Herbal
1. Barberry - used for diarrhea,
heartburn, constipation, acne, eczema,
minor wounds, reduces pain and blood
sugar.
2. Serpentina - pain killer, it cause to
low blood pressure and slow heart rate,
Long term use can cause depression
3. Bawang (Garlic) - Hypertension,
toothache, lower cholesterol in blood and
an anti-oxidant.
4. Goldenseal - promoted as dietary
supplement for colds & other respiratory
tract infections, allergic rhinitis (high
fever), ulcers, and digestive upsets such
as diarrhea and constipation. Also used as
a mouthwash for sore gums and as an
eyewash for eye inflammation.
5. Lagundi - used for asthma, cough,
fever, skin disease ( dermatitis, scabies,
ulcer, eczema), headache , rheumatism,
sprain, and insect bites.
6. Aloevera - It correlates wound healing,
reduces dental plaque, helps treat canker
sores, reduces constipation, improves skin
and prevent wrinkles, lower sugar blood
sugar levels.
7. Ginkgo biloba – is said to treat wide
range of ailments including heart disease,
dementia, mental difficulties and sexual
dysfunction.
8. Sambong ( Blumea Camphora) - A
diuretic that helps in the excretion of
urinary stones. It can also be used to treat
edema.
9. Blueternate - There are various
benefits that can be derived flower of
butterflypea: antioxidants, helps improve
blood circulation.
10. Turmeric - For rheumatoid arthritis,
conjunctivitis, skin cancer, wound
healing, UTI & for immune system.
11. Peppermint (mentha x piperta) - for
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It is also
used for indigestion, bed sores, tension
headache, anxiety, insomia, memory and
many other purposes.
12. Tsaang Gubat- anti spasmodics,
helps relieve abdominal pain & treat
LBM.
13. Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi (Bearberry
Leaf) - used to treat dysuria cystitis,
urethritis, kidney and bladder stones.
14. Cat's Whisper- is commonly used to
treat renal inflammation, kidney stone,
dysuria and it can also reduce high blood
pressure.
15. Ashitaba- It used for cancer,
smallpox, fluid retention, blood clots and
food poisoning.

