Surface Production Operations 8

®
DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE.
Fluid Measurement
and Metering
Section 8
Oil and Gas Measurement Metering and Calibration
Custody Transfer – Sales (Manage Revenue)

– Extreme Accuracy, Repeatability
Data Gathering (Manage the Resource)
– Periodic Well Tests
– Allocation to Reservoir
Monitoring and Control (Manage the Process)
– Flow Rates
– Fluid Density
– Temperature
– Pressure
– Fluid Level
– Type Fluid
– “Smart Wells” – Adjust Choke / Slugging
© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Oil Field Liquid Measurement – Static Volume
TANK MEASUREMENT ••• STANDARD •••
and CALIBRATION API ASTM ANSI
Upright Cylindrical 2550 D 1220 Z 11.197
Horizontal 2551 D 1410 Z 11.198
Spherical 2552 D 1408 Z 11.199
Barges 2553 D 1407 Z 11.200
Tank Cars 2554 D 1409 Z 11.201
Petroleum Tanks 2545 D 1085 Z 11.196
Known Vol. Calibration 2555 D 1406 Z 11.202
Temperature 2543 D 1086 Z 11.172
API Gravity 2544 D 287 Z 11.31
BS & W Testing 2542 D 96 Z 11.8
Automatic Dump 2502
Automatic Liquid Level Gauging API Bulletin 2509 B

Radar Tank Level Gauge
FMCW
– Frequency
Modulated
Continuous Wave
 Frequency
– Send – Received
Saab TankRadar PRO

Metering Devices: Energy
Energy Additive
– Sonic (Ultrasonic)
– Magnetic
– Thermal Mass
Energy Extractive
– Positive Displacement
– Head
– Turbine
– Vortex
– Coriolis

Dynamic Metering Devices
Head Meters Positive Displacement
(Measures Induced (Known Volume Repeated)
Pressure Drop) – Diaphragm
– Orifice – Rotary Types
– Venturi Sonic Meters
– Flow Tubes (Acoustic Wave Travel Time)
– Flow Nozzle – Sonic
– Pitot Tubes – Ultrasound
– Annubar
New Generation
Turbine Meters – Coriolis
(Flowrate Imparts Spin)
– Vortex Shedding
– Gas Turbines
– Thermal Mass
– Insertion Tube
– V-cone
– Liquid Turbines
– Vx Multi-tester
– X-Turbine
– Fluid Oscillation

Head Meters
Most Common for Gas Measurement
Measures: Pressure Drop ( Head)
– Caused by Constriction in Pipe
– Velocity Increases / Pressure Decreases
Advantages
– Inexpensive
– Easy Install / Maintain
– Readily Available
– Reproducible Results
– Durable
– Simple
Disadvantages
– Low Rangeability (Usually < 3)
– Paraffin / Asphaltene Coating
– Emulsions / Foams
– Liquid Build Up
Types of Head Meters
Named for Device Creating Constriction
– Orifice Plate
– Venturi Tube
– Flow Tubes
– Flow Nozzle
– Pitot Tube
– Annubar
Orifice Meter
 Good Repeatability
 98% Accuracy
  65% P Recovery
 Operates at low P
Primary Elements
– Meter Run (Tube)
– Orifice Fitting
– Orifice Plate
Secondary Elements
– Measures and Records (Transmits)
 Pressure Drop
 Static Pressure
 Temperature
– Recording Chart
– Electronic Flow Measurement
 Transducers
 Flow Computer

Orifice Meter
Most Common for

Gas Measurement
– Good Repeatability
– 98% Accuracy
–  65% P Recovery
– Operates at low P

Orifice Fittings
Flanged: Simple Companion Flanges
– Plate Fits Between Flanges
– By-Pass and Bleed to Inspect or Change
Simplex: Modified Flanged
– Single Chamber Holds Plate
– By-pass and Bleed Required
– Clamping Bar Removed (Flange Not Unbolted)
Junior: Modified Simplex
– Easier Plate Removal
– Gear Raises Plate
Senior: More Complex
– Plate is Geared from Lower Chamber to Upper
– Plate Removed without Bleeding Pressure

