BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1:

MATERIALS AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

THE BUILDING
AND
ITS PARTS
BUILDING:
• BUILDING is the physical embodiment of a
number of necessarily related, coordinated &
integrated systems that allow unimpeded human
activity irrespective of the conditions of the
natural environment.

• BUILDING = Enclosure + Utilities

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Enclosure:
• Enclosure is the means of containment &
articulation of habitable space, assembled
to maintain its intended shape & integrity
under all possible combinations of
environmental factors and forces acting
upon it.
• Enclosure = Means of Support
+ Envelope
+ Elements of Interior
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Means of Support:
• Means of Support maintains the
enclosure in the shape intended while
resisting all external & internal forces
acting upon such enclosure, & transmitting
all such forces to the ground.
• This pertains to the structural system of
a building that supports the building
against the pull of gravity, wind pressure &
earthquake.

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Envelope:
• Envelope act as a barrier or filter to all
external environment forces acting upon
such envelope. Roof & walls are parts of
the envelope which are primarily affected
by the immediate environment.

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Elements of the Interior:
• Elements of Interior defines the spaces
within the enclosure while resisting any
environmental factors and forces acting
upon them.
• These elements include the ceiling, floor,
partitions, stairs and ramps.

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 • These include:
Utilities: 1. Electrical utilities
-light & power
• Utilities are the 2. Plumbing utilities
means of -water supply &
maintaining the drainage
environment within 3. Mechanical utilities
the enclosure at -air conditioning
comfort & safety 4. Communication
levels required by -telephone, cable TV
the occupants.
5. Safety & Security
- smoke detector, fire
alarm & burglar alarm
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REVIEW:

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 Parts of a Building
• The main parts of 6. Roof
the building are 7. Ceiling
grouped into eleven 8. Doors and Windows
sections, as follows:
9. Stairs
1. Foundations
10. Finish Trims
2. Post and Lintels
- exterior / interior
3. Floor
11. Miscellaneous parts
4. Wall / Partition*
5. Partitions *Partition is the inner wall that
divides the building into
rooms.
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Foundation
• Foundation is the lowest support on which the
building rests. They are buried in order to give
them a firm base to rest on. The materials are
usually made of reinforced concrete because
they carry the weight of the entire building.
• The parts of the foundation are:
1. Footing – the widened part of the base of the column
or wall used to spread the load over a greater area to
prevent settling.
2. Column/Pier – a relatively slender structural
compression member usually vertical, supporting a
beam.

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• Post & Lintel • Floors
Posts are the upright Floors – in wooden
support of the building construction method,
found above the it is a framework
ground. comprising the
following parts:
Lintels are the
1. Girder – the beam which
structural horizontal supports the floor joists & tie
members whose the posts together.
primary function is to 2. Floor joists – a series of
carry transverse loads parallel beams used to support
the flooring.
3. Bridging – serve to stiffen
the joists, to hold them in place
& to help distribute the load.
4. Flooring – the material
used to cover the floor.
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Wall: Wooden
• A wooden wall is an exterior framework
consisting of:
1. Sole plate – a horizontal member which serves as
the base for the vertical studs.
2. Vertical & Horizontal studs – upright & transverse
members that act as supporting elements in a wall or
partition.
3. Cap plate – the top plate where the upper end of the
studs are nailed.
4. Walling – the material that covers the wall

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Wall: Masonry
• Masonry Wall consists of:
1. Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) – the manufactured
building unit of stone, clay or concrete block. In the
Philippines, we commonly use the Concrete Hollow
Block (CHB)
2. Lintel Beam – a horizontal structural member over
an opening which carries the weight of the wall above it
3. Capping – the concrete beam that tops a masonry
wall.

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Roof:
Roof is the framework that acts as the top cover of the
building. It consists of the following:
1. Girt – the horizontal member between posts & supports the truss
& rafter.
2. Truss – a braced framework usually in some triangular
arrangement & used to hold up the roof.
3. Rafter – an inclined member that supports the roof. It can be
part of the truss or maybe used alone.
4. Purlin – a series of horizontal members where the roofing is
attached.
5. Cleat – anchor the purlin to the truss or rafter to prevent the
purlin from tilting.
6. Stretcher – the horizontal member placed between the bottom
chords of the trusses & serves to steady the lower part.
7. Truss braces – connect the bottom chord of one truss &
steadying the upper part of the truss.
8. Roofing – the waterproof cover of the building

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Ceiling:
• Ceiling is the overhead surface of the room used to
conceal the floor above or the roof. The following areits
parts:
1. Ceiling joist – a series of members to which the
ceiling is attached. The 2 types of ceiling joists are:
a. Primary Ceiling Joist
b. Intermediate Ceiling Joist
2. Hangers – support the ceiling where it tends to sag.
3. Ceiling boards – are attached to the ceiling joists.

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Doors and Windows:
• Doors are barriers which
swing, slide, tilt or fold to
open or close an opening
in the wall for the
passage of human traffic.
• Windows are openings
usually in an external wall
of a building to admit light
and air
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The door & window opening
Frame is divided into two parts:
• The Rough Frame – the vertical
studs on both sides of the
opening.
• The Finish Frame – includes the
following:
1. Header – the uppermost
horizontal member.
2. Jamb – the vertical member of
each side of the opening.
3. Sill – the horizontal bottom
member of the window frame.
4. Mullion – a vertical member
separating panels set in series.
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Stair:
The stair is a series of steps connected by a landing which
permit passage between two or more levels or floors.
The parts of the stair includes:
1. Stringer – supports the steps & form the sides of the stair.
2. Tread – is the horizontal step.
3. Riser – covers the space between two successive steps.
4. Handrail – serves as a guard or support at the side of the
stairway.
5. Baluster – a small post supporting the handrail.
6. Newel Post – the support at the ends of the handrail.
7. Landing – serves to break the flight of stairs.

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Finish Trims:
Finish Trims are the visible woodwork, plasterwork or mouldings of the
building/room which covers or protects joints & edges of another
material
• Exterior Trims
1. Wall trim – boards placed at
the corners of walls making then
watertight.
2. Cornice – molded projection
which crowns the part to which it
is affixed.
3. Fascia board – pieces of
nailed around the eaves & edges
of the roof to protect the exposed
parts of the purlins or rafters.
4. Casing – pieces of boards
placed around door & window
opening to decorate them
5. Roof end flashing – G.I.
sheets of various design profile
placed at the end of the
bargeboard to make the ends of
the roof watertight.
6. Drip cap – a piece of board
placed above the door or window
opening to make the water flow
away from the opening & from the
other members below it.
7. Water table – a piece of board
placed at the bottom of the wall &
goes all around the building and
functions like a drip cap.
8. Weather board – the piece of
board placed below the water
table & used to cover the exposed
parts of the floor joists & girders
from the weather.

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• Interior Trims
1. Baseboard –
boards placed at the
base of partitions to
conceal or protect the
bottom of the partitions.
2. Mouldings – pieces
of boards of various
designs placed at
corners to cover gaps
and beautify any
corners.

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Miscellaneous Parts:
1. Gutter – the
rainwater
collector at the
ends of the
building.
2. Downspout –
the tube or pipe
that conveys
rainwater from
the gutter of the
point of
discharge.

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END OF PRESENTATION