16. Tawa-tawa- Used for treatment of
dengue, fever, asthma.
17. Echinacea- shorten symptoms of cold,
boost immune, system when a virus is
present and bronchitis, upper respiratory
infections.
18. Basil - stomach problems, loss of
appetite, diarrhea constipation and may
more conditions.
19. Evening Primrose - Reduce arthritis
(PMS)
20. Elderberry - used to relieve pain,
toothaches, colds, viral infections, &
constipation.
21. Sage- Helpful for head pains,
Hoarseness and cough. It is one of the
best known remedies for laryngitis,
tonsilitis and sore throat. It is also Mildly
laxative and stimulates menstruate flow.
22. Chamomile- this serves as a mild
sedative to help and promote better sleep.
Also drinking chamomile "tea" will help to
reduce anxiety and relaxes the muscles in
which it provides relaxation and comfort
to mind.
23. Valerian - used to treat sleeplessness
and to reduce anxiety.
24. Goat weed- cough, headache, eczema
25.Ulasimang Bato- Lowers uric acid
and good for rheumatism & gout.
26. Milk Thistle- used to treat liver
conditions & high cholesterol & to reduce
the growth of cancer cells. Used to treat
liver & gallbladder disorders, promote
milk production, prevent & treat cancer &
protect liver from snake bites.
Cardiovascular System
cardiovascular system consists of the heart,
blood vessels, and blood.
Its primary function is to transport nutrients
and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body
and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the
lungs.
Three main ways drugs affect the heart
1. Inotropic effect
- affect the force of contraction of the heart
muscle
- This helps your organs get the blood and
oxygen they need to keep working.
Positive inotropes make your heart muscle
contractions stronger, raising your cardiac
output to a normal level and increasing the
amount of blood your heart can pump out.
2. Chronotropic effect
- (from chrono-, meaning time, and tropos, "a
turn") are those that change the heart rate.
-It affects the frequency of heartbeat or heart
rate. That's why some of the drugs may cause
palpation or bradychardia to the patient.
3. Rhythmic effects
- they can affect the regularity of the heartbeat.
The way it pumps blood to our organs and any
slight irregularities might result to dysfunction
of the heart or worse cardiac arrest.
Drugs that commonly prescribed that affects
the heart
Benazepril (Lotensin)
Captopril (Capoten)
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Fosinopril (Monopril)
Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
Moexipril (Univasc)
Perindopril (Aceon)
Quinapril (Accupril)
The suffix for ACE inhibitors is -pril. Action:
Reduce blood pressure by dilating blood
vessels, thus reducing the heart's workload.
ACE inhibitors or Angiotensin- converting-
enzyme inhibitors are a class of medication
used primarily for the treatment of high blood
pressure and heart failure.
- They work by causing relaxation of blood
vessels as well as a decrease in blood volume,
which leads to lower blood pressure and
decreased oxygen demand from the heart.
5 examples of medications that can cause
implications if not safely used
NSAID's - NSAIDs can boost heart failure odds
because they make you retain water and salt,
make it harder for your blood to flow, and make
it tougher for diuretic drugs (often used to treat
high blood pressure) to work.
Diabetes Medication - Your body gets rid of
metformin through your kidneys, so it isn’t a
good choice if your kidneys don’t work like they
should.
Thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone,
rosiglitazone) cause fluid retention and weight
gain in people with heart failure and make
people who don’t have it more likely to
get it.
(alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin,
sitagliptin)- These are dipeptidyl
peptidase-4 inhibitors that seem to
send people with heart failure to the hospital.
Blood Pressure Medicine - Calcium channel
blockers can worsen edema or fluid that stays in
your body’s tissues.
Central agonists (clonidine,
moxonidine) cause changes in the way your
body releases hormones that affect your heart.
Natural Supplements - There’s no government
regulation of natural supplements
vitamin E - daily can increase your
chances of developing heart failure.
Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System - works in a
cyclical fashion and altering the components
of this cycle can have a variety of effects to the
body
Hormones and hormonal-like agents - are
primarily drugs that affect the female
reproductive system.
Female Sex Hormones - both can be used to
replace missing hormones or to decrease the
release of endogenous hormones.
The female sex hormones include estrogen and
progesterone.
Estrogen
-Used for hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
in small doses when ovarian activity is blocked
or absent.
-Treat female hypogonadism and ovarian
failure; to prevent postpartum breast
engorgement.
-Palliation of cancers that have known receptor
sensitivity.
- Used as palliation for the discomforts of
menopause in the first few years of menopause,
when many of the beneficial effects of estrogen
are lost.
-To slow bone loss in osteoporosis.
Progestins
- Transform the proliferative endometrium into
a secretory endometrium. They also inhibit the
secretion of FSH and LH
- Prevent follicle maturation and ovulation as
well as uterine contraction.
- progestins and estrogens- “trick” the
hypothalamus and pituitary and prevent the
release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH), FSH, and LH
Important aspects to remember for indication
of Female sex Hormones in different age
groups
Children - Have undergone little testing in
children. They can cause premature closure of
epiphysis so caution is important in growing
children.
Adults - Women receiving any of these drugs
should receive an annual medical examination,
including breast examination and Pap smear, to
monitor for adverse effects and underlying
medical conditions.
Women taking estrogen should be advised not
to smoke because of the increased risk of
thrombotic events.
HRT is no longer commonly used by
post menopausal women
Contraindications & Cautions ( Estrogen &
Progestins)
Estrogen
• Allergy to estrogens.- Prevent
hypersensitivity reactions.
• Idiopathic vaginal bleeding, breast
cancer, estrogen- dependent cancer.
Can be exacerbated by drug.
• History of thromboembolic disorders,
cerebrovascular accident, heavy
smokers. Increased risk of thrombus
and embolus development
• Hepatic dysfunction. Estrogen have
effects on liver function.
• Pregnancy. Estrogen are linked to
serious fetal defects
• Lactating women. Possible effects to
the neonate
 • Metabolic bone disease. Estrogen has Progestins
bone conserving effect and could
Systemic effects are similar to estrogen.
exacerbate the disease.
• Renal insufficiency. Can interfere with Dermal patch contraceptives are associated
the renal excretion of the drug and with same systemic effects, as well as local skin
increase the risk for potential adverse irritation.
effects on fluid and electrolyte balance
Vaginal gel use is associated with headache,
• Hepatic impairment. Can alter the
nervousness, constipation, breast enlargement,
metabolism of the drug and increase
and perineal pain.
the risk for the adverse effects,
including those on the liver and GI tract. Intrauterine systems are associated with
abdominal pain, endometriosis, abortion PID,
and expulsion of the intrauterine device.
Progestins
Vaginal use is associated with local irritation
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), sexually and swelling.
transmitted diseases, endometriosis, pelvic
surgery. Progestins have effects on the
vasculature of the uterus. Estrogen receptor modulators - are agents that
either stimulate or block specific estrogen
Drospirenone is contraindicated in patients
receptor sites.
who are at risk for hyperkalemia due to its
antimineralocorticoid effects and the risk of
hyperkalemia.
Therapeutic Action
Epilepsy, migraine headaches, asthma, cardiac
or renal dysfunction. Potential exacerbation of • To produce some of the positive effects
these conditions. of estrogen replacement while limiting
the adverse effects.
• To increase bone mineral density
without stimulating the endometrium.
Adverse Effects ( Estrogen & Progestins)

Estrogen
Indications
GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramp,
bloating, colitis, acute pancreatitis, cholestatic • Prevention and treatment of
jaundice, hepatic adenoma osteoporosis in postmenopausal
GU: breakthrough bleeding, menstrual women.
irregularities, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea,
changes in libido
• Important aspects to remember for
Systemic effects: fluid retention, electrolyte indication of estrogen receptor of
disturbances, headache, dizziness, mental estrogen receptor modulators in
changes, weight changes, edema different age groups
Children Therapeutic Action

Have undergone little testing in children. They Can be used by women without primary ovarian
can cause premature closure of epiphysis so failure who cannot get pregnant
caution is important in growing children.
after 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse.

