranes were thrust an
unknown distance over Oaxaquia. Where Oaxa­
quia is thrust beneath the Pacific terranes, it
probably contributed to their Pb-isotopic signa­
ture, but the similarity of their Pb-isotopic
signatures eliminates this means of distinguish­
ing the relative contributions.
Unfortunately, Pb-isotope data for the ca. 1
Ga Oaxacan Complex still are not available to
evaluate it as a potential source. Furthermore,
Pb-isotopic data are missing for another poten­
tial basement unit, the Late Proterozoic Maya
Terrane (Fig. 1). Nd model ages for Oaxaquia
lower-crustal xenoliths in Cenozoic lavas range
between ca. 3090 and 550 Ma (Ruiz et al., 1988;
Schaaf et al., 1994), which is consistent with
the hypothesis that rocks of both the Oaxaquia
and Maya terranes are potential sources of the
radiogenic Pb isotopes.
 PROVENANCE OF MEXICAN TERRANES 817
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FIG. 3. 207Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb isotope signatures of Mexico (Oaxaquia and Pacific terranes) compared
with those of other locations. A. Grenvillian Cratonic North American bordering and within the Ouachita Orogen,
SW United States (in Cenozoic volcanic rocks and contained xenoliths overlying ca. 1.4 to 1.0 Ga Grenvillian
basement, after James and Henry, 1993a, 1993b; Kuentz et al., 1991; Ward and Walker, 1991); in the southern
Appalachians (ca. 1 Ga basement, after Sinha et al., 1996); in the Adirondacks (ca. 1 Ga basement, after Zartman,
1969); in the Humber Zone of the northern Appalachians (Paleozoic igneous rocks above Grenvillian basement,
after Ayuso and Bevier, 1991); and in the Precordillera of western Argentina (ca. 1 Ga xenoliths in Cenozoic lavas
and ca. 1 Ga Pie de Palo basement, after Kay et al., 1996). B. Gondwanan Basement in the Ouachita Inner Zone in
Cenozoic volcanic rocks and contained metasedimentary and lower crustal xenoliths at La Olivina (after James and
Henry, 1993a; Cameron et al., 1992); in the Piedmont and Goochland terranes of the southern Appalachians (ca. 1
Ga basement, after Sinha et al., 1996); in the Avalon Composite Terrane in the northern Appalachians (Precambrian
and Paleozoic igneous rocks, after Ayuso and Bevier, 1991); in the Arequipa-Antofalla terrane of southern Peru/
Bolivia and northern Chile (ca. 2 Ga and 1 Ga basement and ca. 1 Ga xenoliths in Cenozoic lavas, after Barreiro and
Clark, 1984; Tosdal et al., 1994; Aitcheson et al., 1995); and in the southwestern Amazon craton (in the Early and
Middle Proterozoic basement, after Tassinari, 1984; Tosdal et al., 1994).
 818 KEPPIE AND ORTEGA-GUTIERREZ
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FIG. 4. Initial єNd versus crustal residence age data from Mexico compared with those from the Avalon Composite
Terrene in the northern Appalachians, from cratonic North American Grenvillian basement in United States and
adjacent Canada, and from the Tocantins province in the Amazon craton of Brazil. Upper limits generally are
omitted because they extend to the depleted mantle curve for lavas derived from such a mantle. Data from Patchett
and Ruiz (1987), Ruiz et al. (1988), Yañez et al. (1991), Pimental and Fuck (1992), Schaaf et al. (1994), and Keppie
et al. (in press). Depleted mantle evolution line assumes єNd = +9.3 and 1 4 7 Sm/ 1 4 4 Nd = 0.212 (average of DePaolo,
1988).

Laurentian-Gondwanan Affinities comparable with those Gondwanan terranes

The contrast in the Pb-isotopic signature
across the late Paleozoic Ouachita suture (Fig.
