PresentationAgust 15 2022

Development of a Sustainable Heritage Tourism Model in Post
Pandemic India
Registration Seminar Presentation
Submitted to Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
for the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of
Doctor of Philosophy
By
Sriya Banerjee
19AR92R06
Under the guidance of
Professor Abraham George
Department of Architecture & Regional Planning

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
August 2022
Introduction
• Tourism industry; a major contributor to the GDP of India, increasing it’s share from 6.70% in 2017 to 9.20%
Background in 2018
Literature Review • Government of India (GoI) in the previous years has taken supportive measures which are focussed on
making India a global tourism destination.
Need for the Study &
Gaps in Study • ‘Incredible India’, ‘Atithi Devo Bhava’,
Problem statement
• ‘Swadesh Darshan’, ‘Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive’ (PRASAD).
Aim, Objectives & • World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) has reported that in the year 2019, tourism generated 39,821
Scopes of the Research: million jobs in India, which is 8.0% of total employment on 2019 (WTTC,2020)
Research Questions
Methodology of
Research
Initial Study
Data and Text Mining
Image Mining
Image Classification
Search Query Data
Device Location Data
Future Scope of Work
List of publications Figure 2: Employment generation through tourism in

Figure 1: Contribution of tourism to GDP of India;
India; Source: WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic
References Source: WTTC Travel & Tourism Economic Impact
Impact 2018 (World)
2018 (India)
Development of a Sustainable Heritage Tourism Model in the Post Pandemic India Sriya Banerjee, 19AR92R06
Introduction • In 2020, the Indian tourism industry generated 39
million jobs, 8% compared to total employment
Background (IBEF, 2022).
Literature Review • The international tourist arrival fell from about
Need for the Study & 1,100,000 in Jan’20 to zero in March 2020 due to
Gaps in Study travel restrictions worldwide (Figure 1).
Problem statement
• Similarly, the tourism revenue earnings fell from
Aim, Objectives & 3000 million USD to almost nil in March 2020
Scopes of the Research: (Figure 2).
Research Questions
Methodology of
Figure 3: Monthly Tourist Arrival of India from Jan'17 to Mar’
Research
22 (Source: (CEIC 2022))
Initial Study The Changing Paradigm of Tourism:
Data and Text Mining • The pandemic is an opportunity for critical

reconsideration of tourism growth, leading to
Image Mining
“Tourism success” (Sotiris Folinas, 2020).
• The changes in behavioural pattern of tourists
Search Query Data are already changing - zero carbon imperatives
and the focus on domestic tourism. (Gössling,
Scott, & Hall, 2021)
• The crisis is an opportunity to rethink of tourism
List of publications for the future – “Tragic Optimism” Figure 4 : Monthly Tourism Revenue of India from Jan'16 to
Dec' 20 (Source: (CEIC, 2022))
References
Introduction International Perspective on Sustainable Recovery of Tourism
Background
In the recovery plans proposed by World Travel & Tourism Corporation (WTTC), in the G20 Summit , 2020 , focus
was kept on
Literature Review
• implementation of standardized global health and safety protocols, Offering promotions,
Gaps in Study • affordable products or greater value to incentivize domestic and international travel,
Problem statement
• Cooperate with governments in promotion of destinations.
Aim, Objectives &
Scopes of the Research: • Adapting business models to the new global situation
Research Questions
• collectively work to develop new products and solutions to boost domestic and international tourism,
Methodology of
Research
• consistent and coordinated communication to travellers, development of capacity building and training
Initial Study programs – to upskill and retrain tourism workers and MSMEs
Data and Text Mining • empowering them with essential digital skills to adjust to a new normal, and reinforcing sustainability
practices, (Stylos, Zwiegelaar, & Buhalis, 2021; WTTC, 2020).
Image Mining
Image Classification World Tourism Organization also issued directives for post pandemic tourism recovery on similar lines with
WTTC, further focusing on:
Search Query Data
• diversification of markets, products and services, market intelligence systems and digital transformation.
• Placing sustainable tourism firmly on the national agenda
• embracing the Sustainable Development Goals through tourism planning (UNWTO, 2020b).
List of publications
References
Introduction Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI), 2021
Background • Travel & Tourism Development

