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Design and Analysis of an Integrated Coconut Grating and Milk Extracting

Machine

Article · May 2021

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 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN
INTEGRATED COCONUT GRATING AND
MILK EXTRACTING MACHINE

Christian Jay Uayan

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology
christianjay.uayan@g.msuiit.edu.ph

Abstract— A conceptual design of a machine capable of grating the coconut meat and further extracting its milk was evaluated for
its milk extraction efficiency. The grating mechanism was equipped with rotary shredder whilst the extracting mechanism was
designed as screw-barrel assembly with variable pitch. Factors such as the motor speed, gear and speed ratios, size and number of
grater bumps, geometry of hoppers, and pitches of the extractor shaft were carefully considered.

INTRODUCTION KINEMATIC ANALYSIS

Scientifically known as ‘Cocos nucifera,’ the coconut
plant has been very useful to mankind because of its
beneficial parts. The coconut meat is widely used in dishes
especially for its milk. The shell is converted into charcoal
through pyrolysis process. The husk is a source of fiber that
is significantly made as household items such as rope and
brush. The leaves are used as a roof for a hut. The tree trunk
is also used for building a house or furniture. Coconut is
referred to as ‘The Tree of Life’ because of is promising
uses and is indeed one of the valuable gifts of nature.
Extracting coconut milk is laborious and time-
consuming with manual methods. The traditional grating
with hands is very common but poses safety risks. Likewise,
for mechanical graters the tendency of being hurt while
feeding the coconut shell into the rotating blade is present
and is highly dangerous. The researcher has come up with a
solution of a machine that will be performing the task of
grating the coconut as well as extracting its milk with only
feeding the pre-scraped coconut meat into the hopper.
Kinematic Synthesis
Figure 2.1 describes the kinematics and specifications of
hardware implements as well as the input-output
relationship and structure of the integrated grating and
extracting machine.
Design of the Chain and Sprocket
From the alternating current motor, the power is
reduced into the rotary grater section by means of a chain
and sprocket assembly. The gear ratio of the driver and
driven sprocket is chosen to be 4:1 and the roller chain
dimensions are based on the standard sizes and
nomenclature. According to Robert Mott in his book
“Machine Elements in Mechanical Design - 4th Edition”, on
page 284, the designer selected the chain number 40 which
has ½ inch or 12.7 mm pitch.

AC Motor

Speed Controller
• Motor Speed – 200 rpm

Speed Increaser Power Transmission

• Chain and Sprocket • Flange Coupling
• Gear Ratio 4:1 • Speed Ratio 1:1

Figure 2.2 (Labelled Quantities of Roller Chain and Sprocket)

Suppose the decided number of teeth for the larger or the
Rotary Grater Screw-Barrel Extractor
driver sprocket is chosen to be 32 and for the smaller or
• Output Angular • Output Angular
Velocity (800 rpm) Velocity (200 rpm)
driven sprocket is 8, the pitch diameters of the sprockets are
then calculated as:
𝑃 12.7 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = = = 129.57 𝑚𝑚
Figure 2.1 (Kinematic System of Coconut Grating and Extracting 180 180
sin ( ) sin ( )
Machine) 𝑁 32
 12.7 𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝐺𝐻 = (200)(200)(50)
𝐷𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = = 33.19 𝑚𝑚 115[2002 + (50)(200) + 502 ]
180
sin ( 8 ) +
3
The angle between the two pitches of the respective (59.32 + 67.07)(50)(50)
+
sprockets was also determined using the arc length formula 2
given by: 𝑉𝐺𝐻 = 4 170 487.5 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 0.004170 𝑚3
3

𝜃 Extractor Hopper Volume:

𝑠= (2𝜋𝑟)
360°
𝑉𝐸𝐻 = 𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡.𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚1 + 𝑉𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑐.𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑 + 𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡.𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚2
360°𝑠 360°(12.7 𝑚𝑚)
𝜃𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = = = 11.23° 50[1502 + (30)(150) + 302 ]
2𝜋𝑟 129.57 𝑚𝑚
2𝜋( ) 𝑉𝐸𝐻 = (150)(150)(20) +
2 3
360°(12.7 𝑚𝑚) + (30)(30)(20)
𝜃𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = = 43.85°
65.10 𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝐸𝐻 = 933 000 𝑚𝑚3 𝑜𝑟 0.000933 𝑚3
2𝜋( 2 )
Hopper Capacity:
Furthermore, the center distance designed in a
computer-aided software was measured to be 226 mm and As cited from journal of Mohan L. and Anand T.
applying the length formula on page 290 of Mott’s book, the (2019), the density of coconut meat sample was estimated
total length of the chain was calculated to be: to be 352 kg/m3. The hopper capacity was measured by
multiplying coconut’s density and hopper volume.
𝑁2 + 𝑁1 (𝑁2 − 𝑁1 )2
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + + 𝐶 = 𝜌𝑉
2 4𝜋 2 𝐶
8 + 32 (8 − 32)2 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 2(226 𝑚𝑚) + + 2 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟: 𝐶𝐺𝐻 = (352 ) (0.004170 𝑚3 )
2 4𝜋 (226 𝑚𝑚) 𝑚3
𝐶𝐺𝐻 = 1.57 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 457.06 𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑔
Design of the Hoppers 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟: 𝐶𝐸𝐻 = (352 ) (0.000933 𝑚3 )
𝑚3
Two hoppers were designed respectively: one on the
𝐶𝐸𝐻 = 0.33 𝑘𝑔
feeding of the raw coconut meat and the other on the
feeding of grated coconut meat. Dimensions are hereby Design of the Rotary Grater
provided for the solution of the hopper volumes.
The grater device was designed in such a way that it can
scrape smaller bits of coconut meat instead of grating it
directly on the corrugated blade. In order to acquire a
theoretical quantity of the grated coconut, the volume of the
coconut bit in every bump of the rotary grater was solved
and multiplied by the number of bumps around the surface.