Flanged Orifice Fittings
SIMPLE COMPANION
FLANGES
PLATE FITS
Between FLANGES
BY-PASS , BLEED
and Unbolt to
INSPECT or
CHANGE PLATE

Simplex Orifice Fittings
MODIFIED FLANGED
SINGLE CHAMBER HOLDS PLATE
BY-PASS and BLEED

REQUIRED
CLAMPING BAR REMOVED

SIMPLEX
( Flange NOT Unbolted )

Simplex Orifice Plate Changing
Plate
Orifice
Carrier
Plate
Clamping Bar
(prevents removal
under pressure)

Junior Orifice Fittings
EASIER PLATE
REMOVAL
GEAR RAISES PLATE

Senior Orifice Fitting
More Complex
Plate Removed Without
Bleeding Pressure
Plate is Raised from
Lower Chamber to
Upper Under Pressure
with Geared Extractor

Senior Orifice Fittings

Senior Orifice Fitting
Upper
Chamber

Orifice Meter Specs and Installation Requirements
Issued Jointly By:

– AGA American Gas Association
– ANSI American National Standards Institute
– GPA Gas Processors Association
– API American Petroleum Institute
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards
– Chapter 14 Section 3 Part 2
– “Specifications and Installation Requirements”
Plate:
– Flat, Clean, Installed in Center of Pipe
– Installed Perpendicular to Pipe Axis
– Upstream Edge Must be Square and Sharp
– If Beveled: Bevel Faces Downstream

Orifice Plate Dimensions
MIN Thickness: (2 – 10 inch PIPE) = 0.115 inch

(12 + inch PIPE) = 0.175 inch
MAX Thickness: varies 0.130 to 0.398 inch
1/50 of D (Pipe I.D.)
1/8 of d (Orifice O.D.)
If Beveled: Square – Edge Side = Inlet
d Orifice Diameter
= =
D Actual I. D. Pipe
Orifice Meter Runs

Gas Meter Run Installation

2nd Turn
Upstream
of Meter Run
1st Turn Beginning of

Upstream Meter Run
of Meter Run

Replaced in 2000
“Grandfathered”
2nd Turn
Upstream
of Meter Run
1st Turn Beginning of

Upstream Meter Run
of Meter Run

Straightening Vanes and Flow Conditioners

Straightening Vanes
d < .25 D L > 10 d

Straightening Vanes
19 Tube “Bundles”
“Concentric” Design

Meter Tube Lengths
The April 2000 Revision to AGA-3/API 14.3 on Orifice Meter Tubes
Figure 3 Figure 4
Meter Tubes with Tube Bundles Meter Tubes with Tube Bundles
17 to 29D Upstream 29D and Greater Upstream
Category Was Beta Is Beta Category Was Beta Is Beta

Max Max Max Max
1 Ell 16.5D .75 17-29D .75 1 Ell 16.5D .75 29D/+ .75
2 Ells 15D .75 17-29D .67 2 Ells 15D .75 29D/+ .75
out of plane out of plane
Tee N/A - 17-29D .54 Tee N/A - 29D/+ .75
Valve 50% Min 17.5D .75 17-29D .47 Valve 50% 17.5 .75 29D/+ .75
Open Open +
High Swirl w/90 N/A - 17-29D .54 High Swirl N/A - 29D/+ .75
Tee combined with
single 90 Tee
Any 17.5D .75 17-29D .46 Any 17.5D .75 29D/+ .67
Configuration Configuration
(Catch All) (Catch All)
2 Ells 13.5D .75 N/A N/A 2 Ells 13.5D .75 N/A N/A
close coupled close coupled
2 Ells/10D+ 16.5D .75 N/A N/A 2 Ells 16.5D .75 N/A N/A
Space between 10D + space
between
Concentric 13.5D .75 N/A N/A Concentric 13.5D .75 N/A N/A
Reducer Reducer

Flow Conditioners
Straight Lengths of Piping
Flow Straightener
Flow Conditioner
Counteracts Swirl by Splitting Flow into 2+ Streams
– AGA Radial Tube Bundles
– AGA Hexagonal Tube Bundles
– ISO 5167 Tube Bundles
– AMCA Honeycomb
– Etoile
Generates Axisymmetric Profile
– Single or Series Perforated Grid
 Sprenkle
 Mitsubishi
Creates Turbulence Structure
– “Pseudo-fully Developed” Profile
 Zanker
 Bosch & Hebrand
 Z-Labs & Laws
 Sens & Teule