Index (TTDI) is a direct evolution
Literature Review
of the Travel & Tourism
Need for the Study & Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
Gaps in Study
• TTDI benchmarks and measures
Problem statement “the set of factors and policies
Aim, Objectives & that enable the sustainable and
Scopes of the Research: resilient development of the Travel
Research Questions and Tourism (T&T) sector, which in
turn contributes to the
Methodology of
Research development of a country”.
• Transition from TTCI to TTDI
Initial Study
reflects the index’s increased
Data and Text Mining coverage of travel and tourism
(T&T) development concepts,
Image Mining including the expanding role of
sustainability and resilience in T&T
growth.
Search Query Data
All of the above pillars to build back a better T&T sector, will depend on effective
Device Location Data leveraging of the growing role of digitalization.
References
India’s place in the Travel and Tourism Development
Introduction Index, 2021:
Background
Literature Review
Gaps in Study
Problem statement
Aim, Objectives &
Scopes of the Research:
Research Questions
Methodology of
Research
Initial Study
Image Mining
Higher prices in travel & tourism sector
Search Query Data • airfare ticket taxes and airport charges,
Cultural and non-leisure resources
• UNESCO cultural World Heritage Sites, • the relative cost of hotel and short-term rental accommodation;
• the number of large stadiums that can host significant sport • the cost of living, represented by purchasing power parity;
Future Scope of Work or entertainment events, • fuel price costs
• Digital Demand for a country’s cultural sites and
List of publications entertainment. Also,
• Number of UNESCO Creative Cities, representing efforts to • Need for better transport infrastructure
References protect and develop cultural and creative activities and • Need for focus on Environmental Sustainability
industries in urban centres.
Introduction Tourism Sector in India, an Overview:
Background The tourism sector in India can be classified
into (Ministry of Tourism, Government of
Literature Review India):
Gaps in Study • Heritage Tourism
Problem statement • Cultural Tourism
Aim, Objectives &
Scopes of the Research: • Pilgrimage Tourism
Research Questions Figure 6: Foreign tourist arrival in India , share of purpose of visit in 2020 (Source: (IBEF,
• Cruise Tourism
Methodology of 2022))
Research • Adventure Tourism
Initial Study
• Medical Tourism
• Wellness Tourism
Image Mining
• Golf/Polo Tourism
• Meetings Incentives Conferences &
Search Query Data Exhibitions (MICE)
Device Location Data • Eco-tourism
Future Scope of Work • Film Tourism
List of publications • Sustainable Tourism (IBEF, 2022)
References Figure 7: leading states in India based on Tourist Arrival (Source:(IBEF, 2022))
Introduction
Needs in Sustainable Tourism Research Digitalization enables T&T businesses to gather
Background consumer insights and preferences, optimize
• The knowledge-based school of thought in tourism operations, cut transaction costs and automate
Literature Review research, views tourism as a “complex social processes.
Need for the Study & phenomenon” that treats knowledge as the essential
Gaps in Study basis for tourism development and Online platforms also enable T&T service providers,
Problem statement competitiveness (Fuchs, Höpken, & Lexhagen, 2014; including SMEs, to reach beyond their local markets
Jafari, 2001). and connect with broader domestic and international
Aim, Objectives & Scopes
markets.
of the Research:
• Tourism business operating with integrated customer
Research Questions Due to the abovementioned
knowledge prepares itself for innovation, new
Methodology of customer-oriented products, and services, and will factors, it is not surprising that a positive
Research relationship has been found between ICT readiness
have a higher potential for growth (Back, Enkel, & von
Initial Study Krogh, 2007). and international tourism receipts.
Image Mining
Search Query Data
References
Figure 8 : Overview of Mobile, Internet & Social Media Use in India ( Source: www.hootsuite.com)
Introduction Gaps in Sustainable Tourism Research
Background Lack of data availability is of the main obstacles to understand the relationship between sustainability and
tourism; the added value they bring to each other, the means to balance benefit sharing, and the systems
Literature Review geared towards joint decision-making (Gössling, 2021; Ogbeide, Fu, & Cecil, 2020).
Gaps in Study In cultural tourism, the complexity of data gathering and analysis relies on
Problem statement • participation of an extensive spectrum of players,
of the Research: • requires new technologies that can shorten processes,
Research Questions • reduce data gathering and analysis costs (Xiang & Fesenmaier, 2017).
Methodology of
Research In a purely anthropocentric industry such as tourism; where economy focuses on tourists, monitoring and
Initial Study in-depth interpretation of the tourists’ internet activities before, during and after the end of the travel
experience, can shape the tourism economy (Andariesta & Wasesa, 2022; Belias, Malik, Rossidis, & Mantas,
Data and Text Mining 2021).
Image Mining
Search Query Data
References
Figure 9 : Overview of Online spends category in India ( Source: www.hootsuite.com)
Introduction Table 1: Traditional Research Metric vs. Big Data Analytics principle
• Such a system complements traditional (Source:(geeksforgeeks.org, 2022))
Background metrics -
Characteristics Traditional Analysis Big data Analytics
Literature Review • to provide an in-depth knowledge, and Nature of Data Structured Data Any Type of Data:
structured, Semi-
Gaps in Study
• provide real-time data to address Structured or
immediate issues for visitors and Unstructured
Problem statement
communities (Chareyron, Da-Rugna, & Volume of data Typical Data volume in Typical Data volume in
Megabytes and Gigabytes Terabytes and Petabytes
Aim, Objectives & Scopes Raimbault, 2014; UNWTO, 2020a).
of the Research: Object of Analysis Sample from known target Entire Population
Research Questions • Tools such as Big Data Analytics, use the population
digital footprint of users to understand them Use of Multimedia Not Used All types of User
Methodology of
Research
better and craft tailor-made responses that Generated content on
can improve their experiences or mitigate the Internet
Initial Study
undesired results(Su & Lin, 2014). Collection Time & Expensive, Time-Consuming Inexpensive, cheaper
Cost data collection cost of data
Facts & Findings Answers on already defined New and unexpected
Image Mining questions findings and fact
Image Classification Query "What data satisfies this "What patterns satisfy
pattern ?" this data?"
Search Query Data Sampling Bias & May be present Not Present
The use of big data maximizes the benefits
External Influence
Device Location Data of the unprecedented volume of data
identified in the past few years, which has Necessary Knowledge of analytical Advanced analytical,
Future Scope of Work been further broadened by the recent Knowledge techniques and tools, basic mathematical, statistical
knowledge of reporting and computer
global events (United Nations, 2020).
List of publications knowledge
References
Introduction Big Data Analytics : Introduction
Background Table 2: The 5 V's of Big Data Analytics principle (Source:(geeksforgeeks.org, 2022))
‘5 Vs of Description • Travel and Tourism Development Index
Literature Review
BDA’ 2021 report shows, that the use of big
Need for the Study & Volume To determine the value of data, size of data plays a data, various digital platforms, and
Gaps in Study technology can facilitate seamless travel.
very crucial role. If the volume of data is very large
Problem statement then it is actually considered as a ‘Big Data’. This means
Aim, Objectives & whether a particular data can actually be considered as • These also act as health and security
Scopes of the Research: a Big Data or not, is dependent upon the volume of means through the use of safety protocols,
Research Questions data. biosecurity technologies, and digital
Velocity Velocity refers to the high speed of accumulation of health certificates, boosting traveller
Methodology of
data. There is a massive and continuous flow of data. confidence(Cillo, Rialti, Del Giudice, &
Research
This determines the potential of data that how fast the Usai, 2021; UNWTO, 2021).
Initial Study
data is generated and processed to meet the demands.
Data and Text Mining Variety It refers to nature of data that is structured, semi- • In order to ensure a productive and long-
structured and unstructured data. It also refers to standing recovery, the sector must
Image Mining heterogeneous sources. incorporate lessons learned from the
Veracity It refers to inconsistencies and uncertainty in data, that current crises and ensure better
is data which is available can sometimes get messy and preparedness for future (Li, Xu, Tang,
Search Query Data quality and accuracy are difficult to control. Data in Wang, & Li, 2018; Uppink & Soshkin,
bulk could create confusion whereas less amount of 2022).
Device Location Data data could convey half or Incomplete Information.
Value Data in itself is of no use or importance but it needs to
be converted into something valuable to extract
List of publications Information. It’s an entire discovery process that
requires analysis, asking the right questions,
References recognizing patterns, making informed assumptions,
and predicting behaviour.
Use of Big Data For Sustainable Recovery of Tourism
Introduction
Name of Objectives Data Used Outcomes