Figure 2.3 (Grater Hopper and Extractor Hopper)

The volumes of the hoppers are solved partially by
adding the individual three-dimensional figures such as
rectangular prism, truncated square pyramid and trapezoidal
prism.
Figure 2.4 (External Views of the Rotary Grater)
Grater Hopper Volume: Volume of each bump was considered and its geometry
𝑉𝐺𝐻 = 𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡.𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 + 𝑉𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑐.𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑 + 𝑉𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝.𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 is based on a quarter ellipsoid. Three semi-axes are given as
shown on the following representation.
𝑉𝐺𝐻 = (𝑙𝑤ℎ)𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡.𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚
ℎ(𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 )
+( ) 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎 = 4 𝑚𝑚
3 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑐.𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑
(𝑏1 + 𝑏2)𝑙𝑤 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑏 = 2 𝑚𝑚
+( )
2 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝.𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑐 = 2 𝑚𝑚
Figure 2.5 (Labels of an Ellipsoid)
 As mentioned, the quarter ellipsoid volume was to be Volume at Exit:
determined. However, the formula for a whole ellipsoid is
presented and the volume of each bump is divided as The selected compression ratio for extracting the
coconut milk was chosen to be 1:6 and the selected number
quarter.
of piches along the length of the screw is 11, corresponding
4 also to the number of revolutions required for complete
𝑉𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐 compression.
3
1 90 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑃𝐸 = = 15 𝑚𝑚; 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤
3 6
1 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑇 𝑃𝐸 = (0.002121 𝑚2 )(0.015 𝑚)
𝑉𝐵𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝜋(4)(2)(2) = 16.76 𝑚𝑚3
3 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑇 𝑃𝐸 = 3.1815 𝑥 10−5 𝑚3
Multiplying this volume to the number of bumps around
the grater provided the estimated volume of the coconut Extractor Capacity:
meat being scraped in one revolution of the grater. Note also 𝑘𝑔
that the design is inclined at 7.59 degrees for easy ejection 𝐶𝐸 = (352 ) (0.000031815 𝑚3 /11 𝑟𝑒𝑣)
𝑚3
of the grated coconut.
𝐶𝐸 = 0.001018 𝑘𝑔/ 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑣 = 𝑉𝐵𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑁
Design of the Screw Thread
𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑣 = (16.76 𝑚𝑚3 )(5)(20)
The length of the screw thread, L was found by using
𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑣 = 1 676 𝑚𝑚3 = 1.676 𝑥 10−6 𝑚3 Pythagorean theorem and is equal to the square root of the
sum of squares of the circumference of the shaft and the
Grater Capacity:
pitch of the screw. Note that the values of the pitch decrease
𝑘𝑔 iteratively.
𝐶𝐺 = (352 ) (0.000001676 𝑚3 /𝑟𝑒𝑣)
𝑚3
𝐶𝐺 = 0.000590 𝑘𝑔/𝑟𝑒𝑣
Design of the Extractor Screw
American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE)
engineering says that the pitch of the flighting of auger
conveyors must be in between 0.9 and 1.5 times the Figure 2.7 (Generation of Thread Profile)
flighting outside diameter. Hence, the first pitch of the
decreasing pitch was taken to be 1.5 times the diameter of
the screw. The following assumptions are then made: Circumference of the Shaft:

𝐷𝑆 = 60 𝑚𝑚; 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 𝐶 = 𝜋𝑑 = 𝜋(30 𝑚𝑚) = 94.25 𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑆 = 1.5𝐷𝑆 = 1.5 (60 𝑚𝑚) = 90 𝑚𝑚; Thread Length Formula:

𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 𝐿 = √𝐶 2 + 𝑃2

𝑑 = 30 𝑚𝑚; 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 The following table presents the different pitches and
their corresponding thread lengths:
Area of the Shaft Threads:
𝜋 Pitch (mm) Thread Length
𝐴 𝑇 = (𝐷𝑠 2 − 𝑑2 ) (mm)
4
𝜋 90 130.32
𝐴 𝑇 = [(60𝑚𝑚)2 − (30 𝑚𝑚)2 ]
4 78 122.34
𝐴 𝑇 = 2 120.58 𝑚𝑚2 = 0.002121 𝑚2
67 115.64
57 110.15
48 105.77
40 102.39
33 99.86