Flow Conditioners
Perforated Grids
Sprenkle
Mitsubishi
Counter Swirl
AGA RADIAL TUBE BUNDLES
AGA HEXAGONAL TUBE BUNDLES
ISO 5167 TUBE BUNDLES
AMCA HONEYCOMB
Etoile
Splits Flow into 2+ Stream

Induces Counter-Acting Swirl
Eliminates Swirl and Velocity Profile Distortions

Improves Meter Accuracy and Repeatability
Reduces Upstream Meter Run to Only 7 Diameters
Conditioning Orifice Plate
± 0. 5% Accuracy
2 Pipe Diameters Run
Rosemount
Emerson Process Management
Pressure Profile (Orifice)

2 Pen Chart Recorder:
“static pressure”
pressure differential
Meter
Chart
Orifice Plate Holder

Meter Chart

Orifice Meters: Errors
Common Sources of Measurement Errors
– Orifice Plate No Longer Flat
– Orifice Edge Not Sharp
– Orifice is Backwards (up to 25% Low)
–  is too Large
– Corrosion
– Meter Run I.D. Recorded Wrong
 (Using 4 inch vs. 3.825 inch gives 3% Error)
– Gauge Lines too Small for Length
 ¼ or ⅜ inch Tubing for Dry Gas Close to Meter
 ½ inch Tubing for 5 feet to 50 feet
– Straightening Vanes Shift in Line
– Pressure or Temp Tap Added Too Close Upstream
– Pinch, Sag or U in Gauge Line
– Liquid, Foam, Debris or Hydrates in Gas Flow Stream

Metering Errors Due to Liquid in Gas Flowstream

Temperature Effect on Manometer: Water

Temperature Effect on Manometer: Mercury

– Orifice Plate
– Venturi Tube
– Flow Tubes
– Flow Nozzle
– Pitot Tube
– Annubar
Venturi Meter

Venturi Meters
Creates and Measures P

P thru a Convergent Cone
Very Low Permanent Press Loss

– (Recovers 90% of P Loss Created)
Handles Fluids with Solids
Less Affected by Foam Solids Paraffin
More Expensive than Orifice

Bulkier than Orifice Meter

Venturi Meter
Flow velocity Flow velocity
V1 V2
2(P1 - P2 )
V1 =
 (A1 / A 2 ) - 1
 2

Herschell or Classical Venturi Tube

– Orifice Plate
– Venturi Tube
– Flow Tubes
– Flow Nozzle
– Pitot Tube
– Annubar
Flow Tubes
All Proprietary Designs
Larger P than Venturi
Lower Permanent P Loss

– (More Accurate with Less Permanent P)
No API Standards Yet

Flow Tubes
“LO-LOSS” “DALL” “FOSTER”
Very Low Pressure Loss

– Orifice Plate
– Venturi Tube
– Flow Tubes
– Flow Nozzle
– Pitot Tube
– Annubar
Flow Nozzle Assembly

ASME Long – Radius Flow Nozzle
 Handles Abrasive Fluids
X More Expensive
X Low Rangeability

Sonic – Flow Nozzle
Proves P.D. and Turbine Meters
Matt – Matz Sonic – Flow Nozzle

– Orifice Plate
– Venturi Tube
– Flow Tubes
– Flow Nozzle
– Pitot Tube
– Annubar
Pitot Tube
Use in Large Diameter Pipe
Clean Liquid or Gas
Installed at Point of
Average Velocity
Very Small Pressure Loss
Can Be Used to Measure

Flow Profile
Measures Velocity:
Converts to Volume
Not Used for Custody

Transfer
Pitot Tube
Use in Large Diameter Pipe

Clean Liquid or Gas
Installed at Point of Average Velocity
Measures Velocity: Converts to Volume
Very Small Pressure Loss
Easily Fouled with Dirty Fluid
Not Used for Precise Custody Transfer
Can be Used to Measure Flow Profile