Work either directly stimulate follicles and

Adults ovulation or stimulate the hypothalamus to
increase FSH and LH levels, leading to ovarian
Women receiving any of these drugs should
follicular development and maturation of ova
receive an annual medical examination,
including breast examination and Pap smear, to
monitor for adverse effects and underlying
Indications
medical conditions.
Treatment of infertility in women with
Not indicated during pregnancy or lactation
functioning ovaries whose partners are
because of potential for adverse effects on the
fetus or neonate. fertile.

Used to stimulate multiple follicle development

Contraindications & Cautions
Allergy to estrogen receptor modulators. -
Prevent hypersensitivity reactions.
Pregnancy, lactation. - Potential effects on the
fetus or neonate.
History of venous thrombosis or smoking. -
Increased risk of blood clot formation if
smoking and estrogen are combined.
Adverse Effects
for harvesting of ova for in vitro fertilization.
Menotropins are used to stimulate
spermatogenesis in men with low sperm counts
and otherwise normally functioning testes.
Cetrorelix inhibits premature LH surges in
women undergoing controlled ovarian
stimulation by acting as a GnRH antagonist.
Follitropin Alfa and Follitropin Beta are FSH
molecules injected to stimulate follicular
development in the treatment of infertility and
for harvesting of ova in vitro fertilization.