Figure 2.6 (Dimensions of the Extractor Screw) 27 98.04

Volume at Entrance: 22 96.78
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑇 𝑃𝑆 18 95.95
2 )(0.09
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (0.002121 𝑚 𝑚) 15 95.44
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0.000191 𝑚3 Table 2.1 (Thread Length of Corresponding Extraction Screw Pitch)
Average Pitch Angle: Suppose the motor operates at 200 rpm, and the
𝑃𝑀 increased angular velocity of grater shaft based on the gear
𝛼 = tan−1 ( ) ; 𝑃𝑀 ratio (32:8) is 800 rpm, the time it takes to consume the raw
𝜋𝐷𝑠 coconut meat inside the grater hopper of 1.57 kg amount
− 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑) was found to be:
45 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝛼 = tan−1 ( ) = 13.43° 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 2661 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠 ( )
𝜋(60 𝑚𝑚) 800 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠
Design of the Extractor Barrel 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 3.33 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑟 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
Milk outlet sieve was placed on the lower right portion Evaluation of the System
and is approximately one-third the length of the barrel in
measurement. This is due to the fact that the milk is The performance of the coconut grater and milk
intensively extracted at lower values of pitches. The mesh extractor machine was evaluated by examining its milk
size for the hole is selected to be 3 mm in diameter and the yield and calculating its extraction efficiency.
number of holes is 95. MilkYield Formula:
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘
𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑘 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (%) = 𝑥 100
𝑀𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑡
Where Mmilk is the mass of the milk extracted and Mmeat
is the mass of the raw coconut fed on the grater hopper.
Mmilk was alternatively solved by subtracting the original
Figure 2.8 (Dimensions of the Extractor Barrel) mass (Min) of coconut fed by the ejected mass (Mout) of the
Barrel Inner Diameter: screw press. Mout was determined by getting the number of
extractor shaft revolutions required to completely consume
𝐷𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷𝑆 + 2𝑐; the 1.57 kg meat on the grater hopper and multiplying this
to the extractor capacity.
𝑐 − 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙′ 𝑠
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
8
𝐷𝑖𝑛 = 60 𝑚𝑚 + 2(1 𝑚𝑚) 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 = 1.57 𝑘𝑔 − (2 661 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠) ( )
32
𝐷𝑖𝑛 = 62 𝑚𝑚
(0.001018 𝑘𝑔/𝑟𝑒𝑣)
Barrel Outer Diameter:
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑘 = 0.89 𝑘𝑔
The inner diameter was approximated to be equal to 95
Milk Yield:
percent of the outer diameter as follows:
0.89 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑖𝑛 = 0.95𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑘 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (%) = 𝑥 100
1.57 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑖𝑛 62 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = = 65.26 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑘 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (%) = 56.69 %
0.95 0.95
Barrel Thickness:
𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐷𝑖𝑛 65.26 𝑚𝑚 − 62 𝑚𝑚 Milk Extraction Efficiency:
𝑡= = = 1.63 𝑚𝑚
2 2 𝑀𝑌𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑀𝐸𝐸 (%) = 𝑥 100
Angular Velocities of the Grater and Extractor Shaft 𝑀𝑌𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜
Given the maximum capacities of the grater and Here, MEE is the milk extraction efficiency, MYActual
extractor hoppers, the number of revolutions of the grater is the actual milk yield and MYTheo is the theoretical milk
and extractor shafts for complete consumption were yield. Theoretical milk yield was obtained by multiplying
required to determine the production rate of the machine. the coconut milk content (CMC) to the weight of the
Since the extractor hopper is insignificant because all of the sample.
coconut meat is fed directly onto the grater hopper, only the
maximum angular displacement of the grater shaft was A study showed that the total lipid content (%DM)
determined. found in the mature coconut meat is found to be 62.64%,
which is considered for the theoretical milk yield (MYTheo)
Grater Shaft:
used in computation of the efficiency of milk extraction.
𝐶𝐺𝐻
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝. = 56.69 %
𝐶𝐺 𝑀𝐸𝐸 (%) = 𝑥 100 = 90.50 %
62.64 %
1.57 𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝. = It has been observed that the design for the integrated
0.000590 𝑘𝑔/𝑟𝑒𝑣 machine consisting of coconut grater and milk extractor
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟. 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝. = 2 661 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 assemblies is very efficient with 90.50 % efficiency.
 LOAD ANALYSIS
Machine components in a given design cannot be
satisfactory unless based on correct loading. Each
constituent is subjected to stresses cause by both internal
and external loads. Maximum stress determination has
major fundamental importance in designing, this helps the
designer control the amount of load each machine member
could carry to prevent machine failure when subjected to
excessive stresses. Correct load analysis is also beneficial in
determining the cause of structural failure through analytic Figure 3.1 (Free-Body Diagram of Rotary Grater)
calculations and fundamental principles.
Friction Analysis on Rotary Grater
Thus, the lifting force is very small that it can be
A conservative assumption was made for the weight of neglected in the design process.
the coconut applied on the grater surface which is equal to Tensions in the Chain
the capacity of the grater hopper
Before the calculation of tensions begin, the friction
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 force mentioned earlier was converted as a driving force in
𝑊 = 1.57 𝑘𝑔 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) the 8-teeth driven sprocket.
𝑊 = 15.4017 𝑁
Note that the weight is equal to the normal force 𝜂
exerted by the grater surface against the coconut meat.
Citing from the Engineering Toolbox website, it was
assumed that the materials in contact were wood and clean
metal. Their coefficient of static friction is 0.2. The friction
force that must be overcomed by the grater is calculated to
be:
Figure 3.2 (Free-Body Diagram of Rotary Grater and Driven Sprocket)
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜇𝑠 𝜂
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (0.2)(15.4017 𝑁)
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3.0803 𝑁 ∑𝑀 = 0
Lifting Force of the Rotary Grater
3.0803 𝑁 (49.68𝑥10−3 𝑚) − 𝐹𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 (16.60𝑥10−3 𝑚) = 0
The volume of each bump was stated on previous
chapter to be equal to 16.76 mm3 or when converted to 𝐹𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 9.2186 𝑁
meters, 1.676 x 10-8 m3. The mass of coconut in each bump
was obtained by simply multiplying the coconut’s density
and the volume of the bump.

𝑚𝐵𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝜌𝑉𝐵𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 352 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3(1.676𝑥10−8 𝑚3 )

𝑚𝐵𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 5.90 𝑥 10−6 𝑘𝑔
Weight of Coconut in Each Bump:

𝑊𝐵𝑢𝑚𝑝 = (5.90 𝑥 10−6 𝑘𝑔 )(9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

𝑊𝐵𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 5.79 𝑥 10−5 𝑁
Summation of Moment at Point A:

∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0

−𝐹𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 (0.06 𝑚) + (5.79𝑥10−5 𝑁)[(52.32𝑥10−3 𝑚)
+ (51𝑥10−3 𝑚) + (49.68𝑥10−3 𝑚)
+ (48.36𝑥10−3 𝑚) + (47.04𝑥10−3 𝑚)]
=0
𝐹𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 2.40𝑥10−4 𝑁
Figure 3.3 (Free-Body Diagram of Chain-Sprocket Subassembly)
Solving for Tension in the Slack Side of the Chain
For the slack side, the length of chain is assumed to be
a deformable beam with uniform load. The load is
approximated to be the weight of the chain distributed
perpendicularly along the chain length.
 According to a table provided by HKK Chain website,
the chain sag is equal to 0.5 inch or 12.7 mm. It is evident
that the maximum deflection is negligible compared to the
sag on operating conditions.
1 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝐶 = 226 𝑚𝑚 ( )( ) = 8.90 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
10 𝑚𝑚 2.54 𝑐𝑚

