revreuvan comgeton furans fon 45 UTES HITE TUOER CUAGEL HELLS FOU Hey. F ASE vo | aoe |i 10 sat aos } sco f ammo 100 TM Ty] Ans) ect.) oat aus} aoa} o.73) 0.36 ava) aan} a.r3 0.036 cans] ore ens] ecm CSL) O78] GTHT A tant] a.rs] ear} ant nts) aur] 6.73] ni erm) ac| ar] ar wn wun wn te unt ans nn any] unt 0) ant 2.10 | 19) 70.206) WER] O70) 0.0 ns} ers] ara oti ait us| eurea| ren} orient Ta po.na yo jn] eto fare us| aces] rs aur | nis wae Youre] area] ec are es) ears onion | tats 2y_[o.ta | arse] cit ons nar curt rast oria| tans tae TH PUY AT ETH TTL TTA O.019 0.76] | OT ay Vans) oso jaro unig) ent |a.ns 00s) tn | ae puma) are] oan amon ania) eve] art e.t2) ota) aus) ras] aunt ara aun) or |ons| ar uri) cass ar] ott fate TRIER i CTE) OTT] aE a ey] att cant] ans ocr | ns tna a cna) asraa acres] ar rn aos ag] tre focrs [ret tne ra Oe THY Tr PTS TT | OTET ue a wr pasa oane) aac) o.ta |e a we Parr] ors|ocras| acre fons a Mis Pave) acre j oan acre faa tr we Lares ora lare lane 1m wi as Tit uw ane 1 van nt ony ara |r) on um an trea | 0.98 | 67 Ww ot 1.583 | tn [it Fy Tae THE (0.67 [ss a a gm) 0.96 mw am ane 8.85, w 485) 08 4 cg |e ny cat. wS an] 0.0 sy g8ta.9 ws gst] nate 8 is} 0.205 si | 0H te obtuin pressure AAU SegFautiphy Belov eentate dtea. 9G by the factor fron the abe aleCOR FOU US ALT ALVES VEE RTEEEN CHUTE SLOWS FOE EU Ae GE T tat J aoa} ane] soan | steo | ean fasma }nsen fason joe | sr | rsoe ‘so jt | no fae i Cn] at Gane] as | Cant] |. jm t.4s9| oan Cava) ats cd] a | oa jm ca) 96 nn oan | eae} ts |. i sans] 0. ne) ats ea | cans] an Law sane] cc oan ce) tat [aa Mr VE] TA ese] ART. ETF) Da M6 Gant] One aan | oan | any] an | a7 WT ant) 0.7 ‘car cae | car sas | ars i aur) as care) anes. oar Le fants | a4 0.475 ond tas [ara | rt ar CACHE Cas Ea CaT | oa a aa | am aay oun i ju tan aan sate | ote |i 1 tut cats 1.6 | 0.065 st E TAU PONT 0 | OA6T | 1% aan 0. | 0.te at w on cast] ge fas 1 ts outs | ost [east 1m A ast se [ss WT CHS 056] 0.85 [OT iM eu ase focast [ost m ease east as] otst |b it ous tse ast | na) iW sy 1457 [as ss om TT CAST] OBE] BAT EAS CHT ue 0.456045 | at eas cay i jas eass ost asa 14] as fo. nb 0.855 ta es aso | ete 82] 0.46 000 lit cast jaca [oases |o.st air on Wi EAST HAST ONT] EO BAS a wt at (oct | ac |e as fen 1h We au Jaga] aac} east] tna 1) Mi nuh |a.ac | aes 6.06 na] tat tan ja iu cats (ois oct tee [tt 85 1.8 | 1 GS [0.80 [2] B88 [CFE on 4s fosa |u| 0.8 | 7 tar w cue fou | oss as i oc [aca a 16 8 |. ee 1 te 1 ist can oan] ast jae aa 18 cana |. | acy [icant |e 3 cant | oan | o.at [tts ats i DOTERTA NTA oa 8 CONDE [OE [0.02 [3.08 [0.8 ali | ss ocaze|ecar [ans vas [ee ett \ or Aon Jo. ne | oa | tah | OL ams Jose |r| ae Hate eta 159 sats |a.ane [ota Lats [att Te satin preuere 7840 eg. suctipty delve preter a PAL by the fat fre theTABLE 3.1A ‘ogen Temperature Correction Factors for Temperature in Fahrenheit eo ees eae en ree (see | ee | Ger a [er cr er 0998] 101 0919] 141 oss2} 181 0.794 | 221 0.743] 261 0.698 62 0,996] 102 0.917} 142 0.850] 182 0.792] 222 0.742) 262 0.697 63 0.994] 103 0.915] 143 0849} 183 0.71] 223, 0.740) 263 0.696 64 0.991] 104 0914] 144 0.847} 184 0.790] 224 0.739] 264 0.695 65 0.989 105 0.912] 145 0.845] 185 0.788] 225 0.738 | 265 0.694 66 0.987] 106 0.910] 146 0.844] 186 0.787] 226 0.737) 266 0.693 67 0.985] 107 0.908] 147 0.842] 187 0.786 | 227 0.736] 267 0.692 68 0,983 | 108 0.906] 148 0.841} 188 0.784] 228 0.735 | 268 0.691 69 0.981] 109 0.905] 149 0.839] 189 0.783] 229 0,733 | 269 0.690 70 0.979] 110 0.903] 150 0.838] 190 0.782] 230 0.732] 270 0.689 71 0977] 111 0.901] 151 0.836] 191 0.780] 231 0.731] 271 0.688 72 0.975] 112 0899} 152 0.835 | 192 0.779] 232 0.730} 272 0.687 73 0.973] 113 0.898] 153 0.833] 193 0.778] 233 0.729] 273 0.686 74 0.971] 114 0.896] 154 0.832] 194 0.776] 234 0.728 | 274 0.685 75 0,969] 115 0.894] 155 0.830] 195 0.775] 235 0.727] 275 0.684 76 0.967] 116 0.893] 156 0.829] 196 0.774] 236 0.725] 276 0.683 77 0,965] 117 0.891] 157 0.827] 197 0.772 | 237 0.724] 277 0.682 78 0,963 | 118 0.889] 158 0.826] 198 0.771 | 238 0.723] 278 0.681 79 0.961] 119 0.887] 159 0.825] 199 0.770] 239 0.722] 279 0.680 30 0.959] 120 0.886] 160 0.823] 200 0.769] 240 0.721] 280 0.679 81 0.987] 121 0.884] 161 0.822} 201 0.767] 241 0,720] 281 0.678 82 0.955] 122 0.882] 162 0.820] 202 0.766] 242 0.719] 282 0.677 83 0.953] 123 0.881] 163 0.819] 203 0.765] 243 0.718] 283 0.676 84 0.951] 124 0.879] 164 0.817] 204 0.764] 244 0.717] 284 0.675 85 0.949] 125 0877] 165 0.816 | 205 0,762] 245 0.715 | 285 0.674 86 0.947] 126 0.876] 166 0.814] 206 0.761] 246 0.714] 286 0.673 87 0.945] 127 0.874] 167 0.813] 207 0.760] 247 0.713 | 287 0.672 88 0,943 | 128 0.872] 168 0.812] 208 0.759] 248 0.712] 288 0.671 89 0,941] 129 0.871] 169 0810] 209 0.757] 249 0.711] 289 0.670 90 0.939] 130 0.869] 170 0.809} 210 0.756] 250 0.710] 290 0.669 91 0,938] 131 0.868] 171 0.807] 211 0.755] 251 0.709] 291 0.668 92 0,936 | 132 0.866] 172 0.806} 212 0.754] 252 0.708 | 292 0.667 93 0.934] 133 0.864] 173 0.805 | 213 0.752] 253 0.707] 293 0.666 04 0.932] 134 0,863] 174 0.803] 214 0.751] 254 0.706] 294 0.665 95 0.930] 135 0.861] 175 0.802] 215 0.750] 255 0.705} 295 0.664 96 0.928] 136 0.860} 176 0.800] 216 0.749] 256 0.704} 296 0.663 97 0.926] 137 0858} 177 0.799| 217 0.748 | 257 0.702} 297 0.662 98 0.924] 138 0.856] 178 0.798} 218 0.746] 258 0.701 | 298 0.662 99 0,923 | 139 0.855] 179 0.796} 219 0.745 | 259 0.700] 299 0.661 100 0.921 | 140 0.853 |_180_0.795 | 220 0.744] 260__ 0.699 |_300_0.660 Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999PROPERTIES OF NITROGEN ‘Most gas lift valves using a pressure charged bellows are filled with nitrogen. Therefore, special consideration is iven to this gas, Nitrogen has advantages over other potential gases to be used in pressure charged bellows. I is readily aveilable, non-corrosive, ond non-explasive. in addition, the compressibility of nitrogen and its temperature changes are predictable. Like all other gases, when the temperature of nitrogen is increased and the volume held constant, the pressure will increase. When the pressure of a valve is set at the test bench at 60°F [15eCe, the pressure of the valve will be higher downhole where the temperature is greater. This increase in pressure due to temperature increase can be approximated by the following equation: Where: B = Prossure at intial temperature , = Pressure resulting from change of temperature T, = Temperature correction factor and English: 1+.00215 x (7-60) T+ 690215 «(T, ~60) 9419543877, Where: T, =Intil temperature, Deg.F. 7; =Iitial temperature, Deg. C. T, = Present temperature, Deg. F. 7, = Present temperature, Deg. C. When valves are set at a certain constant temperature, a table may be made for ease in applying temperature corrections. For example, if all valves are to be charged with nitrogen when they are at 60°F [15°C], a corraction for ‘temperature (at well depth} may be created using the following equation: English: Metric: 1 100000 941953877, 1+ .00215«(T@L-60) ‘Where: 3-18 Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999page reserved for Thomhill-Craver gas passage chart - English Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999Step 1. Obtain port siz, upstream pressure, downstream pressure, specific gravity (gas gravity, and temperature in dagrees Fahrenheit Step 2. Calculate the ratio of downstream pressure to up stream pressure applying the follawing equation Pp Fo Step 3. Enter Figure 3.4 with the ratio on the vertical axis, Step 4. Travel across to the curve and down to the horizontal axis, Step 5. Read value for K Step 6. Read coefficient for port (C}on Figure 3.4. Step 7. Calculate gas passage Q using the following equation: Q=P,xKxC ‘Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999Where: ‘b = gas volume at base conditions = capacity of conduit in cubic ft. (see formule above} erage pressure within conduit (psia} emperature base in degroes Rankin ‘ompressibilty