Raloxifene has been associated with GI upset,

Fertility Contraindications & Cautions
nausea, and vomiting.
Allery to fertility drug. - Prevent
Changes in fluid balance - may cause headache,
hypersensitivity reactions
dizziness, visual changes, and mental changes.
Primary ovarian failure. - These drugs only
Specific estrogen receptor stimulation - may
work to stimulate functioning ovaries
cause hot flashes, skin rash, edema, and
Thyroid or adrenal dysfunction. - Drugs have
vaginal bleeding.
effects on the hypothalamicpituitary axis
Fertility Drugs - are agents that stimulate the
Ovarian cysts. - Can be stimulated by the drugs
female reproductive system.
and can become larger
Pregnancy. - Due to the potential for serious
fetal effects
Idiopathic uterine bleeding.- Can represent an
underlying problem that could be exacerbated
by the stimulatory effects of these drugs.
Lactation. - Risk of adverse effects on the baby
Thromboembolic disease.- Increased risk of
thrombus formation
Women with respiratory diseases. - Alterations
in fluid volume and blood flow can overtax the
respiratory system.
Adverse Effects of Fertility Drugs
• Greatly increased risk of multiple births
and birth defects
• Ovarian overstimulation: abdominal
plain, distention, ascites, pleural
effusion
• Others: headache, fluid retention,
nausea, bloating, uterine bleeding,
ovarian enlargement, gynecomastia,
and febrile reactions possibly due to
stimulation of progesterone release.
Uterine Motility drugs: Oxytocic - stimulate
uterine contractions to assist labor
(oxytocic) or induce abortion (abortifacient).
Fertility Drugs
Therapeutic Action
To stimulate uterine contractions like the action
of the hypothalamic hormone oxytocin stored
in the posterior pituitary.
They directly affect neuroreceptor sites to
stimulate uterine contraction and are especially
effective in the gravid uterus.
Oxytocin, a synthetic form of the hypothalamic
hormone, also stimulates the lacteal glands in
the breast to contract, promoting milk ejection
in lactating women
Indications
Prevention and treatment of uterine atony after
delivery, thus reducing the risk of postpartum
hemorrhage.
Uterine Motility drugs: Oxytocic
Contraindications & Cautions
Allergy to oxytocic. Prevent hypersensitivity
reactions.
Cephalopelvic disproportion, unfavorable fetal
position, complete uterine atony, early
pregnancy. Can be compromised by uterine
stimulation.
Coronary disease, hypertension. Due to effect
of causing arterial contraction which could raise
blood pressure or compromise coronary blood
flow.
Contraindications a& Cautions of
Abortifacients
Allergy to abortifacients and prostaglandins. -
Prevent hypersensitivity reactions
After 20 weeks from the last menstrual
period.- Too late into the pregnancy for an
abortion
Active PID, CV, hepatic, renal, pulmonary
disease. - Can be exacerbated by the effects of
the drug.
Lactation. Potential for serious effects on the
neonate.
Asthma, hypertension, adrenal disease.- Can
be exacerbated by drug effects
Acute vaginitis, scarred uterus.- Can be
aggravated by uterine contractions
Adverse Effects of Abortifacients
• Due to exaggeration of desired effects:
abdominal cramping, heavy uterine
bleeding, perforated uterus, uterine
rupture
• Others: headache, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, diaphoresis, backache, rash
Male Reproductive System
Androgen - are male sex hormones, which
include testosterone (produced in the testes)
and androgens (produced in the adrenal
glands).
Testosterone (Duratest, Testoderm) - is the
primary natural androgen and is the classic
androgen used today.
- It is used for treatment of certain breast
cancers and hypogonadism, a condition where
there is undeveloped testis. All testosterones
are class III controlled substances.
Androgen
Therapeutic Action
• Growth and development of male sex
organs and the maintenance of
secondary male sex characteristics.
• Increase the retention of nitrogen,
sodium, potassium, and phosphorus
and decrease the urinary excretion of
calcium.
• Increase protein anabolism and
decrease protein catabolism. Increase
the production of red blood cells.
Indications
Danazol is used for treatment of endometriosis,
fibrocystic breast disease, and hereditary
angioedema.
-It does this by inhibiting the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and gonadotropin-
releasing hormones (GnRH), leading to a drop
in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH).
Contraindications & Cautions of Androgen
• Allergy to androgens or other
ingredients in the drug. Prevent
hypersensitivity reactions.
• Pregnancy, lactation. Potential adverse
effects on the neonate. It is not clear
whether androgens enter breast milk.
• Presence of prostate or breast cancer in
men. Aggravated by the testosterone
effects of the drug.
• Liver dysfunction, CV disease. Can be
exacerbated by the effects of the
hormones.
• Topical forms of testosterone have a
Black Box Warning alerting user to the
risk
of virilization in children who come in contact
with the drug from touching the clothes and
skin of the man using the drug.
• Danazol has Black Box warning
regarding the risk of thromboembolic
 events, fetal abnormalities, hepatitis,
and intracranial hypertension.
Adverse Effect of Androgen
Androgenic effects: acne, edema, hirsutism
(increased hair distribution), deepening of the
voice, oily skin and hair, weight gain, decrease
in breast size, and testicular atrophy.
Antiestrogen effects: flushing, sweating,
vaginitis, nervousness, and emotional lability.
Common effects: headache (possibly related to
fluid and electrolyte changes), dizziness, sleep
disorders and fatigue, rash, and altered serum
electrolytes.
A potentially life-threatening effect that has
been documented is hepatocellular cancer.
Anabolic Steroids are testosterone analogues
that have been developed to produce the
tissue-building effects of testosterone with less
androgenic effect.
Therapeutic Action
Promote body tissue-building processes.
Reverse catabolic or tissue destroying processes
Increase hemoglobin and red blood cell mass.
Indications
• Anemias, certain cancers, and
angioedema
• Promote weight gain and tissue repair
in debilitated patients and protein
anabolism in patients who are receiving
long-term corticosteroid therapy. Also
known to be used illegally for the
enhancement of athletic performance
by promoting increased muscle mass,
hematocrit, strength, and endurance.
Contraindication & Cautions of Anabolic
Steroids
Allergy to androgens or other ingredients in
the drug. - Prevent hypersensitivity reactions.
Pregnancy, lactation.- Potential masculinization
in neonates.
Liver dysfunction. - Drug is metabolized in the
liver and are known to cause hepatic toxicity.
Coronary disease.- Potential increase in
cholesterol level through the effect of the drug
on the liver.
Prostate/breast cancer in males. - Exacerbated
by the effects of these drugs.
Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids
In pre-pubertal males: virilization (e.g. phallic
enlargement, hirsutism, increased skin
pigmentation).
In post-pubertal males: inhibition of testicular
function, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy,
priapism (painful and continual erection of the
penis), baldness, and change in libido.
In women: hirsutism, hoarseness, deepening of
the voice, clitoral enlargement, baldness,
menstrual irregularity.
Drugs for Treating Penile Erectile Dysfunction
Penile erectile dysfunction is a condition in
which the corpus cavernosum does not fill with
blood to allow for penile erection.
Approved drugs for treatment of penile
erectile dysfunction include prostaglandin
alprostadil and phosphodiesterase type 5
(PDE5) receptor inhibitor sildenafil.
Therapeutic Action
Alprostadil acts locally to relax the vascular
smooth muscle and allow filling of the corpus
cavernosum, causing penile erection.
PDE5 receptor inhibitors act to increase nitrous
oxide levels in the corpus cavernosum. Nitrous
oxide activates the enzyme cyclic guanosine
monophosphate (cGMP) to cause smooth
muscle relaxation and increased flow of blood.
Indications
Treatment of penile erectile dysfunction.
Contraindication & Cautions of Drugs for
Treating Penile Erectile Dysfunction
• Presence of any anatomical obstruction
or condition that might predispose to
priapism. The risk could be exacerbated
by these drugs.
• Penile implants.
• Bleeding disorders, CV diseases, optic
neuropathy, and severe hepatic and
renal disorders.
Adverse Effects of Drugs for Treating Penile
Erectile Dysfunction
• Local effects associated with
alprostadil: pain at injection site,
infection, priapism, fibrosis and rash.
• Effects associated with PDE5 inhibitors:
headache, flushing, dyspepsia, urinary
tract infection, diarrhea, dizziness,
possible eight cranial nerve toxicity and
loss of hearing.
A potentially life-threatening effect that has
been documented is hepatocellular cancer
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory System - consists of the upper
and lower airways, the lungs and the thoracic
cavity.
- It provides a mechanisms for the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
COMMON CONDITIONS IN UPPER
RESPIRATORY
* ALLERGIC RHINITIS
Rhinitis or nasal inflammation, - is one of the
most bothersome problems of the upper
respiratory system
(Other symptoms in self-treatment includes
sneezing, postnasal drip, itchy, and reddened
eyes, sore throat, fatigue, and facial pressure)
* THE COMMON COLD
Most caused by viral infection (Rhinovirus or
Influenza "FLU")
It is easily spread when an infected person
coughs, sneezes or simply through hand-to-
hand contact.
Virus invades tissues (mucosa) of upper
respiratory tract, causing URI
* CONGESTION
Nasal congestion - is a common symptom of *SYMPTOMS
upper respiratory infections like the common
cold. It is described as “a fullness, blockage, or
obstruction of the nasal cavity.” ADVERSE REACTIONS OF INTRANASAL AND
ANTIHISTAMINES