– Orifice Plate
– Venturi Tube
– Flow Tubes
– Flow Nozzle
– Pitot Tube
– Annubar
Annubar
Special Pitot Tube with 5 Ports

– 4 Impact Ports (Calculate Average Velocity) 1 Static

Head Meters
Measures: Pressure Drop ( Head)
– Caused by Constriction in Pipe
– Velocity Increases / Pressure Decreases
Advantages
– Inexpensive
– Easy Install / Maintain
– Readily Available
– Reproducible Results
– Durable
– Simple
Disadvantages
– Low Rangeability (Usually < 3)
– Paraffin / Asphaltene Coating
– Emulsions / Foams
– Liquid Build Up
– Annubar
New Generation
– Vortex Shedding
– Gas Turbines
– Thermal Mass
– Insertion Tube
– V-cone
– Liquid Turbines
– Vx Multi-tester
– X-Turbine

Gas Turbine Meter

Turbine Meters for Gas Measurement
Measures Gas Velocity at Flowing Conditions

Flow Parallel to Rotor Axis
Rotation Speed Proportional to Rate
Rotor Revolutions Counted by
– Mechanical Gear Train
– Electromagnetic Pickup Coil
Applied Calibration Constant
– Geometry
– Bearing Friction
– Aerodynamic Forces
– Counter Resistance

Gas Turbine Meter
PARTS
A Housing
B Cover Plate
C Inner Housing
D Oiler
E Preamp and Housing
F Flow Deflector
G Pressure Tap
H Rotor Hub
I Rotor
J Bearings
K Magnet Housing

Turbine Meter Rangeability
Meter Size Max Rate Range

Inches MMCFD
2 4.5 10:1
4 18 15:1
6 36 15:1
8 60 20:1
12 150 20:1

Turbine Meter Installation Considerations
Sensitive to Spiral Motion of Gas

Conventional Configuration
}
– 10 Pipe Diameters – Upstream
– 3 Pipe Diameters – Meter 18 Pipe
Diameters
– 5 Pipe Diameters – Downstream
– Straightening Vanes
– Downstream Restricting Orifice (Critical Flow Orifice)
 Limit Flowrate to Accuracy Range
 Keep Flowrate Below Bearing Damage Range
Short – Coupled Meter Run

– Full – Sized Ell or Tee Upstream and Downstream
– Meter Calibrated in Position

Installation and Operation Recommendations

Liquid or Gas Turbine Meter
Repeatability Within 0.2%

Pressure Loss 4 – 6 psi at Max Flow
½ psi at Mid-Range Flow
Resolution Extremely High
Rangeability 10:1 with 0.125% Accuracy
Pulsation Handles Well

Liquid Turbine Meter

Turbine Meters – Sizing Guide

Liquid Turbine Meter

Gas and Liquid Turbine Meters
Wide Range of Operating Rates

More Accurate Registration of Low Flow
Lower Pressure Loss
Low Maintenance
Longer Life
Handles Wide Range of Fluids
Fast Response Time
Easily Recorded and Transmitted

“X” Turbine Flow Meter
Meter = 3D Meter Run = 7D

“X” Gas Turbine
Meter Length = 3 D
Built-in Flow Conditioner
Meter Run Length = 7 D

– Annubar
New Generation
– Vortex Shedding
– Gas Turbines
– Thermal Mass
– Insertion Tube
– V-cone
– Liquid Turbines
– Vx Multi-tester
– X-Turbine

Positive Displacement Meters
Principle:
– Known, Discrete Volumes are Repeatedly Allowed to
Flow
– Number of Passages are Counted and Recorded
Diaphragm Meters
Rotary Meters

Diaphragm Meters
Large Capacity Range
Common in Commercial Use
Superior Rangeability (50:1)

Diaphragm Meters

Sliding Vane Rotary Meter

Lobed Impeller Rotary Meter
Smaller and Lighter than Diaphragm

Dual Rotor Positive Displacement Meter
Dual Rotor
Positive
Displacement
Meter
Sine Curves
Represent Rotor
Pulsation
Synchronized
Rotors Shift Phase
to Cancel Pulsation