Background • To understand the impact of the Country
pandemic socially and Help travellers plan • Footage of car • Enhanced crowd
Literature Review economically, and to inform their trips by providing license plates from and congestion
Need for the Study & policy decisions – Big Data real-time and the Public Security analysis during
Gaps in Study Analytics tools were used by predictive crowd Police Force’s traffic peak tourist
Governments (UNWTO, 2021). Macau,
Problem statement estimates at 20 of monitoring cameras periods.
China
Aim, Objectives &
Macau, China’s most to monitor tourism
• According to the United popular attractions in flows. • Traveller insights
Scopes of the Research:
Nations, Big data from all 4-hour, 24-hour, and on their source
Research Questions disciplines has a key role to play • places searched for market and the
7-day increments
Methodology of in response to and recovery and visited. information
Research from COVID-19 and in better about them
Initial Study regional cooperation. captured by
immigration,
Data and Text Mining • For the sustainable recovery of
tourism, redirecting outbound • mapping of their
Image Mining journey around
travellers to domestic locations
Image Classification can help fill the gap – for which the city.
SMEs and local tourism • To power deeper • Grab, Tencent, and • Hotel habits,
Search Query Data constituents have to embrace insights into data Expedia data
from their own tourism statistics • traveller demand
digitalization
Device Location Data sources, within individual
• anonymized properties
• analyse key source geolocation
Singapore
List of publications markets and information to
uncovered trends provide insight on
References about Chinese and what tourists do
Indonesian tourists while in Singapore.
Introduction Role of Big data as a tool, for developing heritage tourism in cultural destinations
Background
• Support informed decision-making: Big data analysis can
Big data use in cultural tourism
Literature Review include quantitative and qualitative data, the latter related to user
have been divided into seven main
generated content (UGC), e.g., social media posts.
Need for the Study & categories, as per a survey
Gaps in Study conducted by UNWTO Ref.
Problem statement • Enrich cultural experiences: big data can provide information
on the location and interpretation of cultural elements, such as 1. Tracking and monitoring of
Aim, Objectives & visitor flows
Scopes of the Research: heritage sites, gastronomy routes or traditional artisan workshops
Research Questions 2. Profiling visitors
• Facilitate information for visitor experiences: Visitors often
Methodology of wish to know more about the places they visit and their cultures,
Research
3. Measuring visitor satisfaction and
making the information a vital element in cultural experiences; sentiment
Initial Study
• Enable digital access to culture: the vast storage of cultural 4. Measuring expenditure
heritage elements in museums and archives is transitioning
towards the digital world, providing new opportunities to access 5. Promoting visitor engagement
Image Mining
cultural data by visitors and residents alike; 6. Prediction of visitor behaviour
7. Use of big data for cultural
Search Query Data
resources
References
Introduction
Case Studies of Using Big data as a tool, for developing heritage tourism in cultural destinations
Background Name of Use Objectives Data Used Lesson Learned
Country category of
Literature Review
BDA
Need for the Study & Korea Tracking and • Accurate measurement of • Mobile • Cultural tourism flows, cultural tourism
Gaps in Study
monitoring market trends positioning motivations and behaviour, through social
Problem statement (Criteria 1) • Introduction of customized data (MPD) media analysis.
tourism products. • Credit card • Allows DMOs to increase their
of the Research: Profiling • To support the design of transactions, competitiveness by better targeting and
visitors strategies aimed at attracting • Analysis of differentiate the needs of cultural visitors
Research Questions
(Criteria 2 specific visitors’ profiles social media from a great variety of markets.
Methodology of • Events, visitor flows and content • It also reveals the added value of culture,
Research expenditure levels by regions such as festivals, for the destinations’ overall
Initial Study competitiveness.
Sri Lanka Profiling • To analyse the perceptions of • User • cultural elements that are of interest to
visitors Sri Lanka among Chinese generated visitors, and the visitors’ satisfaction and
(Criteria 2) visitors and the possible content on preference levels of the country’s cultural
impact of these on their Chinese sites and cities.
Measuring satisfaction and loyalty to websites • How the sentiment analysis can be useful at
satisfaction the destination. about Sri the national level to compare experiences in
(Criteria 3) • Popular cultural routes with Lankan Cities. different cities and destinations
Chinese nationals including • Sentiment • Identification of the most popular sites and
World Heritage Sites, and analysis of specific attractiveness based on either
other routes covering reviews cultural or spiritual values.
Future Scope of Work cultural and spiritual • integration cultural clusters in the cities’ to
elements offer, and create new cultural routes or
tourism products.
References
Development of a Sustainable Heritage Tourism Model in the Post Pandemic Indian Context
Introduction Case Studies of Using Big data as a tool, for developing heritage tourism in cultural destinations
Background Name of Use category of BDA Objectives Data Used Lesson Learned
Country
Literature Review Promoting visitor In Montreal, the artwork • Big data on In this case, big data was not just a
Need for the Study & engagement entitled Living traffic flow, source of information, it was also
Gaps in Study (Criteria 3) Connections was created • weather used as an element to
for the bridge, using big Conditions • Engage users in the creative
Problem statement
Cultural assets/resources data Feeds to generate a • social media expressions of the city’s culture.
Montreal,
Aim, Objectives & (Criteria 3) constantly changing light data collected
Scopes of the Research: Canada
show, depicting the moods during the • The project was an important
Research Questions of the city. day illustration of the vibrancy of
Montreal as a UNESCO Creative
Methodology of
City of Design.
Research
Initial Study Tracking and monitoring • Analysis of visitor The analysis of • The value of analysing UGC to
(Criteria 3) flows and visitor user-generated understand better visitor flows
experiences for the content (UGC) • Cultural experiences in
Image Mining Profiling visitors improvement of including social destinations.
(Criteria 3) marketing media. • The challenge of spreading
Image Classification • Management tourists, particularly
Measuring satisfaction strategies. international visitors, in areas
Search Query Data Antwerp, (Criteria 3) outside the main tourism spots
Belgium
Device Location Data Predicting visitor
behaviour
(Criteria 3)
Cultural assets/resources
References (Criteria 3)
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Gaps in Study
Problem Statement
Problem statement
Aim, Objectives & Scopes From the literature studies, it is established that Big Data Analytics (BDA) tools have specific
of the Research: advantages over the traditional methods of data collection and analysis, evidently in an aftermath of
Research Questions Covid-19, where digitization of economic activities have advanced. Further. application of BDA has also
Methodology of
been used as a tool for sustainable recovery of tourism economy in many countries. However, in Indian
Research context, application of BDA in the field of tourism research is still limited, compared to the other
countries in the Asia Pacific Region (IBEF, 2022; Miah, Vu, Gammack, & McGrath, 2016; Uppink &
Initial Study
Soshkin, 2022)
This research therefore, intends to develop a BDA framework, for the sustainable development of
Image Mining
heritage tourism, and explore the possibility of developing a Heritage Tourism Index as a result.
Search Query Data
References
Introduction
Aim of the Research:
Background
Development of an appropriate sustainable tourism model and Heritage Tourism Index based on Big Data.
Literature Review
Objectives of Research
Gaps in Study
1. Exploring the link between Post-Covid Sustainable Tourism and Cultural Heritage, the Problems and prospects.
Problem statement 2. Enhancing tourist’s experience and memory tagging: decision making process of tourists.
Aim, Objectives & Scopes 3. Developing a Tourism model for enhanced
of the Research: • Visitors’ confidence in terms of health, security and safety
Research Questions • better experience and sustainability through an appropriate Index.
4. Testing and validation of the model and the index.
Methodology of
Research
Scope of Research
Initial Study
Identifying the concept of sustainable tourism planning in Indian context and how it is interacting with the revival of the
Data and Text Mining tourism economy in the post pandemic context; integrating heritage and cultural values along with age-friendliness.
Identification and mapping of existing tourism practices in India which fit into the premise of traditional, cultural and
Image Mining
religious heritage. The impact of tourism on the traditional, cultural and religious heritage is to be reviewed carefully.
Image Classification How sustainable tourism can model the existing local economy without over- exploitation in the post-pandemic period.
Search Query Data Limitations:

1. Availability of Data – restrictions on image data from Facebook, Instagram, due to privacy policy, unavailability of
historical tweets.
Future Scope of Work 2. Availability of dataset – certain data sources are strictly paid and unavailable for use in academic purposes.
3. Forecasting Tourism Demand
List of publications 4. Time and resource constraints
References
Introduction
Research Questions
Background
Literature Review 1. In heritage tourism destinations, how does sustainable tourism planning, using big data analytics (BDA) tools,
Need for the Study & help in the sustainable management of the local cultural heritage?
Gaps in Study
Problem statement 2. In the post-pandemic context, how does developing sustainable tourism using BDA tools help regenerate the
economy to develop the local community?
of the Research:
Research Questions Table 3: Big Data categories and respective Sources
Methodology of Data Sources Category Data Types Platforms of Data Collection
Research
Users User Generated • Online Textual Data • Twitter API
Initial Study
Content (UGC) • Online Photo Data • User Reviews From Search Engines (e.g.,
Data and Text Mining Google, Bing, etc.) travel booking
websites
Image Mining • Photo metadata from Flickr, Instagram etc.
Devices Device data • GPS Data • Google Mobility Report
• Misc. data • Apple Mobility trends report
Search Query Data • Meteorological data • Weather data from AccuWeather API,
• RFID Data Weather API etc.
Device Location Data • Mobile Roaming Data
Operations Transaction data • Web Search Data • Google Trends
• Misc. Transaction Data • TripAdvisor
List of publications • Webpage Visiting Data • Various Transaction Data providers
• Online booking data
References • Cards data
Research Questions Research Objectives Sub Objectives Data Analysis Tools
Introduction
Exploring the link Identification of current Research Articles – Scopus, Content mining &
Background between Sustainable issues, trends with WoS (1439 no.) Analysis
Tourism & Cultural heritage tourism News media – The Guardian,
Literature Review Heritage NY Times (9500 no.s)
Gaps in Study Impact of Tourism Research Articles – Scopus, Content mining &
In heritage tourism
development on WoS (1439 no.) Analysis
Problem statement destinations, how
Heritage –
does sustainable
Aim, Objectives & Scopes opportunities & Threats News media – The Guardian,
of the Research:
tourism planning, NY Times (9500 no.s)
using big data
Research Questions analytics (BDA) tools, Needs and Gaps in Research Articles – Scopus, Content mining &
help in the Tourism Studies WoS (1439 no.) Analysis – Research
Methodology of
Research sustainable Papers
management of the To facilitate an interface Spatial distribution of Geotagged Image mining - Geocoding of Image
Initial Study between the tourists and tourists 8679 photographs from Flickr. metadata
local cultural
heritage? the local communities
without causing the Identification of Tourist Geotagged Image mining - Geocoding of Image
Image Mining appropriation or s’ behavioural pattern 8679 photographs from Flickr. metadata
evolution of the local
Image Classification cultural heritage. Imageability of Geotagged Image mining - Image classification
destination 8679 photographs from Flickr. (Supervised &
Search Query Data unsupervised)
provide more enjoyable Identification of Geotagged Image mining - Image classification
experiences for tourists tourists’ interest in 8679 photographs from Flickr. (Supervised &
Future Scope of Work through more meaningful cultural heritage unsupervised)
connections with local product (Tangible &
List of publications people, and a greater Intangible)
understanding of local
References cultural, social and
environmental issues.
Introduction Research Questions Research Sub Objectives Data Analysis Tools
Background
Objectives
In the post-pandemic Exploring the Tourism patterns Geotagged Image mining, Geocoding of
Literature Review context, how does decision-making Google Mobility report Image metadata,
developing process of tourists
Gaps in Study sustainable tourism
using BDA tools help Tourist Satisfaction Images & Reviews from Sentiment Analysis
Problem statement Google Places
regenerate the
Aim, Objectives & Scopes economy to develop Trip Duration (Temporal Geotagged Images, Sentiment Analysis
of the Research: distribution of Tourist) Reviews, Posts
the local community?
Research Questions
Content Analysis
Rebuild the tourist Tourism demand Google Search Query
Methodology of
Research
confidence, ensure Data
tourist safety in
Initial Study Tourists interest in Google Search Query
post pandemic
particular destinations Data
context
Data and Text Mining Tourist Sentiment analysis Geotagged Images, Sentiment Analysis
Reviews, Posts of reviews
Image Mining
Search Query Data
References
Introduction Problem Literature Research Research Research Sub Selection of Data Collection & Analysis
Statement Review Questions Objectives Objectives Techniques (Big Data Analytics)
Background
Literature Review
Identification of Parameters for Data Analysis using Data Cleaning & Data Collection from
Need for the Study & Sustainable heritage Tourism Data Mining tools Pre-processing Big Data Sources
Gaps in Study
Problem statement
Aim, Objectives & Scopes Identification of tourists’ interest in cultural heritage product Choice of Destination Tourism Spill over
of the Research:
Tourist Profile Mode of Stay
Impact of Tourism development on Heritage
Sustainability
Research Questions
Parameters
Parameters
Spatial distribution of tourists Trip Duration
Methodology of
Heritage
current issues & practices with heritage tourism