factor for average pressure and temperature in a conduit (See Figure 3.2) P= pressure base [14.73 psi) T wwerage temperature in the conduit in degrees Rankin Gas Lift Design And Technology (© Schlumberger 1999Gas pressure at depth 3-10 Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999Step 7. Enter Figure 3.3 with the given gas gravity and travel up to given depth. Travel across to the average temperature calculated in Step 2. Travel down to the compressibility factor determined in Step 6. Move across to the surface pressure line (P@S given) and down from this point to the pressure at depth line. Read the P@L on the lower horizantal axis, Step 8. Compare P@L with your estimate. If it differs by more than 10%, repeat the entire procedure using the P@L just determined to calculate the average pressure in Step 4 Repeat the procedure until the derived P@L ‘becomes constant (at least 2 values for POL), Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999Injection gas pressure at depth - Metric Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999‘The equation for calculating pressure at depth is: English Metric (set) (23) P@L=P@Sxesr2) PQ@L=P@Sxe7™re Where: e = 271828 e =271828 P@L =Pressure at depth osia P@L Pressure at depth, kPa P@S = Pressure at surface, psia P@S = Pressure at surface, kPa SG — =Gas Specific gravity 7 =Gesrelative density L ——_=Depth, feet L ——=Depth, meters T = Average temperature, T = Average temperature, Kelvin Degrees R Z = Average Compressibility = Average Compressibility for T and average pressure for 7 and average pressure The average compressibility (Z) is difficult to determine. Compressibility is based on the average temperature and pressure and since the average temperature and pressure are unknown, the solution becomes a repetitive tial and error procedure. A frequently used shortcut is to use a “rule of thumb’ equation. The equation below is based on a 928 specific gravity of 0.65, @ geothermal oradient at 1.6°F/100 ft. and a surface temperature of 70°F. This equation should only be used when well conditions are close to these values, English Metric P@L=P@S+23xP@S,_£ pose = : 15.65 100 * 1000 POs- FOE 680 * 305 In addition to the “rule of thumb", gas lift designers frequently use charts like the one seen in Figure 3.1. To use the chart, follow the procedure outlined below: Step 1. Obtain surface pressure P@S. Step 2. Locate P@S on vertical axis on Figure 1 Step 3. Locate the line on graph representing the given depth across from that point (Step 2). Step 4. Locate P@L on Horizontal axis by dropping straight down from the line. Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 19993. Natural Gas Laws Applied to Gas Lift CHAPTER OBJECTIVE: Given all required data and the appropriate formula, you will calculate gas| pressure at depth, rate of flow through an orifice, the valve pressure set at 60°F for a given down hole temperature, and gas volumes within a closed conduit INTRODUCTION ‘The application of gas lift equipment requires the understanding of the behavior of gas. Although all gases have ‘comman behaviors known as the natural gas laws, there are some differences between the injection gas which is a mixture of several gases with different chemical properties and the nitrogen which is used to charge pressure ‘operated gas lift valves. Designing a gas lift installation involves the determination of gas pressure in the casing or tubing at the specific depth of a valve when the surface injection pressure is known. The designer must also be able to determine the volume of gas that can be delivered tothe tubing through a particular valve in order to obtain the proper gas to liquid ‘atio needed to lift the fluids to the surface. Since the same pressure is set at the surface under a standard temperature, the pressure must be corrected so that proper operating pressure will exist at the down hole temperature 3-2 Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999