are typically mild and include an unpleasant

DRUGS AFFECTING THE UPPER RESPIRATORY
smell or taste. Drying of the nasal passages
INTRANASAL STERIOD OR ANTIHISTAMINE - resulting in irritation and nose bleeds (epistaxis)
Intranasal steroids (INS), also known as

nasal glucocorticoids, are the first-line

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM REACTIONS
treatment for symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
Drowsiness or sedation
Histamine - is produced in response to an
allergic reactions or tissue injury. Disturbed coordination

The general uses of antihistamines include the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM REACTIONS

following:
Anticholinergic actions of antihistamines affect
Relief of the symptoms of seasonal and the respiratory
perennial allergies
system and include the following:
Allergic and vasomotor rhinitis
*Dryness of the mouth, nose, and throat
Allergic conjunctivitis
*Thickening of bronchial secretions
Mild and uncomplicated angioneurotic edema
and urticaria

Relief of allergic reactions to drugs, blood, or Interactions

plasma

Relief of coughs caused by colds or allergies

Adjunctive therapy in anaphylactic shock

Treatment of Parkinson-like symptoms DECONGESTANTS

Relief of nausea and vomiting *REDUCE NASAL EDEMA
Relief of motion sickness Nasal decongestions - are sympathomimetic, in
Sedation that they produce localized vasocontraction of
the small blood vessels of the nasal membranes
Adjuncts to analgesics similar to adrenergic drugs.

USES
*RELIEVE ALLERGY Common allergy
Hay fever Nonproductive cough - is a dry, hacking one
that produces no secretions.
Sinusitis
Productive cough,- secretions are made in the
Allergic Rhinitis
respiratory tract
Congestion associated with rhinitis
centrally acting drugs - Most antitussives
depress the cough center located in the medulla
and are called
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Expectorants- increase the production of
Tachycardia and other cardiac arrhythmias respiratory secretions
Nervousness, restlessness, and insomnia A mucolytic- is a drug that breaks down thick,
Blurred vision ,Nausea and vomiting tenacious mucus in the lower portions of the
lungs for better elimination from the
respiratory system. (e.g acetylcysteine.)
PRECAUTIONS

Thyroid diseases ADVERSE REACTIONS

Diabetes mellitus • Lightheadedness
Glaucoma • Dizziness
Hypertension • Drowsiness or sedation
glaucoma

Prostatic hypertrophy CONTRAINDICATIONS

Antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics -

CONTRAINDICATIONS
Decongestants- are contraindicated in patients
with known hypersensitivity and in
patients taking MAOI antidepressants.
are contraindicated in patients with known
hypersensitivity to these drugs.
Opioid antitussives (those with codeine) - are
contraindicated in premature infants or during
labor when delivery of a premature infant is
anticipated.

Mucolytics - are not recommended for use by

ANTITUSSIVES, EXPECTORANTS, AND
patients with asthma.
MUCOLYTICS
The expectorant potassium iodide - is
Coughing - is the forceful expulsion of air from
contraindicated during pregnancy (pregnancy
the lungs. A cough may be productive or
category D).
nonproductive.