Research Tourist s’ behavioural pattern Mode of transport
Initial Study Imageability of destination
Expenditure Pattern Tourist Satisfaction
Image Mining
Machine Learning Model Training & Development based on the parameters
Validation of the developed ML Model
Search Query Data

Heritage Tourism Index Framework Development
List of publications Policy Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development
References
Tourism Promotion Policies Planning policies for Sustainable Heritage Tourism Practices
The Data Mining Framework adopted for the Initial Study
Introduction
User-generated Data Collection Literature Search GPS
Background Content Mining Query Location
Data Data
Literature Review
Need for the Study & Image Mining Text Mining
Gaps in Study
Google
Problem statement Google Mobility
Social Media Posts Social media Post Online reviews Research News Media
Trends Report
Aim, Objectives & Scopes Papers Articles
of the Research: Image metadata Data
(Geotag, Caption,
Research Questions Image
Timestamp)
s
Methodology of
Research
Image Geocoding Data cleaning & Preprocessing Word
Initial Study
Embedding of metadata Tokenization
Data Analysis
Tourists’ Movement
Image Mining Supervised Unsupervised Spatio-Temporal Sentiment Network Topic interests & pattern (pre &
image image Image Distribution Analysis modelling Modelling Tourism post-pandemic)
Image Classification classification classification trends
Search Query Data

Text and data mining (TDM) is the automated process of selecting and analyzing large amounts of text or data
Device Location Data resources for purposes such as searching, finding patterns, discovering relationships, semantic analysis and learning how
content relates to ideas and needs (libguides.library.usyd.edu.au, 2022a).
List of publications Data Cleaning refers to steps taken to standardize text and to remove text and characters that are not relevant to the
analysis. After performing these steps, the resultant dataset is ‘clean’ text dataset that is ready to be
References analyzed.(libguides.library.usyd.edu.au, 2022b)
Introduction
Background Based on the adopted methodology, an initial study/experiment has been conducted, which includes:
Literature Review • Content Analysis using Abstracts from Research Articles