Figure 3.4 (Uniformly Distributed Load on Slack Chain)

The objective was to determine the maximum

deflection caused by the chain on slack side by utilizing the
formula for maximum deflection as function weight,
length, modulus of elasticity and moment of inertia. The
deflection was then compared to the chain sag observed
during operation.
5𝑤𝑙4
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − ;
384𝐸𝐼
𝐸 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (207 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝐼 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
Table 3.1 (Center Distance and Corresponding Chain Sag)
The distributed mass of the chain number 40 An abritrary axis with vertical component labelled as z
configuration as stated by USA Roller Chain & Sprockets was considered in order to project the reaction forces
website is 0.42 pounds per feet. Converting this into perpendicular to the line connecting the center distance.
Newton per meter,
𝑤𝑙
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑅𝑍 = 𝑅1𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑅2𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 =
𝑤 = 0.42 ( )( ) 2
𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 2.54 𝑐𝑚
𝑁
100 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 (6.1316 𝑚) (220.80𝑥10−3 𝑚)
( )( ) (9.81 2 ) 𝑅𝑍 =
1𝑚 2.2046 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑠 2
𝑤 = 6.1316 𝑁/𝑚 𝑅𝑍 = 0.6769 𝑁
For the moment of inertia of the chain, a cross section Hence from the value of projected reaction force,
was examined and is approximated to be the same as I- summation of forces along y-axis as conducted. Taking
beam. The dimensions of the chain were given in Figure note that the reaction forces along y will cancel out each
3.5. other.

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

𝑇𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 cos(12.31) − 𝑅𝑍 cos(77.69) − 𝑅𝑍 cos(77.69)

− 𝐹𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 cos(12.31) = 0
𝑇𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 cos(12.31) − 2(0.6769 𝑁) cos(77.69)
− (9.2186 𝑁) cos(12.31) = 0
𝑇𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 9.5140 𝑁
Figure 3.5 (Cross-sectional Dimensions of the Chain) Solving for the Tension in the Tight Side of the Chain
Assuming that the centrifugal tension is negligible, an
2𝑏𝐻 3 + 𝑏ℎ3 existing relationship of the slack and tight tensions was
𝐼= developed involving their ratio and this is proportionate to
12
the exponential raised to friction coefficient and angle of
2(0.002 𝑚)(0.01 𝑚)3 + (0.002 𝑚)(0.006 𝑚)3 wrap.
𝐼=
12 𝑇1
𝐼 = 3.69𝑥10−10 𝑚4 = 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
𝑇2
With the value of distributed weight and moment of Where:
inertia, the maximum deflection was then determined.
𝜇 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (0.13, 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 − 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛)
5(6.1316 𝑁/𝑚)(220.8𝑥10−3 𝑚)4
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =− 𝜃 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑝 (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛)
384(207𝑥109 𝑃𝑎)(3.69𝑥10−10 𝑚4 )
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −2.48𝑥10−6 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 − 2.48𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚 𝜃 = 204.62° ( ) = 1.14 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180°
 stresses or maximum normal stresses into maximum in-
plane shear stress, a diagram for Mohr’s circle was used.

Figure 3.6 (Labelled Quantities for Ratio of Chain Tensions)

𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 𝑒 (0.13)(1.14𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑) = 1.59
𝑇𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 1.59𝑇𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 1.59(9.5140 𝑁)
Figure 3.7 (Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stresses)
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 15.1273 𝑁
Tangential Force of Driver Sprocket Quantities determined:
𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑇𝑡𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝜎𝑥 = −915 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = − 8 976.15 𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 15.1273 𝑁 − 9.5140 𝑁 𝜎𝑥 = −8 976.15 𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦 = 0 𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 5.6133 𝑁 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 −8 976.15 𝑃𝑎 + 0 𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
Torsional Moment 2 2
𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = −4 488.08 𝑃𝑎
1 Principal Stresses:
𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = (5.6133 𝑁) [ (0.12957 𝑚)]
2 𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0 𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 0.3637 𝑁 − 𝑚 𝜎2 = 𝜎𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 = − 8 976.15 𝑃𝑎
Power Transmitted by the Driver Sprocket
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
2𝜋𝑁𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = From the diagram, the length of CA and CB determined
60 the maximum in-plane shear stress, which is
2𝜋(800)(0.3637 𝑁 − 𝑚) trigonometrically equal to the radius of the circle.
𝑃𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
60 𝜏𝑀𝑎𝑥 = ±4 488.08 𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 30.47 𝑊 Required Length of Barrel for the Exit Coconut Volume
Extractor Shaft Analysis The exit volume was determined in kinematic analysis
In this section, the shaft power required to compress the as 3.1815 x 10-5 m3. The length that will contain this
coconut meat was determined and added to the power volume is required in order to solve for the suface area in
required in grating. the next section and this was determined as
Compressive Stress of the Coconut Cake 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
Recall that the density of coconut was 352 kg/m3. The 𝜋(𝑟𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 2 − 𝑟𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 2 )
density of the compressed grated coconut was determined 3.1815𝑥10−5 𝑚3
by dividing this value to the compression ratio 1:6. 𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
However, the compressed density was reduced because of 𝜋[(0.030 𝑚)2 − (0.015 𝑚)2 ]
the milk extraction leaving only the dry coconut cake in the 𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.015 𝑚
vessel.
The length of the barrel that enclosed the exitting
352 𝑘𝑔 volume was determined to be 0.015 m or 15 mm which is
𝜌𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 = (1 − 0.5669) = 915 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
1 3 notably equal to the exit pitch.
6𝑚
Finding the Required Force to Rotate the Extractor Shaft
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stresses
𝐶 = 𝜋𝐷𝑠 = 𝜋(0.06 𝑚) = 0.1885 𝑚
An elemental area was taken from the outside surface
of extractor screw as shown in Figure 3.8. The rotating 𝐴𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = 𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶 = (0.015 𝑚)(0.1885 𝑚) = 0.0028 𝑚2
action of the screw tend to cause a compressive stress along 𝐹𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝜏𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = (4 488.08 𝑃𝑎)(0.0028 𝑚2 )
the axis as well as shear stress perpendicular to the
direction of compression. In order to convert the principal 𝐹𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 12.57 𝑁
 Figure 3.8 (Outer Surface Area of Extruder Screw)