PRECAUTIONS
Antitussives- are given with caution to patients
with a persistent or chronic cough or a cough
accompanied by excessive secretions, a high
fever, rash, persistent headache, and nausea or
vomiting.
Antitussives -containing codeine are used with
caution during pregnancy (pregnancy category
C) and labor (pregnancy category D) and in
patients with COPD, acute asthmatic attack,
pre-existing respiratory disorders, acute
abdominal conditions, head injury, increased
intracranial pressure, convulsive disorders,
hepatic or renal impairment, and prostatic
hypertrophy.
Expectorants- are used cautiously during
pregnancy and lactation (guaifenesin is a
pregnancy category C drug and acetylcysteine is
a pregnancy category B drug); in patients with
persistent cough, severe respiratory
insufficiency, or asthma; and in older adults or
debilitated patients.
ANTITUSSIVES, MUCOLYTICS, AND
EXPECTORANTS
TREAT ACCOMPANYING COUGH
DISORDERS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY
ASTHMA-the airways become narrow, the
muscles around the airways tighten, the inner
lining of the bronchi swells, and extra mucus
clogs the smaller airways.
- Characterized by recurrent attacks of dyspnea
and wheezing, this breathlessness
causes the patient to experience anxiety.
DRUGS AFFECTING THE LOWER RESPIRATORY
* XANTHINE DERIVATIVES
Xanthine derivatives - are a group of alkaloids
that work as mild stimulants and
bronchodilators.
- ease symptoms of bronchospasm and make
breathing easier by relaxing the smooth
muscles of the respiratory tract and reducing
the airway's hypersensitive response to stimuli.
(Examples of Xanthine Derivatives: Oxtriphylline
Doxofylline Bamifylline)
* BETA ANGONISTS
A bronchodilator medicine - that opens the
airways by relaxing the muscles around the
airways that may tighten during an asthma
attack or in COPD (chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease).
(Examples: albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil),
metaproterenol (Alupent), pirbuterol (Maxair),
terbutaline (Brethaire), isoetharine (Bronkosol),
and Levalbuterol (Xopenex).)
* ANTICHOLINERGICS
Anticholinergics -are drugs that block the action
of acetylcholine.
acetylcholine -is the chief neurotransmitter of
the parasympathetic nervous system, the part
of the autonomic nervous system (a branch of
the peripheral nervous system) that contracts
smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels,
increases bodily secretions, and slows heart
rate.
(Examples of anticholinergics: atropine,
ipratropium, tiotropium, anticholinergics
adverse effects! (ABCDs) agitation, blurred
vision, constipation and confusion, dry mouth,
stasis of urine and sweating)
* ANTILEUKOTRIENE AGENTS

Antileukotrienes - have been shown to inhibit Drugs- substance that change a person’s mental
effectively or physical state.

allergen- induced early and late responses,

airway hyperresponsiveness and allergen-
Bad drugs for digestive system
induced airway inflammation.
Cocaine - can impair tissue in the bowels & can
They are also effective in attenuating exercise-
cause pain in the abdomen.
induced bronchoconstriction and acetylsalicylic
acid-induced asthmatic responses. Opioids- can cause constipation

Hallucinogens- can cause nausea or vomiting.

- montelukast, zafirlukast, pranlukast Tobacco- associated w/ cancers, can also
development of diabetes & inflammation

Medications- some causes damage to GI tract

Gastro intestinal System - system that includes
organs that take foods & liquids & breakdown
into substances that body can use for energy,
growth, & tissue. Drugs related diseases in our GI tract/
digestive system
Parts
Peptic ulcer- sores that develop in the lining of
Mouth the stomach, lower esophagus, or small
intestine
Esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux- chronic condition
Stomach
which stomach contents and acid rise up into
Duodenum the esophagus