2) supports the hypothesis (Stewart, 1988) that
the region south of the suture is exotic with
respect to southern Laurentia (Chihuahua to
Llano). A potential provenance off eastern Lau­
rentia (Ballard et al., 1989; Ortega-Gutiérrez et
al., 1995) is not supported by the Pb-isotopic
signature of Oaxaquia, which is distinct from
Laurentian Grenville in the southern and
northern Appalachians and the Adirondacks
(Fig. 3B). However, the similarity of Pb-isotopic
data from the Argentine Precordillera and the
Grenvillian basement of the southern United
States confirms correlations based on stratigra­
phy and fauna (Astini et al., 1995). Further­
more, the Mexican Pb-isotopic signatures are
that now reside in the eastern Appalachian
Orogen and were accreted to eastern Laurentia
during the Paleozoic (Piedmont-Goochland and
Avalon terranes in the southern and northern
Appalachians, respectively) (Fig. 3A) (James
and Henry, 1993a; Keppie et al., 1996). The
Mexican Pb-isotopic signatures also overlap the
Gondwanan Pb signatures of the ca. 1 to 2 Ga
Arequipa-Antofalla terrane in southern Peru/
Bolivia and northern Chile, and those from the
southwestern Amazon craton, including the ca.
1 Ga Sunsas Orogen and the Late Proterozoic
Brasiliano Orogen (Litherland et al., 1986).
The Mexican terranes share common ages
and expressions of tectonothermal events with
various parts of the Gondwanan margin, sup­
porting the linkage implied by the isotopic data.
 PROVENANCE OF MEXICAN TERRANES 819
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FIG. 5. Mid-Late Ordovician palinspastic reconstruction for Laurentia and Gondwana (after Keppie et al., 1996)
showing the preferred provenance of Oaxaquia of NW Colombia. Ca. 1 Ga orogens are shaded. Abbreviation: A =
Arequipa-Antofalla terrane.

In the Sunsas Orogen, ca. 1 Ga orogenesis 1 Ga basement that is lithologically similar to

involved mafic and granitoid plutonism, poly­
phase deformation and greenschist/amphib-
olite-facies metamorphism of sediments, and
an unconformably underlying older (ca. 1400 to
1280 Ma) basement (Litherland et al., 1986). In
the Arequipa-Antofalla terrane, a ca. 1950 Ma
basement was remobilized during ca. 1200 and
970 Ma granulite-facies orogenic events that
have been correlated with the Elzevirian and
Grenvillian orogenies in eastern Laurentia
(Wasteneys et al., 1995). An older basement in
the Oaxacan Complex may be indicated by the
ca. 1.4 to 1.6 Ga єNd model ages on intermedi­
ate orthogneisses (Fig. 4). On the other hand,
anorthosites that are common in the Oaxacan
Complex and elsewhere in Oaxaquia are absent
in the Sunsas Orogen and Arequipa-Antofalla
terrane. The northern extension of the Sunsas
Orogen is truncated by the Andes. However, ca.
the Oaxacan Complex (including anorthosite)
is present in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
and Garzon massifs in the eastern Cordillera of
Colombia and Venezuela (Priem et al., 1989).
These data suggest that Oaxaquia and the Maya
terrane have Gondwanan affinities and may
have originated off northwestern South Amer­
ica. Unfortunately, Pb-isotopic data presently
are not available from either of these massifs.
Comparison of єNd data from intermediate
orthogneisses in the Oaxacan Complex with
fields defined for (1) the Laurentian Gren­
villian basement, (2) the Late Proterozoic
Tocantins Province in the Amazon craton, and
(3) the Gondwanan Avalon Composite Terrane
of the eastern Appalachians shows that the
Oaxacan Complex generally lies within the field
of overlap between Grenville and Tocantins/
Avalon (Fig. 4). Similarly, єNd values from
 820 KEPPIE AND ORTEGA-GUTIERREZ
lower-crustal granulite-facies xenoliths in
Cenozoic lavas extruded onto Oaxaquia and La
Olivina (in the Ouachita Inner Zone) extend
into this field of overlap. Thus, Mexican Nd-
isotopic data cannot distinguish between Lau-
rentia and Gondwana provenance.