Figure 3.10 (Schematic Diagram and Free-body Diagram of Grater

Torque on the Outer Surface of the Shaft Shaft)
Angle of Twist
𝜋𝐷4 𝜋(0.008 𝑚)4
𝐽= = = 4.02𝑥10−10 𝑚4
32 32
𝑇𝐿
∅𝐴 = ∑ ; 𝐺 = 73.1𝑥109 𝑃𝑎
𝐽𝐺
(0.1530 𝑁 − 𝑚)(0.47 𝑚)
∅𝐴 =
(4.02𝑥10−10 𝑚4 )(73.1𝑥109 𝑃𝑎)
−(0.1530 𝑁 − 𝑚)(0.2 𝑚)
+
(4.02𝑥10−10 𝑚4 )(73.1𝑥109 𝑃𝑎)
∅𝐴 = 0.0014 𝑟𝑎𝑑
The displacement of tooth P on the driven sprocket was
Figure 3.9 (Free-Body Diagram of Extractor Screw and Shaft) calculated to be:
𝑠𝑝 = ∅𝐴 𝑟𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑠𝑝 = (0.0014 𝑟𝑎𝑑)(16.595 𝑚𝑚)

−𝑇𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 (0.015 𝑚) + (12.57 𝑁)(0.03 𝑚) = 0 𝑠𝑝 = 0.0232 𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 25.14 𝑁 − 𝑚 Motor and Extractor Shaft

Power Transmitted by the Extractor Shaft Motor and extractor shafts were attached by two flange
couplings. The length of the extractor shaft is 0.63 m while
2𝜋𝑁𝑇𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 the distance from the shaft to the driver sprocket is 0.061
𝑃𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 =
60 m. Thus, the total length of the shafts is 0.691 m.
2𝜋(200)(25.14 𝑁 − 𝑚) Solving for Torques on Motor and Extractor Shafts
𝑃𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 =
60 𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 0.3637 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑃𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 531.98 𝑊
𝑇𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = 𝐹𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤
Total Motor Output Power 𝑇𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = −(12.57 𝑁)(0.03 𝑚)
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑃𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = −0.3771 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 30.47 𝑊 + 531.98 𝑊
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 562.45 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 0.56 𝑘𝑊
Torsional Analysis on Shafts
Grater Shaft
The rear end of the shaft was held fixed in order to
determine the displacement of a tooth in driven sprocket.
Solving for Torques on Grater Shaft
𝑇𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 Figure 3.11 (Schematic Diagram and Free-body Diagram of Motor and
Extractor Shaft)
𝑇𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −(3.0803 𝑁)(0.04968 𝑚)
Angle of Twist
𝑇𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −0.1530 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜋(0.03 𝑚)4
𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝐹𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐽= = 7.95𝑥10−8 𝑚4
32
𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = (9.2186 𝑁)(0.0166 𝑚)
𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 0.1530 𝑁 − 𝑚
 (0.3637 𝑁 − 𝑚)(0.315 𝑚)
∅𝐴 = S-N Curve of the Shaft Material
(7.95𝑥10−8 𝑚4 )(73.1𝑥109 𝑃𝑎)
−(0.3771 𝑁 − 𝑚)(0.376 𝑚) 400
347.76
+ 264.62
(7.95𝑥10−8 𝑚4 )(73.1𝑥109 𝑃𝑎)

Peak Alternating Stres

181.47
200 98.33 98.33

In MPa (log)
∅𝐴 = −0.000005 𝑟𝑎𝑑
0
The displacement of tooth P on the driven sprocket was
10^3 10^4 10^5 10^6 10^7
calculated to be:
Life, N in Cycles (log)
𝑠𝑝 = ∅𝐴 𝑟𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑝 = (0.000005 𝑟𝑎𝑑)(64.785 𝑚𝑚) S-N Curve of Shaft Material

𝑠𝑝 = 0.0003 𝑚𝑚 Figure 3.12 (S-N Curve of Cast Carbon Steel Shaft)

Fatigue Analysis
Fatigue loading is the changes observed in a material By interpolation, the values for alternating stress for the
under the influence of stress generated during cyclic 104 and 105 cycles were also obtained:
loading. This is generally represented by plotting a stress
cycle curve (S-N curve), where S represents stress and N 𝑆104 = 264.62 𝑀𝑃𝑎
represents the number of cycles to failure. There is 𝑆105 = 181.47 𝑀𝑃𝑎
progressive and localized structural damage when fatigue
loading occurs, and if the local stresses are high enough The constant life fatigue diagram was then constructed
leads to the initiation of a crack, the growth of the crack by projecting the alternating stress values on the ordinate
and finally fracture. axis versus the mean stress on the abscissa as shown in
Figure 3.12.
Fatigue Analysis of the Grater and Extractor Shaft
At 106 cycles or infinite life, the point O on the graph
The material for the shaft was chosen to be Cast Carbon presented is critical to yielding. The coordinates for this
Steel with ultimate tensile strength (Su) equal to 483 MPa point was determined trigonometrically.
and yield strength (Sy) equal to 248 MPa. The shafts were
both subjected to torsional loads and the S-N Curve was
plotted by initially finding their peak alternating strengths
at 103 cycles and 106 cycles or infinite life. Referring to
‘Fundamentals of Machine Component Design’ book of
Juvinall, the formula of peak alternating strengths as well
as significant factors were provided.
103 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑆𝑓 = 0.9𝑆𝑢𝑠 𝐶𝑇
103 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 ′ 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐺 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑇 𝐶𝑅 Figure 3.13 (Trigonometric Analysis of the Critical Point)

For materials related to steel:

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ: 𝑆𝑢𝑠 = 0.8𝑆𝑢 Slopes:
𝑆𝑢𝑠 = 0.8(483 𝑀𝑃𝑎) = 386.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 248 − 0
𝑚𝐿1 = = = −1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 0 − 248
𝐸𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡: 𝑆𝑛 ′ = 0.5𝑆𝑢
98.33 − 0
𝑆𝑛 ′ = 0.5(483 𝑀𝑃𝑎) = 241.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑚𝐿2 = = −0.2036
0 − 483
From fatigue strength factors table:
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝐶𝑇 = 1.0 Two sets of equation of y = mx + b form:
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝐶𝐿 = 0.58 𝑦𝐿1 = −𝑥 + 248
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝐶𝐺 = 0.9 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 248 [𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1]
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝐶𝑆 = 0.78 𝑦𝐿2 = −0.2036𝑥 + 98.33
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝐶𝑅 = 1.0
0.2036𝑥 + 𝑦 = 98.33 [𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2]
Peak Alternating Stresses:
𝑆𝑓 = 0.9(386.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(1.0) = 347.76 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Solving simultaneous equations:
𝑆𝑛 = (241.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(0.58)(0.9)(0.78)(1.0)(1.0) 𝑥 = 187.93 [𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠]
= 98.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑦 = 60.07 [𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠]
 Figure 3.14 (Constant Life Fatigue Diagram for Shaft)

The computation of the shaft diameter was based on the analysis was done using Solidworks Static Analysis in
mean stress rather than alternating stress. Safety factor of 2 order to study the behavior of the beams under the loading
was also provided for ordinary environment operation conditions.
where loads and stresses were readily determined.
According to Jas Tordillo in his Machine Design
Reviewer, the formula for torsional stress of solid circular
shaft is stated as follows:
16𝑇
𝜎𝑚 = ; 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝜋𝑑3
; 𝑑 − 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Solving for the Minimum Diameters of the Shafts
Grater Shaft:
𝑇𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑇𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 0.1530 𝑁 − 𝑚

3 16𝑇 3 16(2𝑥0.1530 𝑁 − 𝑚)
𝑑= √ =√
𝜋𝜎𝑚 𝜋(187.93𝑥106 𝑃𝑎) Figure 3.15 (Schematics of the Extractor Frame)
−3
𝑑 = 2.02𝑥10 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 2.02 𝑚𝑚
< 8𝑚𝑚 (𝑃𝑟𝑒 − 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑) Material Composition of the Individual Components

Extractor Shaft: Specification of the material to be used was the

preliminary step in the static simulation. Listed on the next
3 16(2𝑥25.14 𝑁 − 𝑚)
page is the list of materials acquired using the available
𝑑=√ stock materials of Solidworks.
𝜋(187.93𝑥106 𝑃𝑎)

𝑑 = 0.01109 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 11.09 𝑚𝑚 Component Material

< 30 𝑚𝑚 (𝑃𝑟𝑒 − 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑) AC Motor Cast Alloy Steel
The results for the theoretical diameter indicated that Barrel Supports Plain Carbon Steel
the diameters of pre-designed grater and extractor shafts Bolts, Nuts and Washers 2024 T4 (Aluminum Alloy)
were sufficient enough and does not exceed the yield limit
due to repeated loading. Cake Ramp 3003 Alloy

Static Analysis on the Extractor Frame Choke Shaft Cast Carbon Steel
Choke Shaft Supports Plain Carbon Steel
Design for the frame was composed of 1-inched angle
bars of varying length, welded at corners. The coconut load Extractor Choke Cast Stainless Steel
was applied on the iron treated as beam and the distributed Extractor Frame AISI 1010 Steel, hot rolled bar
weights of the component were also considered. Finite
 Extractor Hopper 3003 Alloy
Extractor Shaft Cast Carbon Steel
Extruder Barrel Nitriding Alloy (C45G)
Flange Coupling Gray Cast Iron
Grated Coconut Ramp PET Plastic
Grater Casing PET Plastic
Grater Flange 3003 Alloy
Grater Hopper 3003 Alloy
Grater Shaft Cast Carbon Steel
Inclined Grater 3003 Alloy Figure 3.17 (Shear Diagram of the Bottom Beam)
Milk Tank 3003 Alloy
Milk Tank Support Plain Carbon Steel
Pillow Block Chrome Stainless Steel
Radial Ball Bearing Chrome Stainless Steel
Roller Chains Plain Carbon Steel
Side Covers Acrylic (Medium-high impact)
Sprockets Gray Cast Iron

Table 3.2 (Material Specification of Each Component)

Application of Load
Figure 3.18 (Shear Diagram of the Middle Beam)
A load of 15.4017 N was applied on two of the
uppermost beams. This accounted for the maximum weight
of the fed coconut meat in the grater hopper. All
components except the frame were treated as remote
masses to simplify the analysis implying that the stress and
deformation effects on these parts will not be displayed in
the results but are still contributing to the load.

Figure 3.19 (Shear Diagram of the Upper Beam)

Moment Diagrams:

Figure 3.16 (Load Application and the Remote Masses)

Results of the Finite-Element Analysis

Certain beams were observed and the effects of the
loads coming from the weight of coconut and the machine
components were determined by plotting the shear and
moment diagram.

