GAS LIFT DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY 3. Natural Gas Laws Applied to Gas Lift Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999PROPERTIES OF INJECTION GAS Natural gas injected into @ wel, as well as the dssolved gas inthe reservoir fli, is Subject to @ number of gas ‘aws. Gas, unlike liquids, isan elastic ud. tis often defined as a homogeneous fluid which ‘occupies all the space ina container, This is easly visualized by noting, for example, that 1 I. of liquid placed in a closed container may fill 2 small potion of the total vlume ofthat container. However, 1 Ib. of gas placed inthe same empty container will fill the container completely Gases expand with increases in temperature and contract with decreases in temperature, The volume of gases is inversely elated to pressure As the pressure increases, the gas volume decreases, Gas volume is usually measured in standard cubic feet (cf INMS]. A standard cubic fot is defined as the volume contained in one cubic foot if the Bressure is 14.73 psia and ifthe temperature is GO°F. A ‘normalized cubic meter is defined as the volume contained in one cubio meter if the pressure is 101.32 KPa and ifthe temperature is 0° Celsius. Note that a*standard’ cubic ‘meter is defined by contractual agreement and is usually at @ temperature of 20°C. {tis known that gases have weight similar to anyother fu, ir for example, weighs 0.0764 Ibs. per cubic fot 11-2286 KM] at 147 psia [101.353 KPa and 60 F[15.56*C]. On a comparative basis, gas is ‘always compared to air as aliquid is compared to water. The rato ofthe density ofa gas compared tothe density of aris known as the {2 gravity or relative density. One of the most important calculations required in gas lift designs isthe determination of gas pressure at a given depth Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999Injection gas pressure at depth - English Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999‘When the wel conditions difer trom those aiven above, pressure at depth is deter-mined using chars lke those Seen in Figures 3.2 and 3.3, The following data must be given 1. Temperature at Surface (T@s} °F [°c] 2. Geothermal Gradient (G/T) °F/100 ft [°C/meter) 43. Specific Gravity $6. (Relative Density) 4. Pressure at Surface (P@S) psig. (kPa) 5. Depth (L) feet [meters] he following steps must be completed in order to determin the pressure a a given depth: Step 1. Determine the tomperature at depth by applying the following formula English; Metric: T@L= T@s+ Tem Grads. T@L=T@S+Temp.Grads L Step 2. Calculate the average temperature: ((@L+T@s) 2 Step 3. Estimate the P@L using the “rule of thumb" equation given above. Step 4, Calculate the average pressure: Pavg = P@L + P@S (P@L+P@s) 2 (P@L+P@s) 2 Step 8. Enter Figure 3.2 withthe average temperature calculted in Step 2 onthe lft horizontal axis, Travel upto the siven gas gravity. Travel across the graph to the right Stop 6. Entor Figure 3.2 withthe average pressure estimated in Step 4 and travel upward unt the line intersects the Tine drawn in Step 5. Read the compressibility factor atthe point of intersection. Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999Compressibility factors for natural gas Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999VOLUME OF A GAS IN A CONDUIT {tis sometimes necessary to determine the volume of gas in a conduit under given conditions. This is particularly true when designing conventional and chamber intermitting installations. Equations have been derived to determine Volume in a conduit and determine the gas required to change the pressure within the conduit ‘The internal capacity of a single circular conduit such as a tubing or casing string can be calculated using the following equations: English Metric O(n / 100 ft) = 0.5454 di? Olm3 / 100 meters) = 0.007854 di2 O (barrels/100 ft.) = 0.009714 di2) Where: i= the inside diameter in inches di = the inside diameter in em When it is necessary to determine the annular capacity of a tubing string inside casing, the