A more precise definition of the provenance
of Oaxaquia in northwestern Gondwana and its
time of transfer from South to North America is
difficult to define. The Late Cambrian-Early
Ordovician faunal affinites between Oaxaca and
Bolivia might suggest a provenance of Oaxaquia
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in the Arica embayment. However, an Ordovi­
cian reconstruction indicates that eastern Lau-
rentia and western Gondwana were interacting,
either in continent-continent collision or in the
exchange of terranes (Fig. 5) (Dalla Salda et al.,
1992; Keppie et al., 1996). This interaction
generally is recorded by Ordovician deforma­
tion, but the oldest Paleozoic deformation in
Mexico involves thrusting of the Oaxacan Com­
plex over the Acatlan Complex (Mixteco ter-
rane) in the Devonian (Ortega-Gutierrez et al.,
1990; Yañez et al., 1991). An alternative prove-1
nance for Oaxaquia could lie off Colombia in
the northerly along-strike continuation of the
ca. 1 Ga Sunsas Orogen and the Arequipa massif
(Fig. 5) (Keppie et al., 1996). In such a location,
Oaxaquia would lie outside the apparent sphere
of Ordovician terrane transfer, but within the
region that was involved in Devonian deforma­
tion and metamorphism. However, a direct cor­
relation is complicated by the fact that U-Pb
geochronology of the Garzon massif of the east­
ern Colombian Andes records a tectonothermal
event in the Ordovician, but not in the Devo­
nian (Ruiz et al., 1995). These apparent dif­
ferences in tectonic history between southern
Mexico and Colombia may be an artifact of
either insufficient geological studies or poor
resolution of low-grade metamorphic events by
U-Pb geochronology. Stratigraphic constraints
in both areas commonly reveal one or more
hiatuses between the Early Ordovician and Mid­
dle Devonian, which allow time for Ordovician,
Silurian, and Devonian tectonic events.
Conclusions
Pb-isotopic signatures in Mexican Mesozoic-
Cenozoic lavas and mineral deposits are inferred
to reflect their derivation from continental
basement and/or sediments derived from such
basement. The antiquity of this basement is
reflected in the ca. 0.55 to 3.1 Ga Nd model ages
yielded by lower-crustal xenoliths. The isotopic
contrast across the late Paleozoic Ouachita
suture suggests that terranes south of this
suture do not correlate with Grenvillian rocks
in the southern United States. Pb-isotope signa­
tures of Oaxaquia and the Pacific terranes also
contrast with Grenvillian rocks exposed along
the eastern margin of Laurentia. They show
affinities with Pb-isotope signatures from the
SW Amazon craton, the Arequipa-Antofalla
terranes (Peru-Bolivia-Chile), and terranes of
inferred Gondwanan affinity in the Appala­
chians (Avalon, Piedmont, and Goochland).
This linkage is consistent with the close affin­
ities of Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician tri-
lobites in Oaxaquia (Mexico) and Bolivia
(Robison and Pantoja-Alor, 1968). However, the
Ordovician deformation so prevalent along
western South America apparently is absent in
Oaxaquia. This deformation has been related to
interactions between eastern Laurentia and
western South America; its apparent absence in
Oaxaquia suggests that this terrane originated
outside the sphere of these Ordovician interac­
tions, possibly off present-day Colombia. Tests
of this hypothesis lie partly in further isotopic
and geochronological analyses of exposed base­
ment in Mexico and Colombia, and in further
paleomagnetic studies on reliably dated
samples.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Institute of
Geology, Universidad Autónoma de México, for
providing funds for the research involved in this
paper, under a project entitled "Evolution Tec-
tonica Pre-Mesozoica de Centroamerica y su
correlacion con los terrenos del sur de Mexico,"
and UNAM Project #IN101095 (Direction
General de Asuntos del Personal Academico).
We also would like to thank Drs. E. Centeno-
García, Z. de Cserna, P. Schaaf, J. B. Murphy,
and R. D. Nance for their reviews and many
helpful comments on the first draft of the paper,
and Señor Luis Burgos for drafting the figures.
This paper is a contribution to IGCP Project
#376, "Laurentian-Gondwanan Connections
before Pangea."
 PROVENANCE OF MEXICAN TERRANES
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