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12
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
QUARTER 1
Week 1.4

Capsulized Self-Learning Empowerment

ToolKit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

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Written by:
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS
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SUBJECT & GRADE 12

QUARTER 1 WEEK 1 DAY _______________________
GRADE/LEVEL GEN.CHEM1 dd/mm/yyyy

TOPIC Methods of Separating Mixtures

LEARNING 4. Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation,
COMPETENCY chromatography (STEM_GC11MP-Ia-b-12)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on the Learner’s
Activity and Assessment Sheets provided separately.

UNDERSTAND
Methods of Separating Mixtures into their Component Substances

Hi There! today you will be learning more about mixtures

To start, examine the pictures, and answer questions below.

Messing with Mixtures

The point of this
activity is to try to think
Jar # 1 Jar #2 of as many ways as
muddy water with m&m possible to separate the
candies and components of mixture
Jar #3 marshmallows inside the jars.
with pebbles,
sands & rocks
Jar #5
Jar #4
With water
with water, soil
and ethanol
and iron fillings
mixture

Jar How many substances What are the What technique is

Number are in my mixture? components? used?
1
2
3
4
5

A mixture is a substance made by physical combination of two or more different

materials in such a way that no chemical reaction occurs. And can usually be separated back
into its original components.
There two types of mixtures: homogeneous mixture which composition is uniform
throughout the sample and heterogeneous mixture, the components do not have a uniform
composition throughout the sample.

Written by:
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS
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These substances can be separated and recovered again by physical and not chemical
means, although not always easily. The method of separating may depend on the sizes of the
particles involved or on their physical properties. Examples may include sieving, decanting,
filtering, evaporating, distilling, crystallization , flotation and decantation.
Very young children experience sieving when they play with sand and water and we
see it in everyday contexts with tea strainers, tea bags, coffee pots and straining water and
vegetables with a sieve or colander.

Humans need fresh drinking water to survive. We can only last a

couple of days without it, but not any type of water will do. Drinking salt water
from the ocean can be dangerous. Although small amounts of salt water will not
cause major problems, the human body acts to remove
excess salt, specifically sodium, from the body. Water will move out of every
cell in an effort to dilute the salt and establish a balance in the body. However,
cells need water, so the diffusion of water out of the cells leaves them
dangerously dehydrated. Likewise, other sources of water may be contaminated
with other harmful substances.
Therefore, finding ways to produce fresh drinking water is crucial to our
survival.

To separate unwanted chemical substances from water, we need to use different separation
processes.
A separation process is a means of separating any mixture of substances
into two or more distinct products. A separation process uses the different
properties of a mixture’s parts to get them to separate.

Distillation is a physical process used to separate a solvent from a solute

based upon differences in boiling point. The process of distillation involves the
evaporation and condensation of a liquid.

Chemical Distillation apparatus 1. Electric heating mantle

2. Mixture (solute and solvent)
3. Heating vessel
4. Liebig condenser
5. Water outlet For example, in sea water
6. Water inlet there is a large difference
7. Conical flask between the boiling points of
8. Distillate the dissolved salts (solute)
and the water (solvent). Pure
water can be obtained from
sea water by the process of
distillation. The sea water is
evaporated leaving the salt
behind and the water is
recovered by condensation.
The steps in the process of distillation
 The mixture is heated.(1-2)
 The ingredient with the lowest boiling point evaporates. (3)
 The hot vapour travels through the Liebig condenser where it is condenses.(4)
 Continually running water through the condenser keeps it cool. (5 water outlet and 6
water inlet)
 The distillate is then collected.(7-8)

Written by:
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS
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Activity 1 Hold the Salt Materials:

-Large bowl
-Heavy glass cup (shorter than the bowl is
PROCEDURE deep)
1. Fill a bowl with tap water to a depth of - Teaspoon
about 5 centimeters (2 inches). - Clear plastic food wrap
2. Add 10 drops of blue food coloring and 2– - Any coin
3 teaspoons of salt. Mix well until the salt is -Clear cellophane tape
dissolved. - Blue food coloring
3. Place the heavy glass cup (opening facing -Water
up) in the center of the bowl so it is -Table salt
surrounded by the blue saltwater
solution. Make sure that the glass sits flat on
the bottom of the bowl.
4. Put plastic wrap loosely over the top of the
bowl. Tape the plastic wrap to the sides of the
bowl so that air cannot get
in or out. Make sure the plastic wrap is not
pulled tightly across the top of the bowl.
5. Place a coin on the outside of the plastic
wrap directly over the center of the glass.
Make sure that the weight of the
coin makes the plastic wrap slant down
toward the center of the glass.
6. Put the bowl on a flat surface outside or on
a windowsill where it will get a lot of
sunshine.
7. After four hours, take off the plastic wrap,
and lift the glass out of the saltwater solution.

If possible, check the bowl every hour

for four hours. Do not leave the bowl in
the sun for more than four hours because
mold may eventually begin to grow in the
water.

REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS
Evaporation and condensation are essential parts of the earth’s water
cycle. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above,
and below
the surface of the earth. Throughout this process, the water passes through the
gaseous, liquid, and sometimes even the solid states.

Refer to the activity given above to answer these questions:

SAQ-1: What might happen to the saltwater solution when the temperature is increased and
why?
SAQ-2: What color is the liquid that collected in the cup? What does this tell you?
SAQ-3: How do you think the liquid in the cup would taste? Why (Never actually taste any
substance in the lab.)
SAQ-4: After a few hours, what is left in the bowl? Explain
SAQ-5: How might the process of distillation be useful to people?

Written by:
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS
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Chromatography is a method for analyzing mixtures by separating them into the

chemicals from which they are made.
Separating dissolved solids –
It is often used when the dissolved substances are coloured, such as inks,
food colourings and plant dyes. It works because some of the coloured
substances dissolve in the solvent used better than others, so they travel further
up the paper.

A pencil line is drawn, and spots of ink or plant dye are placed on it. There is a container
of solvent, such as water or ethanol.
A pure substance will only produce one spot on the chromatogram during paper
chromatography. Two substances will be the same if they produce the same colour of spot,
and their spots travel the same distance up the paper. In the example below, red, blue and
yellow are three pure substances. The sample on the left is a mixture of all three

Criminal
investigators use
this technology to
identify
substances such
as drugs, blood,
ink and other
A chromatogram, the results of a chromatography experiment
fluids.
Written by:
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS
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Activity 2 Materials:
What’s in A Color!! -paper towel or chromatography
paper
-scissors
-blue nonpermanent magic marker
Procedure -rubber band or piece of tape
1. Cut strips of paper towel approximately -small container such as a plastic
12.0 cm by 3.0 cm, then cut the bottom of -glass cup
each strip on an angle, so that the bottom - some water Use a paper towel or
is a point. -alcohol chromatography
2. Use a magic marker to draw a line across paper cut like this for
the bottom of the strip, above the point. your experiment.
Half fill the cup with water. Hang the
strip with the tip just in the water. Bend
the top of the paper towel over the rim of
the glass and secure it with a rubber band.
Record your observations after 24 hours.
3. By experimenting with different colors of
markers, you can compare their color
components. You also could vary the
experiment using just one type of marker,
but changing the separation solvent.
4. Use water and rubbing alcohol
(isopropyl alcohol).

The word chromatography

glass
means “color writing.”

In paper chromatography, porous

paper (like filter paper, coffee filters,
chromatography paper, paper towels or even
newspaper) is called the stationary phase. Set up A Set up B
Water or another solvent, like alcohol or With water With rubbing
acetone, is called the mobile alcohol
phase.

SAQ-6: What were the two solvents used?

SAQ-7: Which liquid separates the colors of your markers the best?
SAQ-8: How is chromatography process be useful to people?

In some cases, there are suspension mixtures where the solid particles are
too fine to be separated with a filter. In these cases, sometimes a centrifuge is
used. Centrifuges are mechanical devices that spin at very high speeds.
Centrifugation is the process where a mixture is separated through spinning. It
is used to separate skim milk from whole milk, water from your clothes, and
Written by:
blood cells from your blood plasma.
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS
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Let’s Practice!
Select the appropriate separating technique/s to answer the questions
below.
(Answer on the separate sheets provided.)