Vector Meter
Very LOW
ΔP
Handles Very Viscous Fluids with Solids (Asphalt Slurries)

Vector Positive Displacement Flow Meter
Higher Flowrate with Lower Pressure Drops
Double Helical Three – Lobe Impeller

Large Pockets Between Impeller Lobes
No Axial, Side or End Loads

Handles Very Viscous Fluids
Handles Asphalt Slurries

– Annubar
New Generation
– Vortex Shedding
– Gas Turbines
– Thermal Mass
– Insertion Tube
– V-cone
– Liquid Turbines
– Vx Multi-tester
– X-Turbine

Sonic Meter
Ultrasonic Meter
– No Additional Pressure Drop
– All External to Piping
– Diagonal Beam: With and Against Flow
– Piezo – Electric Transducers
– Easily Automated Communication
 Travel Time  Flow Rate

Principle of Operation at Sonic Meter

– Annubar
New Generation
– Vortex Shedding
– Gas Turbines
– Thermal Mass
– Insertion Tube
– V-cone
– Liquid Turbines
– Vx Multi-tester
– X-Turbine

New Generation of Meters
CORIOLIS – Multi-Phase Flowmeter
GLCC (“Red-Eye”) – Multi-Phase Flowmeter

– Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone
V-Cone
Vx Multi-Phase Tester

Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Principle:
– Mass Moving Through a Vibrating Tube  Generates
a Coriolis Force
Method:
– Elastic Tube Walls Deform
– Motion of Inlet vs. Outlet Shifts
– Shift Proportionate to Mass
Accuracy:
–  0.1%
Repeatability:
–  0.05%

Coriolis Mass Flow and Density Meters
Directly Measures Mass Flow, Volume, Temperature and Density

♦ Liquids  Gases  Slurries  1, 2 or 3 Phase Flow
 Few Moving Parts  No Flow Conditioning
Up to 6,000 psi (413 BARS) Up to 650F (343C)
Rates Up to 40,000 BFPD (6400 m3) or 60 MMCFD (1.7 MMm3)
Coriolis Mass Flow and Density Meters
Tube Vibrating at its
Natural Resonant
Frequency
Fluid Resists Upward and

Downward Motion
Fluid Momentum Causes Tube to

Twist Coriolis Effect)
Twist Angle – Proportional to the

Mass Flow Rate
Coriolis Mass Flowmeter
Reproduced with permission of the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers,  1990 AIChE, All rights reserved.
Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone
GLCC
“Red Eye”
Multi-Phase
Metering
Cyclone G – L
Separation
Gas Meter
Liquid Meter
Water – Cut
Meter
Premier Instruments
Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone: Multi – Phase Metering
Technical Development
Tulsa University
Separation Technology
Projects
Up to: 500 MMscfD  250 KBLPD  2500 psi

(Oil - in - Water % from 0 to 100)
“Red-Eye” Multi-Phase Metering
Oil Scatters InfraRed Light Beam, Water Doesn't

V – Cone P Meter
Internal Cone Shapes Flow Profile Minimal Abrasion from Dirty
Measures P: Static and at Cone’s Fluid
End Handles Any Flow Regime
Self – Conditions Flow Low Pressure Flow OK
– (Meter Run = 3 Diameters) Repeatably Accurate to  .5%

V – Cone P Meter
3 Diameters
Meter Run

V-Cone
Measurement
Orifice
Measurement

V – Cones vs. Orifice Plates
3 Month Inspection
– Sour and Wet Gas Installation
– Byron, WY
Orifice Plate Downstream View

No Visible Damage – Irregular Contaminant Deposits
– Beta Edge Damaged

Vx Multi – Phase Tester
Venturi
Detector
Source
Composition
Meter
Flow
“Phase Watcher”
3 Phase METER without
Separation
Slugs / Motion / Heavy Oil
TDR  10 Δ P < 15 psi
Barium – 133 Source

Gamma Ray
– Non-hazaradous
Requires Electricity
SUBSEA Design
Axio Alliance: SPL Framco Schumberger
Trailer Mounted Multiphase Meter

Critical – Flow Prover
Open Flow Test of Gas Wells Prove Gas Orifice
Meters Et Al Orifice Plate at Outlet
12" Long 2" or 4" O.D.
Select Orifice to Reach Sonic Velocity at Desired