Figure 3.20 (Moment Diagram of the Bottom Beam)

Shear Diagrams:

Figure 3.21 (Moment Diagram of the Middle Beam)
Figure 3.22 (Moment Diagram of the Upper Beam)
MACHINE COMPONENT SELECTION
Selection of appropriate components with proper
applications will be featured in this section. Preliminary
designs on the preceding chapters were provided however
they were only used for conceptualization of the analyses.
For the required materials, there is a need to examine the
mechanical properties in order to determine whether that
particular material is suitable for a specific purpose.
Extractor Frame Material Selection
The frame of the machine should conform to some of
its important design requirements. One of which is that the
metal to be selected should be stiff and has little to no
deformations when cyclic load is to be applied. The cost of
the metal should be cheap noting that the frame is
composed of many members welded at joints. Hence the
ideal type of metal for angle bar to be used is ASTM A36
Steel.
Figure 4.1 (ASTM A36 Angle Bar)
Specifications:
Item: A36 Angle Steel.
Standard: ASTM A36.
Technology: Hot Rolled.
Type: Equal & Unequal.
Surface: black or galvanized.
Equal angle: Size: 20 × 20 mm to 200 × 200 mm.
Thickness: 3 to 20 mm.
Length: 6 m, 9 m, 12 m
A36 structural steel angle features & benefits:
• Low-cost material compared to HSLA steels.
• General for construction & industrial
applications.
• Galvanized A36 steel angles increase resistance to
corrosion.
• Weldable, formable and machinable.
Motor Selection
It was determined from the load analysis that the power
requirement for the motor is 0.56 kW. The motor should
also operate continuously in long duration. Therefore, the
appropriate motor is an alternating current type,
specifically YD series pole changing multi-speed three
phase induction motor from Lead Go Electric Motor
website.
Figure 4.2 (YD Series Three-Phase Induction Motor)
Product Specifications:
Configuration: YD80M1-2
Power: 0.75 kW
Maximum Speed: 2860 rpm
Efficiency: 66%
Maximum Rated Torque: 1.8kg/m
Description:
YD series motor is a pole-changing adjustable speed
motor by changing the winding connection type to change
its speed and power and it belongs to step speed regulation
motor. This series motor adopts the method of pole
changing in a single winding to achieve speed regulation,
including two speeds and three speeds. It has features of
wide range of use, reliable operation and easy maintenance,
etc.
Rotary Grater Selection
The initial design of the grater has been referenced to
existing manual cheese and vegetable graters. Many
models are available in the market and the ideal design is
that the grating surface is inclined at an angle to assist in
ejection of the tiny bits of coconut. Thereby the following
figure is more appropriate to select which is a product of
Microplane website:
 Figure 4.3 (Rotary Cheese Grater)
Description:
The Microplane Rotary Cheese Cheese Grater has a
surgical grade stainless steel etched blade that effortlessly
grates parmesan, other cheeses, chocolate and nuts. The
extra-large hopper is sized for generous portions while the
grip and crank were engineered to be easy to hold. The
Rotary Cheese Cheese Grater is dishwasher safe and
designed in three parts for easy cleaning.
Extractor Screw Selection
An appropriate design of the extractor screw is similar
to single flight variable pitch screw used in conveyors. The
single flight ensures single passage of the grated coconut
meat inside the barrel and then gradually compressed by
the decreasing pitch. Figure 4.4 represents the suitable
extractor screw design acquired in India Mart website.
Specifications:
Outside Diamaeter Range: 50 mm to 2500 mm
Standard Thickness: 3 mm up to 50 mm
Pitch Range: Standard Pitch Long, Pitch Short,
Pitch 50 mm to 2500 mm
Flight Orientation: Left – Handed/Right - Handed
Figure 4.4 (Single Flight, Variable Pitch Screw)
Extractor Barrel Selection
The barrel encloses the compressed grated coconut and
perhaps the most important part of the machine. In order to
withstand the pressure acting against the barrel wall, the
material should be surface hardened such as the nitriding
process to enhance the strength of the metal and further
improve the wear and corrosion resistance. A product from
India Mart was selected meeting the requirements for the
barrel:
Figure 4.5 (Nitrided Extractor Barrel)
Specifications:
Product name : nitrided barrel
Material : en41nb
Available size : dia 14 - 200 mm, length <6000 mm
Surface hardness : 65 - 68 hrc
Process method : gas nitriding
Suitable machine : injection/extrusion/blowing
Description:
By using high quality grade nitriding steel, with 72hr
nitriding process, the nitrided layer will help barrel to get
better performance in corrosion & abrasion resistant.
Grater Shaft Selection
Preliminary design was measured as 8 mm diameter for
the grater shaft. Threaded rods are available locally in nuts
and bolts shops or online selling websites. The load applied
on the shaft is not as high compared to the extractor shaft.
Hence, a smaller diameter may be selected as verified by
the fatigue analysis. The required length for the shaft is 670
mm but the available length is selected to be 1 m according
to RS online shops.
Figure 4.6 (RS PRO Plain Stainless Steel Threaded Rod, M8, 1m)
Driven Sprocket Selection
The 8 teeth sprocket was selected to be a bicycle
sprocket of ½ pitch, which still conforms to the initial
design in kinematic analysis. From
electricscooterparts.com website, the, inner bore of the
sprocket was measured to be 10 mm. In order to secure the
alignment of the center distance of the sprocket and grater
shaft, two nuts with washers will be tightened with the
sprocket in between.
 Overall Width (A): 0.650"
Plate Height (H): 0.472"
Plate Thickness (T): 0.059"
Pin Diameter (E): 0.156"
Weight (Per Ft): 0.42 lbs

WORKING DRAWING

In this section, the overall design of the integrated

Figure 4.7 (8 Tooth 10mm Dual D-Bore Sprocket for 1/2" x 1/8" Bicycle
Chain)
Driver Sprocket Selection
An industrial and agricultural grade for sprocket was
selected for the driver sprocket from the USA Roller Chain
& Sprockets website with the following specifications:
coconut grating and milk extracting machine will be
showcased in different types of views. The design will be
collectively discussed and the accessory parts of lesser
significance will be featured as well. The mechanism is
greatly understood with the machine being assembled and
constrained movements of the sprockets, spur gears and
rollers are easily visualized. Improved features of some
parts can be also noticed which were not emphasized in
motion and load analyses.