Need for the Study & • Content analysis using News media articles
Gaps in Study • Analysis of online User Generated Content on Social Media using Darjeeling, West Bengal as a study area.
Problem statement
*The results from the Initial Study /Experiments are used to develop two conference papers centred on “Use of Big
of the Research: Data Analytics in Tourism Research” (mentioned in List of Publications).
Research Questions
Methodology of To determine the link between Sustainable tourism, a search using the keywords “Sustainable Tourism & Heritage”
Research was conducted, via ScopusAPI; which collected the abstracts from 1439 from 01-01-2015 to 01-01-2022 research
Initial Study articles from the Elsevier Database. Orange3 Data Mining software was used to conduct text mining and content
analysis; using the corpus – the workflow is shown in Figure 10.
Image Mining
Image Classification The Guardian API and The NY Times API were used to retrieve news media articles for time period from 01-01-2017
to 30-06-2022. 9500 articles were retrieved using the search term “Sustainable Tourism & Heritage”; a similar
Search Query Data approach to network modelling and topic modelling was adopted for the analysis of the news media articles.
References
Introduction • Data mining involves using computational
methods to discover patterns and relationships in
Background large, structured datasets.
Literature Review
• Structured data is organized in a defined format,
Need for the Study and allowing it to be easily parsed, manipulated, or
Gaps in Study have calculations performed on it by a computer.
Problem statement
Aim, Objectives & Scopes • For example, data organized in tables or databases
of the Research: or in files with structured formats, such as XML
Research Questions
files.
Methodology of
Research
Initial Study
Image Mining
Image Classification • Text mining is similar to Data Mining.
Search Query Data • But, Computational analysis is used in this case,

on unstructured text to discover patterns and
relationships.
• Unstructured text has no defined organization
List of publications for a computer to work with, so different
methods are needed to enable these analyses.
References
Figure 10: Orange3 workflow for research article analysis (Source: Author)
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Term frequency and TD-IDF
Need for the Study and
Gaps in Study
Term frequency is a method that looks at
Problem statement how often a word or a phrase appears in a
Aim, Objectives & Scopes document or in your corpus. In its
of the Research: simplest form, term frequency is
Research Questions calculated by counting the number of
times the term is used, providing insight
Methodology of
Research into the topics under most frequent
discussion the corpus. It can be used as to
Initial Study
provide insights into how language is
Data and Text Mining used across a sample of documents, for
instance how a word or term falls in and
Image Mining out of use over time.
Through visualising frequent terms – such
as in a word cloud – gives an idea of the
Search Query Data overall content of a document or groups
of documents. Figure 11: Word Cloud Generated from the corpus of retrieved
Device Location Data (libguides.library.usyd.edu.au, 2022c) abstracts from Scopus API (Source: Author)
References
Introduction
Background
Network Analysis
Literature Review
• Network text analysis is the
task of extraction and analysis
of networks from text
Gaps in Study
corpora.
Problem statement • In those networks the nodes
Aim, Objectives & Scopes are concepts identified from
of the Research: the words in the text and the
Research Questions edges between the nodes
Methodology of
represent relations between
Research the concepts.
Initial Study
• The network model
demonstrated, was
Data and Text Mining constructed using a corpus of
1439 articles from 01-01-
Image Mining 2015 to 01-01-2022, by a
search using the keywords
“Sustainable Tourism &
Search Query Data Heritage”, via ScopusAPI;
which collected the abstracts
Device Location Data from research articles from
the Elsevier Database.
Figure 12: Network Analysis model Generated from the corpus of retrieved abstracts from Scopus
References
API (Source: Author)
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Topic modelling is a method that
looks across the corpus of texts and
Need for the Study and identifies groups of words that tend
Gaps in Study
to appear in the same documents as
Problem statement each other.
of the Research: Topic modelling is used to
Research Questions
• Perform an initial exploration of
Methodology of a corpus by providing an
Research overview of the discourses or
Initial Study topics that appear in the corpus.
Data and Text Mining • to discover overarching themes

or concepts in a large corpus
Image Mining that might be missed if done
Image Classification manually.
Search Query Data • To assist in undertaking a

literature review by identifying
Device Location Data gaps or trends in existing
research.
(libguides.library.usyd.edu.au,
List of publications 2022c).
Figure 13: Latent Dirichlet Analysis Visualization from Topic Modelling exercise, Generated
References from the corpus of retrieved abstracts from Scopus API (Source: Author)
Introduction Sentiment Analysis:
Background • Sentiment analysis is used to determine if the emotion in a text is positive, negative or neutral.
Literature Review • This is done by scoring sentences based on the presence of positive and negative adjectives and phrases.
Gaps in Study
• The algorithm will analyse the text and prescribe a score for each sentence based on the presence of the
words from the list (i.e. -1 for negative words and +1 for positive words) (Alaei, Becken, & Stantic, 2017;
Problem statement libguides.library.usyd.edu.au, 2022c).
of the Research: • The following Figure is an example of Sentiment Analysis done on the tweets using #Darjeeling & #Tourism.
Research Questions
• Similar Sentiment analysis exercise is to be repeated for:
Methodology of
Research • relevant hashtags for tourism such as #incredibleindia , #Indiatourism etc. using Twitter API as a
Initial Study source.
Data and Text Mining • Reviews from Google Places, MakeMyTrip, Cleartrip and other reviews and booking Platforms.
Image Mining • Posts from other social media platforms etc.
Search Query Data
References Figure 14: Sentiment Analysis heat map generated from Twitter data using the keyword "Darjeeling" & "Tourism") (Source: Author)
(Source: Author)
Introduction
Image Mining Techniques
The Flickr API was
Background used as the primary
source of image
Literature Review
database, images
Need for the Study and were downloaded
Gaps in Study
within the date range
Problem statement of 01-01-2000 to 21-
Aim, Objectives & Scopes 06-2022, using the
of the Research: coordinates for
Research Questions Darjeeling, West
Bengal. The API script
Methodology of
Research written for QGIS
downloaded 8679
Initial Study
images within the
Data and Text Mining date range and
created a ESRI
Image Mining shapefile along with a
.csv file.
Search Query Data
Future Scope of Work Figure 15: Spatio-temporal

distribution of Photographs
List of publications taken in Darjeeling; Spatio-
Temporal distribution,
References uploaded on Flickr from 2000
to 2022 (Source: Author)
Example of Travelling Routes within a Tourist Destination
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Gaps in Study
Problem statement
of the Research:
Research Questions
Methodology of
Research
Initial Study
Image Mining
Search Query Data
List of publications Travel Route on 15-11-2014

Travel Route on 16-11-2014
References Travel Route on 17-11-2014
Accommodation
Introduction
Background Unsupervised Image Classification

Literature Review
• Figure 17 gives us the workflow of the
Need for the Study and unsupervised clustering in Orange3.
Gaps in Study • The images were embedded using Google’s
Problem statement Inception V3 Model.
Aim, Objectives & Scopes • Then the distances were computed using the
of the Research: Cosine Metric,
Research Questions
• The distances are passed onto the Hierarchical
Clustering Widget.
Methodology of
Research
Initial Study
Image Mining
Figure 16: The Image Classification methodology adopted for the study
Search Query Data
References Figure 17: Workflow of Unsupervised Clustering (Source: Author)
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Gaps in Study
Problem statement
of the Research:
Research Questions
Methodology of
Research
Initial Study
Image Mining
Search Query Data