Rate

Prover – Objective
Bi-Directional Type

®
Appendix 8A
Terminology and Calibration

Measurement Terminology
Error: Difference Between Measured and True Values
Expressed as:
– “Average Absolute” or
– “Relative” Error
V - V 
E absolute
= true measured abs
n
1 V - V 
E relative
=  true measured abs
x 100%
n V true
Uncertainty: Half the Range within which the True Value is

Expected to Lie with a Stated Probability
Repeatability: Closeness of Agreement Between Results of

Successive Measurements

Measurement Terminology – Continued
Lower Range Limit: Minimum Value of Quantity to be Measured,
for which the Instrument has been Constructed, Adjusted or
Set.
Upper Range Limit: Maximum Value of Quantity to be

Measured, for which the Instrument has been Constructed,
Adjusted or Set.
Span: Algebraic Difference Between the Upper and Lower

Values Specified as Limiting the Range of Operation of a
Measurement Instrument.
– Example: a Thermometer Intended to Measure Over the Range of -40C
to +60C has a Span of 100C
Range: Interval Between the Lower and Upper Range Limits.

Instrument Calibration
10
9
8
7
Measured Value
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
True Value

Repeatability and Accuracy
Repeatability:
– Ability to give the same
quantity several times
in succession.
Accuracy:
– It is a measure of
instrument ability to tell
the truth.

®
Appendix 8B
Well Testing
Well Testing
Production Allocation

Battery
Most Wells Commingled Each Well Connected to

Before reaching Battery Platform – Individually
Production
Separator 1
Low Press
Production
Separator 2
TANK
TEST
Separator
Each Well Connected to

Platform – Individually
Production
Separator 1
Low Press
Production
Separator 2
TANK
TEST
Separator
Test each Well Individually thru

Test Separator Monthly Each Well Connected to
– (4 Hrs / 12 Hrs / 24 Hrs) Platform – Individually
Production
Low Press
Separator 1
Production
Separator 2
TANK
TEST
Separator
Allocate Sales
W #1 / All Well Test x Sales Volume
Each Well Connected to
Platform – Individually
To TEST #1 at Battery: SI #2
#1 To TEST #5 at Battery: Shut

in Wells – 6, 7, 8, and 9
Battery #2
OR
Test Wells 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Individually at Each Well
#5 Using Portable Testing
#6 #8
Equipment
#7
#9
Most Wells Commingled

Before Reaching Battery
#1 To TEST #5 at Battery: Shut

in Wells – 6, 7, 8, and 9
Battery #2
OR
Test Wells 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Individually at Each Well
#5 Using Portable Testing
#6 #8
Equipment
OR
#7
#9
Use 3-Phase Metering
Equipment at Each Well
Most Wells Commingled
Before Reaching Battery
Trailer Mounted Multi – Phase Meter

Test Separator Operation
to Sep 1
M gas out
gas to Sep 2
gas out
Test
Separator
to Sep 1
inlet
fixed fixed
from
choke choke
individual to Sep 2
inlet M M
wells
Production/Test
snap acting controller
Manifold
quick opening trim
water oil

®
Appendix 8C
Fluid Sampling
Fluid Sampling

Representative Sample
Sample Frequency Must be Adequate
– Settling at Low Velocity
 Accelerate with Pump
 Accelerate with Reduced Diameter
 (8 + ft / sec: if Horizontal )
 Use Vertical Loop (5 + feet / sec)

Fluid Sampling Techniques
Spot Sampling
1. Purge and Fill Container
2. Apply Heat – Maintain Flowline Temp
Composite or Continuous
– Taken Over Extended Time Period
– “Fill Rate” Controlled by
 Time (Period Sampling)
 Flowrate (Proportionate Sampling)
– Sample Withdrawn at Line Press and Temp to
Prevent Condensation or Flashing

Liquid Sampler

Constant Pressure Sample Cylinder

Gas Sampler

Liquid Fluid Sampling
Automatic Sampling Systems
– In – Line System
– Fast – Loop System
Probe
– Middle 1/3 of Pipeline
– Grabs a Sample ( 1.5 cc)
Controller
– Opens / Closes Probe Chamber
– Flow Proportional / Time Proportional
Sample Receiver
– Permanent / Portable
– Security Seals
– Piping: Slope Downward to Receiver
– Controlled Pressure (Temperature)
API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards

Sample Frequency Must be Adequate

Sample from Middle Third of Flowline

Horizontal Flow

Vertical Flow
Flow Velocity of 5 fps or More Should Give

Adequate Mixing
← PROBE

Adequate Mixing
Slotted Plate Static Mixer

Automatic Sampling Systems
1. In – Line Type
2. Fast – Loop Type

In – Line Sampler
. . .
PROBE

Fast Loop System

Sample Frequency: Time or Volume

Device

Permanently Installed Receivers

Portable Receivers

Portable Receivers
Carrying Handles
Quick Opening Removable Covers
Quick Release Connections
Security Seals
Light in Weight

Security Seals

Sample

Manual of Petroleum
Measurement Standards
Chapter 8 – Sampling
Section 2 Automatic Sampling of Petroleum

and Petroleum Products
American Petroleum Institute

Lease Automatic Custody Transfer (LACT) System
Arrangement of
Equipment Designed for
Unattended Transfer of
Liquid Hydrocarbons
from Producing Leases
to Sales Pipeline.
Additional Requirements
– Quality (% BS&W)
– Net Volume Determination
– Fail – Safe Operations.

Lease Automatic Custody Transfer (LACT) System

Flow Computer

®
Appendix 8D
Miscellaneous Meter Matters

Vortex Shedding Flowmeter
Karman: Vortex Shedding Principle
Stationary Obstruction Sheds Vortices
– (Created Downstream)
Frequency Proportional to Velocity
Piezo – Electric Sensor Records Frequency and Transmits a
Pulse
Good Clean Fluid is Required

Vortex Shedding Flowmeter
1  1 
V =V   f d    f
S b
  t
 St 
Vf
Vf
V = Velocity
St = Strouhal Number
db = Width of Bluff Body
f = Vortex Shedding
Frequency
Re = Reynolds Number = UD/v
Flow Regimes Across Smooth Circular Cylinders

Thermal Mass Flowmeter
Fluids Conduct Heat in Proportion to Mass Flow Rate
– In-Line Spool
– Inserted Probe
 Two Sensors:
1. Temperature
2. Flow
Temperature Sensor
– Measures the Heat of the Flowing Fluid
– Sets the Temp of the Flow Sensor to a Precisely Higher
Temperature
Flow Sensor
– Measures Δ T from Precisely Set Temperature as Flowing Fluid
Cools Temperature
– Bridge Voltage Controller Transmits Signal Proportionate to Δ T

Fluid Oscillation Meter
Flow Conditioner Dividing and Recombining Flow Stream
Nozzle: Creates Jet Flow Eliminates Upstream Disturbances
Fluidic Oscillator Chamber Creates a Well – Conditioned Flow
Flow Rate  Oscillation Frequency
No Moving Parts Large Rangeability  400:1


Surface Production Operations 8

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Surface Production Operations 8

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DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE.

Custody Transfer – Sales (Manage Revenue)

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Saab TankRadar PRO

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Named for Device Creating Constriction

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Most Common for

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

SINGLE CHAMBER HOLDS PLATE

BY-PASS and BLEED

CLAMPING BAR REMOVED

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

GEAR RAISES PLATE

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Issued Jointly By:

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

MIN Thickness: (2 – 10 inch PIPE) = 0.115 inch

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

1st Turn Beginning of

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

1st Turn Beginning of

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

d < .25 D L > 10 d

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Category Was Beta Is Beta Category Was Beta Is Beta

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Splits Flow into 2+ Stream

Eliminates Swirl and Velocity Profile Distortions

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Orifice Plate Holder

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Named for Device Creating Constriction

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Creates and Measures P

Very Low Permanent Press Loss

More Expensive than Orifice

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Named for Device Creating Constriction

All Proprietary Designs

Larger P than Venturi

Lower Permanent P Loss

No API Standards Yet

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

© 2011 Dr. O. Barkat & PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved.

Named for Device Creating Constriction