equation below can be used, English Metric th / 100 ft) = 0.5454 (st2- 402) alm3 / 100 meters =0.007854ld2 - do2) di= the inside diameter in inches i= the inside diameter in em do = the outside diameter in inches do = the outside diameter in cm Once the volume or capacity of a conduit has been determined, itis often necessary to find the volume of gas ‘contained in the conduit under specific well conditions. The equation below can be used for this purpose: re bavx a Zx Bx SI 3-1 Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999VOLUMETRIC GAS THROUGHPUT OF A CHOKE Anather important determination isthe quantity of gas that can passthrough a given opening during a spoctc time Deriod. In a gas lift installation, it sufficient gas will not passthrough a particular pot, the required GLR cannot be bined to lit ud from a given dept. In gas lift design work, the rate of gs flow is expressed in standard eubio feet over a unit of time, Most gas passage calculations for valve pr sing are based an the Thorhil-Craver studies. The equations 155% C, x Ax exp axk 1) plea] Gx Q = Gas flow in 1000 scfd (MCFD) at 60 Deg. F. and 14,7 psia C, = Discharge coefficient A= Area of opening, square inches P= Upstream pressure, psia P, = Downstream pressure, psia & = Acceleration of gravity, = 32.2 ft,/sec.2 K =Ratio So — Specific heat at constant pressure C, Specific heat at constant volume i Pe r= Ratio > 1, 2 pen a] = Specific gravity (Air = 1) = Inlet temperature, Deg. R. Critical Flow Pressure Ratio G T Since the equation above is so complex and its calculation is vey time consuming, the chat in Figure 3.4 provides a ‘means of quickly obtaining an approximate gas passage rata for a given port size. It must be remembered, when Using the chart, that a correction factor should be used. Since gas passage through a gas lift valve occurs downhole, the chart must be corrected for specific gravity and temperature at the valve depth, To determine the gas passage rate using the chart and correction factors use the following pracedure: Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999Stop 8. Correct the chart value by applying the following equation: English Metric = Doser Emcor pa = ————— ter 44) SG (F, +460) & 0.07299 /Re/. Dens x (7, +273) NOTE: *C* in stop six is determined by the following equation: rene C= 46.08 xd? Where: d= port diameter in inches d= port diameter in inches Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999This page reserved for gas passage chart - Metric 3.17 Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999, = Comection for temperature T@L = Temp at valve depth, °F. T@L = Temp at valve depth, °C. Then: P= C,x(P,) Where: P,= Bellows pressure at 60°F, psig ‘f= Bellows pressure at 15°C., kPa 2, = Bellows pressure at valve depth ‘i, = Bellows pressure at valve depth temp, psig temp, psig Table 3.14 contains the correction for temperature (Ct) or temperatures trom 60°F to 300°. Table 3.18 contains the Corection for temperature (Ct) for temperatures from 16°C to 150°C. These tables should be reat avilable for Broblems requiring the determination of dome pressure, Since itis based on the mast frequently used pressures and ‘emperatures, it should be limited to use with moderate temperature corrections. It is not accurate at extreme pressures and temperatures. 3.19 Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999TABLE 3.1B ‘Nitrogen Temperature Correction Factors for Temperature in Celsius ZC ct °C CL =C. Ct 2c ct 160998 | SI 0879 | 86 0.786 | 121 0.710 7 0.994 | 52 0876 | 87 0.783 | 122 0.708 18 0.991 530873 | 88 0.781 | 123 0.706, 19 0987 | 54 0870 | 89 0.779 | 124 0.704 20 0.983 | 55 0.868 | 90 0.776 | 125 0.702 21 0979 | 56 0.865 | 91 0.774 | 126 0.701 2 0976 | 57 0.862 | 92 0.772 | 127 0.699 2B 0972 | 58 0859 | 93 0.769 | 128 0.697 24 0.968 | 59 0856 | 94 0,767 | 129 0.695 250.965 | 60 0.853 | 95 0.765 | 130 0.693 26 0.961 61 0.850 | 96 0.763 | 131 0.691 27-0958 | 62 0.848 | 97 0.760 | 132 0.689 28 0.954 | 63 0.845 | 98 0.758 | 133 0,688 290.951 G4 0.842 | 99 0.756 | 134 0.686 300.947 | 6S 0.839 | 100 0.754 | 135 0.684. 