Front, Top, Right Side and Section Views of the Machine

The main components except the extractor screw and
radial bearing can be seen from the front view as shown in
Figure 5.1. The view emphasizes the geometry of the frame
that is composed of three decks. The light blue portion is
made of acrylic which covers the side portion of the
machine to improve the aesthetics and may block the debris
during the operation.
Figure 5.1 (Front View of the Coconut Grating and Milk Extracting

Figure 4.7 (40A32 Sprocket from USA Roller Chain & Sprockets)

Sprocket Size: 40A32

Sprocket Type: A-Plate
Tooth Count: 32
Outside Diameter: 5.380"
Bore Size: 19/32"
Weight: 1.48 lbs

Rollen Chain Selection

The pitch of the rollen chain was specified as ½ inch or

12.7 mm. Likewise, from the USA Roller Chain & Machine)
Sprockets website, a configuration for the chain was
For the top view in Figure 5.2, the two hoppers can be
selected with specifications:
seen clearly and the passages of the feeding of coconut in
the grating and extracting sections are emphasized. Note
also the placement of the coconut cake ramp which collects
the dry coconut which was extracted from the barrel outlet.

Figure 4.8 (#40 Roller Chain - 10ft Box | Ansi 40 Chain)

Size: 40-1
Pitch (P): 0.50"
Roller Width (W): 0.312"
Roller Diameter (D): 0.312" Figure 5.2 (Top View of the Coconut Grating and Milk Extracting
Machine)
 On Figure 5.3 which represents the right side view, the
grater casing and the grated coconut ramp can be seen
which were attached is the upper portion of the angle bar.
The choke shaft on the middle was supported by metal
plates and are attached by 10 mm diameter nuts and
washers.
There were certain parts that cannot be seen directly of
the three aforementioned views such as the rotary grater,
radial bearing and the extractor shaft. Considering a plane
cut through the middle of the machine in vertical direction,
the section view in Figure 5.4 is also presented to better
understood the overall mechanism of the machine.
Figure 5.3 (Right Side View of the Coconut Grating and Milk Extracting
Machine)
Figure 5.4 (Section View of the Coconut Grating and Milk Extracting
Machine)
Isometric and Exploded Views of the Machine
The final presentation of the machine is shown in the
isometric view on Figure 5.5. A three-dimensional figure
determines the realistic arrangement of all the components
assembled together.
Figure 5.5 (Isometric View of the Coconut Grating and Milk Extracting
Machine)
A counterpart for the isometric view is the exploded
view on Figure 5.6. The individual components were
disassembled to provide a good background of their
arrangement. The frame is stationary and all the parts were
successively installed on the frame beginning from the
extractor section up to the grater section. The final part that
was attached was the grater hopper on the top-most portion
of the assembly.
Figure 5.6 (Exploded View of the Coconut Grating and Milk Extracting
Machine)
REFERENCES
[1] Anonymous, “Belt and Chain Drives,” http://edge.rit.edu/edge/
P12031/public/Belt%20and%20Chain%20Drives.pdf
[2] Electric Scooter Parts, “8 Tooth 10mm Dual D-Bore Sprocket for
1/2" x 1/8" Bicycle Chain,” https://cart.electricscooterparts.com/8-
tooth-10mm-dual-d-bore-sprocket-for-1/2-x-1/8-bicycle-chain
[3] Engineering Toolbox, “Friction and Friction Coefficients,” https://
www.engineeringtoolbox.com/friction-coefficients-d_778.html,
2004.
[4] HKK Chain, “Chain Replacement,” https://www.hkkchain.com/
engineering-info/chain-replacement/
[5] India Mart, “Nitrided Screw Barrel,” https://www.indiamart.com/
proddetail/nitrided-screw-barrel-14475388188.html
[6] India Mart, “Stainless Steel 8 Mm Thread Rod,” https://www.india
mart.com/proddetail/8-mm-thread-rod-14625963155.html
[7] India Mart, “Variable Pitch, Single Flight,” https://www.indiamart.
com/proddetail/variable-pitch-single-flight-19812667848.html
[8] J. Tordillo, “Machine Design Reviewer,” 4th edition.
[9] L. Mohan and T. Anand, “Design and Development of Coconut Milk
Extractor,” Department of Food Engineering, Indian Institute of
Food Processing Technology, 2019.
[10] Lead Go Electric Motor, “YD Series Pole Changing Multi-speed
Three Phase Induction Motor,” https://www.leadgomotor.com/yd-
series-pole-changing-multi-speed-three-phase-induction-motor/
[11] Math Aware, “The Egyptian Triumph: The Volume of an
Incomplete Pyramid,” http://www.mathaware.org/mam/00/master/
essays/B3D/2/egypt.html#:~:text=A%20famous%20algebraic%20i
dentity%20states,the%20volumes%20of%20two%20pyramids
[12] Microplane, “Rotary Cheese Grater- White,” https://www.micro
plane.com/rotary-grater-white
[13] P. R. Sajil Raj, et. al., “Design of an Innovative Coconut Grating
Machine Using Tinkercad,” International Journal of Research in
Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 178-182, 2016.
[14] Power Steel, “Angle Bar,” https://www.powersteel.com.ph/product/
angle-bar/
[15] R. Juvinall and K. Marshek, “Fundamentals of Machine Component
Design,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 5 th Edition, 2012.
[16] Safimex, “9 Different Uses of Coconut Parts – Different Uses of
Coconut Trees,” https://safimex.com/9-different-uses-of-coconut-
parts-different-uses-of-coconut-trees/, 2019.
[17] USA Roller Chain & Sprockets, “#40 Roller Chain - 10ft Box | Ansi
40 Chain,” https://www.usarollerchain.com/40-roller-chain-p/eco-
40rc-10ft.htm
[18] USA Roller Chain & Sprockets, “40A32 Sprocket - 4 Pack,” https://
www.usarollerchain.com/40A32-Sprocket-A-Plate-40A32-Sprock
et-p/40a32-sprocket.htm
[19] USA Roller Chain & Sprockets, “Roller Chain Size Chart,”
https://www.usarollerchain.com/roller-chain-size-chart-s/4869.htm
[20] Z. Howard, “Beam Moment of Inertia,” https://www.pinterest.ph/
pin/349169777339870818/?nic_v2=1a6V6jO25

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