• The clusters identified through the distance between the embedded image show that visually similar images have
been sorted together in the dendrogram, but cluster C3 misclassified some images.
References
• Hence, to increase accuracy, Supervised Classification is conducted.
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Gaps in Study
Problem statement
of the Research: Table 4: The Cluster of images identified through Unsupervised
Research Questions Classification
Tourist Attraction
Methodology of Primary Clusters Sub Clusters
Type
Research Churches Religious / Heritage
Initial Study Heritage Buildings Tangible Heritage
Monastery Religious / Heritage
Data and Text Mining Pagoda Religious / Heritage
Market Cultural Heritage
Image Mining Figure 18: Workflow of Supervised Clustering (Source: Author) Urban Elements
People Cultural Heritage
Streets Cultural Heritage
Image Classification Tibetan Flags Cultural Heritage
Urban Form
Search Query Data • The learning algorithms are trained with 1260 Zoo Recreation
correctly classified images into 19 categories Tea Cultural Heritage
Device Location Data (through Unsupervised classification. ) Tea Tourism Tea Plantation Tangible Heritage
Tea Worker
• Based on the accuracy of the learning Transportation
Toy Train Heritage / Recreation
Motorized Vehicles
List of publications algorithms, Logistic Regression is chosen as
Water falls Nature
the most suitable model for Supervised Trees Nature
References Nature Tourism
Classification. Flora Nature
Mountains Nature
The Logistic regression algorithm is fed with 8675 images retrieved through Flickr API, and sorted into previously identified
Introduction
classes.
Background
Literature Review
Gaps in Study
Problem statement
of the Research:
Research Questions
Methodology of
Research
Initial Study
Image Mining
Search Query Data

Inference:
Future Scope of Work Images retrieved for popular tourist destinations, the identified classes can provide insights into the
• Popular tourist attractions within the tourist destinations,
List of publications • visitors’ interest into cultural & heritage products offered by the destination,
References • image of the destination.
Introduction • Google Trends data is a sample of Google Table 5: Rising Queries Related to Search Table 6: Rising Topics Related to Search
Term “Darjeeling” from 15-08-21 to 15-08-22 Term Darjeeling from 15-08-21 to 15-08-22
SQD; search query by users’ data.
Background morgan house darjeeling Breakout Siliguri Jn Breakout
• It’s anonymized, categorized and cleartrip Breakout Lachen Breakout
Literature Review kurseong tourist lodge Breakout Yiga Choeling
aggregated, and unbiased.
keventers darjeeling Breakout Monastery Breakout
tiger hill, darjeeling 3050% Darjeeling Rangeet
Gaps in Study • This allows us to measure interest in a
new jalpaiguri to gangtok 450% Valley Passenger
Problem statement
particular topic across searches darjeeling toy train ticket Ropeway Breakout
(Google.com). price 400% Monastery 400%
Aim, Objectives & Scopes toy train darjeeling timing 300% Hill station 250%
of the Research: • The figure below gives an example of how siliguri to darjeeling toy Meghalaya 200%
Research Questions it works, using the search term “Darjeeling” train ticket price 250% Lodging 200%
from August 2021 to August 2022gives the delhi to darjeeling flight 250% Glenary's 160%
Methodology of
ghoom monastery 250%
Research number of search hits by users along with distance between siliguri
Toy 150%
related trending topics; places to visit, and Train ticket 140%
Initial Study and darjeeling 200%
Ravangla 130%
mode of stay (hotels, homestays, etc.). darjeeling toy train timings 180%
Guest house 120%
Data and Text Mining places to visit in kalimpong 160%
Darjeeling: (India) Pelling 100%
darjeeling toy train time
120 table 150% Ooty 100%
Image Mining
100 toy train of darjeeling 150% Sunrise 100%
Image Classification darjeeling toy train ticket Darjeeling
80
booking 140% Himalayan Railway 80%
60 New Jalpaiguri
Search Query Data bagdogra to pelling 140%
40 tiger hill darjeeling weather 130% Junction 50%
20 toy train booking 80% Fare 50%
0 darjeeling toy train
Future Scope of Work booking 80% Breakout” instead of a
darjeeling toy train 80%
percentage, it means that the
List of publications toy train 80%
darjeeling weather 60%
search term grew by more
Figure 19: Interest over time for the Search Term than 5000%
References
“Darjeeling” from 15-08-21 to 15-08-22 (Source:
trends.google.com)
Introduction
• Covid 19 - Google Mobility Report provided by Google is an example of how device data is used to track
Background movement patterns of people using GPS location data of handheld communication devices.
• Community Mobility Reports show movement patterns at the country and subsequent administrative
Literature Review region levels.
Need for the Study and • The report shows the mobility pattern change in the following two ways:
Gaps in Study • Headline number; Compares mobility for the report date to the baseline day, shown as a positive or
Problem statement
negative percentage
• Trend graph; percent changes in the 6 weeks before the report date which is visualized as a graph.
• These reports are created with aggregated, anonymized sets of data from users who have turned on the
of the Research:
Location History setting, (which is off by default )(Google.com, 2022).
Research Questions • Similar Mobility Report was being provided by Apple – which was discontinued for public use as of April’22
Methodology of 150
Research
Initial Study 100

50
Image Mining
0
-50
Search Query Data
Device Location Data -100

Retail and Recreation Grocery and Pharmacy Parks
List of publications Transit stations workplaces Residential
References
Figure 20: Mobility Pattern Darjeeling Feb'20 - Nov'21(Source: Author)
Introduction
Background
• Selection of Heritage Tourism Destinations for Case Study (to employ established research framework).
Literature Review
Need for the Study and • Identification of Common Parameters from the case studies/ experiments.
Gaps in Study
Problem statement • Extraction of reviews, occupancy and pricing datasets from online travel booking platforms.
of the Research: • Extraction of online Transaction datasets , weather datasets, Search Query Data from online platforms (for
Research Questions
selected case study areas).
Methodology of
• Analysis of the obtained data, for generating parameters to develop Heritage Tourism Index.
Research
Initial Study • Cross-validation of the results with Historical Data & Expert Opinion.
Image Mining
Search Query Data
References
Introduction
Background
Literature Review 1. Conference Paper: “Rebuilding Tourism Economy in Post-Covid-19 Pandemic Context: Exploring the Impact of Big
Need for the Study and Data on Tourism” – International Conference on Inclusive and Resilient Cities, 2022 (communicated, accepted and
Gaps in Study presented)
Problem statement
of the Research: 2. Conference Paper: “Use of Image Mining in Tourism Research” – 3rd International Conference on Microelectronics
Research Questions
Computing Systems Machine Learning and Internet of Things (MCMI-2022) (communicated & accepted)
Methodology of
Research
Initial Study
Image Mining
Search Query Data
References
Introduction
Ahamed, M. (2017). CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM - AN ANALYSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WEST BENGAL,
Background INDIA. International Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism, 1(4), 55-62. Retrieved from
https://ejournal.lucp.net/index.php/ijrtbt/article/view/246
Literature Review
Akter, S., & Wamba, S. F. (2016). Big data analytics in E-commerce: a systematic review and agenda for future research.
Gaps in Study
Electronic Markets, 26(2), 173-194. doi:10.1007/s12525-016-0219-0
Problem statement Alaei, A. R., Becken, S., & Stantic, B. (2017). Sentiment Analysis in Tourism: Capitalizing on Big Data. Journal of Travel
Aim, Objectives & Scopes Research, 58(2), 175-191. doi:10.1177/0047287517747753
of the Research:
Andariesta, D. T., & Wasesa, M. (2022). Machine learning models for predicting international tourist arrivals in Indonesia
Research Questions
during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multisource Internet data approach. Journal of Tourism Futures, ahead-of-
Methodology of print(ahead-of-print). doi:10.1108/JTF-10-2021-0239
Research
Initial Study AUCTUS ADVISORS. (2019). Sustainable Heritage Tourism in India Knowledge Report. Paper presented at the 8th India
Heritage Tourism Conclave, Mussoorie.
Azevedo, A. (2021). Using social media photos as a proxy to estimate the recreational value of (im)movable heritage:
Image Mining the Rubjerg Knude (Denmark) lighthouse. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(6),
2283-2303. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0365
Back, A., Enkel, E., & von Krogh, G. (2007). Knowledge networks for business growth: Springer Science & Business Media.
Search Query Data