1.The flow diagram shows how a student produce pure, dry salt from sea water.
Arrange the processes used by the student. Write numbers for sequencing.

condensation distillation evaporation

2. Forensic scientists analyze the unknown ink and compare it with writing utensils collected
from possible suspects. Arrange the procedure in analyzing the unknown ink. Write number
for sequencing.

Let the strip dry and tape it onto your Reference Library under its correct brand name.

Pour about 10 ml of water into a beaker or small cup.

Construct a reference library of ink samples and use it to identify an “unknown”marker.

Cut a strip of filter paper to form a point at one end. And Use a pencil and make a mark
on the paper strip beside the ink dot.

Allow the chromatogram to run. The liquid will soak upward into the paper, rising
through the inked line. The liquid is drawn through the paper fibers by capillary action,
the process by which liquids are drawn into narrow tubes.

3.A spot of black ink was placed on a strip of filter paper. The end of the filter paper was placed
in water and left. This is the result.
D

C
Choose the pigment A B C or D that is
the most soluble in water. And Explain. B

REMEMBER
Key Points
 A mixture can contain solids, liquids and/or gases. The components in a mixture are not
chemically joined; they are just mixed. That means we do not need to use chemical reactions
to separate them.
 There are two main types of mixtures: homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous
mixtures.
 The individual substances in a mixture can be separated using different methods,
depending on the type of mixture. These methods include filtration, evaporation,
distillation and chromatography.
 Chromatography: Involves solvent separation on a solid medium.
 Distillation: Takes advantage of differences in boiling points.

Written by:
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS
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TRY
Let’s see how
much you have
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. learned today!
(Answer on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheets.) Enjoy answering.

1. Which of the following is not separated through 6. In chromatography, what is the mobile phase
distillation process? can be?
a. Acetone and water a. gas only b. liquid only
b. Impurities in Sea water c. solid d. liquid and gas
c. Milk and water
d. none of the above 7. What physical property is used to
determine what component will separate out
2. Which of the following separation techniques is during the process of distillation?
dependent on difference in volatility? a. density b. melting point
2. Which of the following separation techniques c. boiling point d. sample volume
is dependent on difference in volatility?
a. Distillation 8. In the distillation process, what is the
b. Crystallization substance that passes through the condenser
c. chromatography called?
d. decantation a. Sublimate c. Distillate
3.Which of the following pairs of substances may b. Filtrate d. Residue
best be separated through distillation? 9. Suggest a separation technique to separate a
a. salt and sand c. water and alcohol mixture of ethanol from fruits.
b. sand and soil d. water and soil a. Filtration b. Distillation
c. Decantation d. Hand sorting
4. Distillate formed after distillation is a /an_____.
a. diluted solution 10. The following are statements that describe
b. impure solution chromatography process EXCEPT____.
c. condensed solution a. It is a laboratory technique for the
d. concentrated solution separation of a mixture.
b. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called
5. Name the separation technique shown in the the mobile phase.
diagram c. It cannot separate different parts of
a. evaporation chemical mixtures onto an absorbent material.
b. decanting d. It is also used to identify and separate the
c. distillation preservatives and additives added in the food
d. filtration items.

Science, Ck12. “Separating Mixtures.” CK. CK-12 Foundation, April 20,

2020. https://www.ck12.org/chemistry/separating-
mixtures/lesson/Methods-for-Separating-Mixtures-
CHEM/?referrer=concept_details.

“SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Teachers Guide (TG).” The Deped Teachers

REFERENCE/S Club, July 18, 2019. https://depedclub.com/senior-high-school-teachers-
guide/.

“Separating Solids from Liquids – Evaporation - Separating Mixtures - KS3

Chemistry Revision - BBC Bitesize.” BBC News. BBC. Accessed July
22, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgvc4wx/revision/2.

Written by:
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS
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Shelly, Nancy O'Leary and Susan. “What's in a Color? Experiments in

Chromatography.” TeacherVision, August 13, 2009.
https://www.teachervision.com/chemistry/whats-color-experiments-
chromatography.

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This material is not intended for uploading nor for commercial use but
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Written by:
ANABEL B. ARCILLAS