Jejunum Divertculitis- gastrointestinal disease of

characterized by inflammation of abnormal
Appendix
pouches
Rectum

Medications/ drugs good for out digestive

Functions system

Ingestion Antacids

Propulsion Proportion pump inhibitors

Mechanical breakdown H2 blockers

Chemical digestion

Absorption ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Elimination
Hormones - increase or decrease cellular
activity.
Important Organs who acts
Hypothalamus
"master gland" of the neuroendocrine system
regulate the central and autonomic nervous
system and the endocrine system to maintain
homeostasis
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Lobes- produce stimulating hormones
in the spine to hypothalamus stimulation
Posterior Lobes- stores ADH and oxytocin
which one two hormones produced by
hypothalamus
Intermediate Lobes- produces endorphins and
enkephalins to modulate pain perception
DRUGS THAT ARE HARMFUL TO THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ALCOHOL
Chronic alcohol - abuse can disrupt hormonal
cycles, leading to reduced sexual ability,
fertility, and physical energy.
Amphetamines - is a central nervous system
stimulant that is used in the treatment of
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder this
drugs can disrupt hormones, leading to sexual
and fertility problems.
Benzodiazepines - depressant drugs which
lower brain activity abuse, or overuse, of
benzodiazepines may cause damage to the
pituitary gland, which can harm metabolism,
growth (in adolescents and young adults), and
the fight-or-flight response tied to release of
adrenaline.
Cocaine - When this drug is snorted, it can
cause serious damage to mucous membranes in
the nose and throat. The drug also disrupts
hormones and hormone production, leading to
sexual dysfunction.
INHALANTS - f the person abuses these drugs
more than once, serious, lasting complications
to several organ systems can occur. Hormones
can be dramatically disrupted, causing infertility
and sexual dysfunction.
MARIJUANA - The drug can change hormonal
balance, reducing sexual function and fertility.
OPIOIDS - Hypogonadism is a side effect of
chronic opioid abuse, leading to infertility and
hormone imbalances that may not be
reversible. Reduced sex hormones can also lead
to depression, chronic fatigue, osteoporosis,
and loss of muscle mass. Steroids:
DISORDERS TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Causes of Endocrine Disorders
* Endocrine disease that results when a gland
produces too much or too little of an endocrine
hormone, called a hormone imbalance.
* Endocrine disease due to the development of
lesions (such as nodules or tumors) in the
endocrine system, which may or may not affect
hormone levels.
Type 1 diabetes
- once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-
dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in
which the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
Insulin is a hormone needed to allow sugar
(glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
Signs and Symptoms
- Increased thirst
- Glucosuria – high levels of glucose in the urine
- Frequent urination
- Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't
wet the bed during the night
- Extreme hunger
- Unintended weight loss
- Irritability and other mood changes
- Fatigue and weakness
- Blurred vision
Type 2 diabetes
- is an impairment in the way the body
regulates and uses sugar (glucose) as a fuel. This
long-term (chronic) condition results in too
much sugar circulating in the bloodstream. Type
2 means that your body doesn't use insulin
properly.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Dwarfism - is short stature that results from a
genetic or medical condition. Dwarfism is
generally defined as an adult height of 4 feet 10
inches (147 centimeters) or less.
Somatrem (Protropin®) - is an analog of growth
hormone (somatotropin) produced by
recombinant DNA technology and containing an
additional methionyl amino acid residue.
Homatropine - is used to treat inflammation in
the USA. It has been approved in Europe to
treat pituitary dwarfism, prader-willi syndrome,
and turner syndrome.
Somatropin (Humatrope®) - - is used to treat
children who are short or growing slowly
because they do not make enough growth
hormone on their own.
Acromegaly - - is a disorder that occurs when
your body makes too much growth hormone
(GH).
Gigantism - - is a very rare condition that
happens when a child or adolescent has high
levels of growth hormone in their body, which
causes them to grow very tall.
Octreotide acetate (Sandostatin®) Injection -
has been shown to be effective and tolerated
for long-term maintenance therapy in patients
with acromegaly who have had inadequate
response to surgery and/or radiotherapy
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- is a chemical produced in the brain that causes
the kidneys to release less water, decreasing
the amount of urine produced. A high ADH level
causes the body to produce less urine.
Diabetes insipidus
- is a rare condition where you pee a lot and
often feel thirsty. Diabetes insipidus is not
related to diabetes, but it does share some of
the same signs and symptoms.
- The 2 main symptoms of diabetes insipidus
are: extreme thirst (polydipsia) peeing a lot,
even at night (polyuria)
Nocturnal enuresis
- is involuntary urination while asleep after the
age at which staying dry at night can be
reasonably expected.
- Children are not considered enuretic until they
have reached five years of age. Mentally
disabled children should have reached a mental
age of four years before they are considered
enuretic.
Vasopressin (Pitressin®)
- is used to treat diabetes insipidus, which is
caused by a lack of a naturally occurring
pituitary hormone in the body.
Desmopressin (Stimate®)
- is a man-made form of vasopressin and is used
to replace a low level of vasopressin. This
medication helps to control increased thirst and
too much urination due to these conditions,
and helps prevent dehydration.
Desmopressin is also used to control nighttime
bedwetting in children.
Lypressin (Diapid®)
- is indicated for the treatment of diabetes
insipidus. It is a synthetic version of the natural
porcine compound.
PARATHYROID DISEASES
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
- occurs when your thyroid gland produces too
much of the hormone thyroxine.
Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's
metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss
and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.
Propylthiouracil
- is a medication used to treat hyperthyroidism.
It works by stopping the thyroid gland from
making too much thyroid hormone.
Hyperparathyroidism
- means your parathyroid glands are releasing
too much hormone, which causes calcium levels
in your blood to rise.
Hypothyroidism
- is a common condition where the thyroid
doesn't create and release enough thyroid
hormone into your bloodstream. This makes
your metabolism slow down. Also called
underactive thyroid, hypothyroidism can make
you feel tired, gain weight and be unable to
tolerate cold temperatures.
Levothyroxine
- is a medicine used to treat an underactive
thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). The thyroid
gland makes thyroid hormones which help to
control energy levels and growth. Levothyroxine
is taken to replace the missing thyroid hormone
thyroxine. Levothyroxine is only available on
prescription.
ADRENAL CORTEX
Cushing’s disease
- is a disorder caused by the body's exposure to
an excess of the hormone cortisol. Cortisol
affects all tissues and organs in the body.
Ketoconazole ((Nizoral®)
- decreases cortisol in patients with Cushing's
syndrome, and may prevent adrenal
overgrowth.
Addison's disease
- also called adrenal insufficiency, is an
uncommon disorder that occurs when your
body doesn't produce enough of certain
hormones.
Hydrocortisone (SoluCortef®)
- cortisol replacement treatment in people with
Addison's disease or following surgical removal
of the adrenal glands.
Fludrocortisone (Florinef Acetate®)
- a corticosteroid, is used to help control the
amount of sodium and fluids in your body. It is
used to treat Addison's disease and syndromes
where excessive amounts of sodium are lost in
the urine. It works by decreasing the amount of
sodium that is lost (excreted) in your urine.
It may also increase the risk of Liver damage,
including peliosis hepatis, tumors, hormonal
imbalance, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism,
organ disfunctions and cancer.