31 0944 | 66 0837 | 101 0.752 | 136 0.682 32 0.940 | 67 0.834 | 102 0.749 | 137 0.680 33 0.937 | 68 0.831 | 103 0.747 | 138 0.678 34 0.933 | 69 0829 | 108 0.745 | 139 0.677 35 0.930 | 70 0.826 | 105 0.743 | 140 0.675 36 0.927 | 71 0.823 | 106 0.741 | 141 0.673 370.923 | 72 o821 | 107 0.739 | 1420671 38 0920 | 73° osis | 108 0.737 | 143 0.670 39-0917 | 74 o.8t6 | 109 0.734 | 144 0.668 40 0914 | 75° 0813 | 110 © 0.732 | 145 0.666, 41 oo10 | 76 0810 | 11 0.730 | 146 0.665 a2 0907 | 77 0808 | 112 0.728 | 147 0.663 43 0.904 | 78 0805 | 113 0.726 | 148 0.661 44 0.901 790.803 | 114 0.724 | 149 0,659 45 0.898 | 80 0800 | 115 0722 | 150 0.658 46 0.895 | 81 0.798 | 116 0.720 | 151 0.656 47 oso | 82 0.795 | 117 0.718 | 152 0.654 ry o.sss | 83 0.793 | 118 0.716 | 153 0.653 49 osss | 840791 | 119 o.7i4 | 154 0.651 50. 0.92_|__ 85 o.7s8_|_120 0.712 | 155 0.649 Gas Lift Design And Technology © Schlumberger 1999101 gern Su lade onssoxd sep any DISd NI (td) HLda0 Ly aunssaud sy NOILOPNI on 9001 006 008 004, 003 L L L 1 Eo oh oo oF oh 130 40 14001 Wad 493091 + 49300 osp 005 ‘oss 002, ose 08 DiSd NI (1d) 3ovsuNS LY StINSSaud S¥O NOLLOSNI s35v Hid30 Ly aunssaud sy9FACTOR TABLE - GAS COLUMN PRESSURES To obtain gas pressure (P.,) at any depth: 1.. Select factor (F) from the table for a given depth and gas gravity 2. Then P.¢ (at depth) = Pog (at surface) (1 + F) PPTELEDYNE MERLA ae aoa ft ee ayaa ae a Rt zi B a 5 si20 ee ees ais The factors (F) on this table are for a temperature of 80°F. 540 Abs, Temp, To correct for other temperatures: Multiply by © 1982Pdwn/Pup (PSIA) ‘Bass for chart Thamiil-Craver Specie Gravy (SG) = 0.65, Temperature = 69 Degrees NOTE: ItPdwn/Pup ew 5512 THEN = 468 Ome = PO K Where = Pup (upstream proseuro in psi) C= Por costficent (right) = Char value trom above Cnet «Daly rate To corect for SG and Temperature (Competed MCFD _Srncte 0544 VSG X(T aoa) Where: T= temperature in degrees F. Pen Pon Coatfcients'¢° ‘C= 46.08 Xa? Where: d = port diameter in inches ie 0.405 0720 1.125 1.620 1.901 2.860 aes Port ste 182 ms 6 50 4.500 5.445 5.480 3.820 11.520 14.580 18.000 16Teaveziete conection racrts Fas NES ITE MITRGGEL uuGeD ELUNE OR 6 deg AS T oo | ra fon font | 00 im saat J 0 Tan tun] tn} 1.98) «sm ng can bans ey $4 [0.801 fom oF MN fos jas re fosrs| eas Lae (954) 0.9 [as jog (4995) 0.95.95 [995 ans]. ja.se |g | Sina] 0.0 |e on on CNY O.90 [Aa aT 4905] 0.5 Jo. | as 8 an m 7 % n r Y " 54t| st] tat [ease i 1.955 2851 0.055 4.956 [950 w 1957) OFS] C8 [19K | 0. ‘ ss 4.) cast faa] ear u 8 unt) fu [oar | aT Q Ons X in v Mt u unt jw us| 4 tn juan 9 tot 0, in W NF 10 ae fT amr tnt n AR 1 1 i tt 7 TAT) i nis " uns i un ® sis en 1 ea Tir in at nN it at 8 ut ik 301 7 Tat 16 1 La ie tax tt f.s Jaa san ww 7: Jas oH Ts ebtain sresste 2% 40 te.? attiply bltevegeesare tens, Pat ay the faear een the abwe taleeee CORRECTION FAcTORS fou a5 LPT ALVES TE ATEOGELcHGGEDAELLOWS FO 62d. BSE sone fsen ao fos face Jagan oe fore [ve | av Ja | ee | ane r r ta] a6] as] td] eae ae) oes] a] tae] etn at) ns] ae] ae] 618 ae} ass | oT cr] tat] 95 | 8.8714 TIP AT] Ie] 86 tut} ass) ass fue} 8] 85 5 ness] 0 H uns r tT vm ait un m0 a om em} a 6 an} as] 6.7 a tam | ae | on aT] al Unt OTH a THeP 6 cae] cane tan es] ac] 07 oa un ns] ana] emt cas] an en] ora} ea cat) oa 0.0 4.10) | 0.7 | can | 1k rt] 4.714 180197 uns 07) te 4.19) 8.196 18 tare) ane ate) ean os tm tam] ans| ens syste : ie tno] in| TR aHE] 6.190]. 7] ERR Uiempem ont dame) eas ans} eas a.m [ot oe tum|e.ns}em|aan| ans lore on am jae era} a oH, arr |e |r| 5 Te CTIA] 015] lt] Bld ont re] are} ere | 7] et 18 (200 | tes .r8| ate] ean on 0.265 |e |r aaa] ease att 06 |e 6 is 1 TT ee rere. pa. em airs |e em nyt) tus] o tn tists} em tm jo, A. | 15678 we ul EM EE] LIT a um ers |acst jer m um ere |ase| on ® un cast fons fore i a 19 |.77 14 i TMT Reyer pa nN 18 tra ja.ns ere m 16 fen fara a 68 tn ara} ut ue {aro fe.ra fey To obtain preaure #8 a:40 tep.F alti Bellows pres AML the facta fr the