Bail, C. (2018). Text Networks. Retrieved from https://sicss.io/2018/materials/day3-text-analysis/text-
networks/rmarkdown/SICSS_Text_Networks.html
Barros, C., Moya-Gómez, B., & Gutiérrez, J. (2020). Using geotagged photographs and GPS tracks from social networks
List of publications to analyse visitor behaviour in national parks. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(10), 1291-1310.
doi:10.1080/13683500.2019.1619674
References
Introduction Belias, D., Malik, S., Rossidis, I., & Mantas, C. (2021). The Use of Big Data in Tourism: Current Trends and Directions for
Future Research. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(5), 357. doi:10.36941/ajis-2021-0144
Background
Callegaro, M., & Yang, Y. (2017). The Role of Surveys in the Era of “Big Data”. In (pp. 175-192).
Literature Review
Need for the Study and CEIC. (2022). India Visitor Arrivals. Retrieved from https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/india/visitor-arrivals. from
Gaps in Study https://www.ceicdata.com/ https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/india/visitor-arrivals
Problem statement
Chareyron, G., Da-Rugna, J., & Raimbault, T. (2014, 27-30 Oct. 2014). Big data: A new challenge for tourism. Paper
Aim, Objectives & Scopes presented at the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data).
of the Research:
Research Questions Chun, J., Kim, C.-K., Kim, G. S., Jeong, J., & Lee, W.-K. (2020). Social big data informs spatially explicit management
options for national parks with high tourism pressures. Tourism Management, 81, 104136.
Methodology of
Research doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104136
Initial Study Ciesielski, M., & Stereńczak, K. (2021). Using Flickr data and selected environmental characteristics to analyse the
temporal and spatial distribution of activities in forest areas. Forest Policy and Economics, 129, 102509.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102509
Image Mining
Cillo, V., Rialti, R., Del Giudice, M., & Usai, A. (2021). Niche tourism destinations’ online reputation management and
Image Classification competitiveness in big data era: evidence from three Italian cases. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(2), 177-191.
doi:10.1080/13683500.2019.1608918
Search Query Data
Derdouri, A., & Osaragi, T. (2021). A machine learning-based approach for classifying tourists and locals using
Device Location Data geotagged photos: the case of Tokyo. Information Technology & Tourism, 23(4), 575-609. doi:10.1007/s40558-021-
00208-3
Domènech, A., Mohino, I., & Moya-Gómez, B. (2020). Using Flickr Geotagged Photos to Estimate Visitor Trajectories in
World Heritage Cities. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(11), 646. Retrieved from
References https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/9/11/646
Introduction
Financial Express Online. (2022 May 11, 2022). Cruise Tourism in India: Cruise traffic has potential to grow 10 times by
Background
next decade. Financial Express. Retrieved from https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/cruise-
Literature Review tourism-in-india-cruise-traffic-has-potential-to-grow-10-times-by-next-decade/2520373/
Need for the Study and Fuchs, M., Höpken, W., & Lexhagen, M. (2014). Big data analytics for knowledge generation in tourism destinations – A
Gaps in Study
case from Sweden. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 3(4), 198-209.
Problem statement doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2014.08.002
of the Research: geeksforgeeks.org. (2022, 28-06-2022). 5 V’s of Big Data. Retrieved from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/5-vs-of-big-
data/
Research Questions
Methodology of Google.com. Trends Help. Retrieved from https://support.google.com/trends/answer/4365533?hl=en
Research
Google.com. (2022). COVID-19 Community Mobility Report. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/.
Initial Study
https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/
Gössling, S. (2021). Technology, ICT and tourism: from big data to the big picture. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(5),
Image Mining 849-858. doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1865387
Image Classification Hecking, T., & Hoppe, H. U. (2015). A Network Based Approach for the Visualization and Analysis of Collaboratively Edited
Texts. Paper presented at the Visual Aspects of Learning Analytics, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA.
Search Query Data
Huang, H. (2016). Context-Aware Location Recommendation Using Geotagged Photos in Social Media. ISPRS
Device Location Data International Journal of Geo-Information, 5(11), 195. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/5/11/195
IBEF. (2022). Tourism & Hospitality Industry in India. Retrieved from https://www.ibef.org/industry/tourism-hospitality-
List of publications india
References Iorio, C., Pandolfo, G., D’Ambrosio, A., & Siciliano, R. (2020). Mining big data in tourism. Quality & Quantity, 54(5), 1655-
1669. doi:10.1007/s11135-019-00927-0
Introduction
Jafari, J. (2001). The scientification of tourism. In V. L. Smith & M. Brent (Eds.), Hosts and guests revisited: Tourism
Background
issues of the 21st century (pp. 28-41). Elmsford: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
Literature Review
Kim, D., Kang, Y., Park, Y., Kim, N., & Lee, J. (2020). Understanding tourists’ urban images with geotagged photos
Need for the Study and using convolutional neural networks. Spatial Information Research, 28(2), 241-255. doi:10.1007/s41324-
Gaps in Study
019-00285-x
Problem statement
Kumari, A., Singh, A. K., & Patil, N. (2017). Travel Recommendation System Using Geotagged Photos. Paper
of the Research: presented at the Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer and Communication
Technology, Allahabad, India. https://doi.org/10.1145/3154979.3154995
Research Questions
Methodology of https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3154979.3154995
Research
Kuo, C.-L., Chan, T.-C., Fan, I.-C., & Zipf, A. (2018). Efficient Method for POI/ROI Discovery Using Flickr
Initial Study
Geotagged Photos. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(3), 121. Retrieved from
Data and Text Mining https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/3/121
Image Mining Li, J., Xu, L., Tang, L., Wang, S., & Li, L. (2018). Big data in tourism research: A literature review. Tourism
Management, 68, 301-323. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.009
libguides.library.usyd.edu.au. (2022a). Text and data mining. Retrieved from
Search Query Data https://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/text_data_mining/cleaning
Device Location Data libguides.library.usyd.edu.au. (2022b). Text and data mining: 4. Cleaning and preparing data. Retrieved from
Future Scope of Work https://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/text_data_mining/cleaning
List of publications libguides.library.usyd.edu.au. (2022c). Text and data mining: 5. Text and data mining methods. Retrieved from
https://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/text_data_mining/methods
References
Introduction Marine-Roig, E., & Anton Clavé, S. (2015). Tourism analytics with massive user-generated content: A case study of
Barcelona. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(3), 162-172.
Background
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.06.004
Literature Review
Miah, S., Vu, H., Gammack, J., & McGrath, M. (2016). A Big Data Analytics Method for Tourist Behaviour Analysis.
Need for the Study and Information & Management, 54. doi:10.1016/j.im.2016.11.011
Gaps in Study
Problem statement Ministry of Tourism - Government of India. (2022a). Annual Report 2021-2022. Retrieved from
https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-07/Annual%20Report%202021-22%20%28English%29.pdf
of the Research:
Ministry of Tourism - Government of India. (2022b). National Strategy for Adventure Tourism. Retrieved from
Research Questions
https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-05/National%20Strategy%20for%20Adventure%20Tourism.pdf
Methodology of
Research Nithya, D. P., Maheswari, B. U., & Nandini, A. (2017). A STUDY ON IMAGE MINING TECHNIQUES, FRAMEWORK AND
Initial Study APPLICATIONS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY, 6(7), 611-
615. doi:10.5281/zenodo.829795
OECD. (2020). Tourism Policy Responsesto the coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved from https://read.oecd-
Image Mining ilibrary.org/view/?ref=124_124984-7uf8nm95se&title=Covid-19_Tourism_Policy_Responses
Image Classification Ogbeide, G.-C., Fu, Y.-Y., & Cecil, A. K. (2020). Are hospitality/tourism curricula ready for big data? Journal of Hospitality
and Tourism Technology, 12(1), 112-123. doi:10.1108/jhtt-09-2017-0081
Search Query Data
Önder, I., Koerbitz, W., & Hubmann-Haidvogel, A. (2016). Tracing Tourists by Their Digital Footprints:The Case of Austria.
Journal of Travel Research, 55(5), 566-573. doi:10.1177/0047287514563985
Polus, R., Carr, N., & Walters, T. (2022). Conceptualizing the Changing Faces of Pilgrimage Through Contemporary
List of publications Tourism. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure. doi:10.1007/s41978-022-00109-7
References Rinschede, G. (1992). Forms of religious tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(1), 51-67.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90106-Y
Introduction Silva, A., Campos, P., & Ferreira, C. (2019). Sequence and Network Mining of Touristic Routes Based on Flickr
Geotagged Photos, Cham.
Background
Štefko, R., Kiráľová, A., & Mudrík, M. (2015). Strategic Marketing Communication in Pilgrimage Tourism. Procedia -
Literature Review Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 423-430. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1219
Gaps in Study Stylos, N., Zwiegelaar, J., & Buhalis, D. (2021). Big data empowered agility for dynamic, volatile, and time-sensitive
Problem statement
service industries: the case of tourism sector. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,
33(3), 1015-1036. doi:10.1108/ijchm-07-2020-0644
of the Research: Su, Y.-W., & Lin, H.-L. (2014). Analysis of international tourist arrivals worldwide: The role of world heritage sites.
Research Questions Tourism Management, 40, 46-58. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.04.005
Methodology of
Research United Nations. (2020). Policy Brief: COVID-19 and Transforming Tourism (17289246
Initial Study 17289246). Retrieved from https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-covid-19-and-transforming-tourism
Data and Text Mining UNWTO. (2020a). Big Data in Cultural Tourism – Building Sustainability and Enhancing Competitiveness. Madrid,
Spain: UNWTO.
Image Mining
UNWTO. (2020b). COVID-19 TOURISM RECOVERY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PACKAGE. Retrieved from
UNWTO. (2021). Big Data for Better Tourism Policy, Management, and Sustainable Recovery from COVID-19.
Search Query Data
Uppink, L., & Soshkin, M. (2022). Travel & TourismDevelopment Index 2021: Rebuilding for a Sustainable and
Resilient Future. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/travel-and-tourism-development-index-
Future Scope of Work 2021
List of publications Walden-Schreiner, C., Rossi, S. D., Barros, A., Pickering, C., & Leung, Y.-F. (2018). Using crowd-sourced photos to
assess seasonal patterns of visitor use in mountain-protected areas. Ambio, 47(7), 781-793.
References doi:10.1007/s13280-018-1020-4
Introduction
World Tourism Organization. (2018). Tourism and Culture Synergies. Madrid: UNWTO
Background
WTTC. (2020). 100 Million Jobs Recovery Plan. Paper presented at the G20 Saudi Arabia 2020 Riyadh Summit Saudi
Literature Review Arabia.
Need for the Study and www.oracle.com. (n.d.). What is Big Data? Retrieved from https://www.oracle.com/in/big-data/what-is-big-data/
Gaps in Study
Problem statement www.tourism-of-india.com. Retrieved from https://www.tourism-of-india.com/blog/cultural-cities-in-india/
Aim, Objectives & Scopes www.tourmyindia.com. Retrieved from https://www.tourmyindia.com/blog/heritage-tours-in-india/
of the Research:
Research Questions Xiang, Z., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2017). Big Data Analytics, Tourism Design and Smart Tourism. In Z. Xiang & D. R.
Fesenmaier (Eds.), Analytics in Smart Tourism Design: Concepts and Methods (pp. 299-307). Cham: Springer
Methodology of
Research International Publishing.
Initial Study Yan, Y., Eckle, M., Kuo, C.-L., Herfort, B., Fan, H., & Zipf, A. (2017). Monitoring and Assessing Post-Disaster Tourism
Recovery Using Geotagged Social Media Data. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(5), 144.
Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/6/5/144
Image Mining
Yousofi, M. H., Esmaeili, M., & Sharifian, M. S. (2016). A Study on Image Mining; Its Importance and Challenges.
Image Classification American Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 5(3-1), 5-9. doi:10.11648/j.ajsea.s.2016050301.12
Search Query Data
References

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Development of a Sustainable Heritage Tourism Model in Post

Department of Architecture & Regional Planning

Data and Text Mining

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

List of publications Figure 2: Employment generation through tourism in

Data and Text Mining • The pandemic is an opportunity for critical

Background • Travel & Tourism Development

Future Scope of Work

Data and Text Mining

Data and Text Mining

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

Future Scope of Work

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

Search Query Data Limitations:

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

current issues & practices with heritage tourism

Device Location Data

List of publications Policy Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development

Search Query Data

Literature Review • Content Analysis using Abstracts from Research Articles

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

Data and Text Mining

Image Classification • Text mining is similar to Data Mining.

Search Query Data • But, Computational analysis is used in this case,

Future Scope of Work

Data and Text Mining • to discover overarching themes

Search Query Data • To assist in undertaking a

Image Mining • Posts from other social media platforms etc.

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work Figure 15: Spatio-temporal

Data and Text Mining

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

List of publications Travel Route on 15-11-2014

Background Unsupervised Image Classification

Data and Text Mining

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

References Figure 17: Workflow of Unsupervised Clustering (Source: Author)

Data and Text Mining

Search Query Data

Device Location Data

Future Scope of Work

Data and Text Mining

Search Query Data