Renal System
What Drug Misuse can do to the Endocrine
System Kidney - one pair of organs in the abdomen
and it is a bean shaped, brown organs about the
DRUG MISUSE
size of your fist. They also make hormones that
- Drug Dependency help control blood pressure and stimulate bone
marrow to make red blood cells.
- Drug Addiction

- Drug Overdose
Normal Function of Kidney
- To the Metabolism
Extra cellular fluid volume control
- Hormone Imbalance
Electrolyte balance
- Libido
Waste product excretion
-Disorders and Diseases
Drug and hormone elimination/metabolism

Blood pressure regulation

Hormonal Imbalance
Regulation of haematocit
Hormones need to be released into the body in
a timely manner, but some substances disrupt Regulation of calcium/phosphate balance
this process; this is especially to Performance
Enhancer Drugs
Three Major Regions of the kidney
Metabolism
Renal Cortex
As the thyroid gland is being damage by drug
misuse, it disturbs its role to aid in breaking Renal Medulla
down food and turn them into nutrients; thus
making a domino effect to the other body Renal Pelvis
system.

Libido and Sexual Function Commonly-used drugs which can affect renal
Drug Abuse reduces fertility, sperm count and function
testosterone production. Drug abuse also Diuretics
affects sex drive and sexual function.
Beta blockers
Diseases and Disorders
Vasodilators
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

ACE inhibitors

Aminoglycosides

Radio contrast media

Compound analgesics electrolytes to maintain the desired levels.

Antiviral agents sodium

Lithium chloride

potassium

BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL calcium

fragile nephrons- a constant supply of blood are phosphate

equipped with a system to ensure that they are
magnesium
perfused.

the mechanism, called the renin-angiostensin-

aldosteronesystem, involves a total body Sodium Regulation
reaction of decreased blood flow to the
nephrons. sodium is one of the body's major cations
(positively charged ions)

sodium is responsible for the:

Regulation of Red Blood cells production
this hormone stimulates the bone marrow to
increase the production of red blood cells,
which bring oxygen to the kidneys.
erythropoietin is the only known factor that can
regulate the rate of red blood cell production
when a patient develops renal failure
• maintenance of ECF volume
(Extracellular Fluid)
• production of action potentials
sodium ions - are also reabsorbed via a
transport system that function under the
influence of the catalyst carbonic anhydrase

Countercurrent Mechanism
Maintenance of volume and composition of
fluids sodium is further regulated in the medullary
nephrons in what is known as the
sodium regulation countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle.
Chloride regulation Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is important in
countercurrent mechanism maintaining fluid balance. this countercurrent
mechanism allows the body to finely regulate
calcium regulation fluid volume by regulating the control of sodium
and water.
potassium regulation
Chloride Regulation Fosfomycin

chloride is an important negatively charged ion Methenamine

that helps to maintain electrical neutrality with
Methylene blue
the movement of cations across the cell
membrane. Nadilixic Acid
chloride is primarily reabsorbed in the loop of Nitrofurantoin
Henle, where it promotes the movement of
sodium out of the cell. Norloxacin

Urinary Tract Antispasmodics- Block the

spasms of urinary tract muscles caused by
Potassium Regulation various conditions includes,
potassium is another cation that is vital to • Flavoxole
proper functioning of the: • Oxybutinin
• Tolterodine
• nervous system
• muscles • Darifenacin
• cell membranes • Solifenacin
• Trospium

Flavoxole - Less desirable for elderly patients

Calcium Regulation
Oxybutinin - has numerous anticholinergic
calcium is another important cation that is affects
regulated by the kidneys and also important in:

muscle function
Diuretic Agents
blood clotting
diuretics is a drug that increase the excretion of
bone formation sodium, and therefore water, from the kidneys.
contraction of cell membranes diuretics help to relieve edema associated with
HF (heart failure) and pulmonary edema, liver
muscle movement
failure and cirrhosis, and various types of renal
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) stimulates diseases
reabsorption of calcium to increase serum
they are also used in treating hypertension
calcium levels when they are low.
5 classes of diuretics working at a slightly
different site in the nephron or using different
URINARY TRACT & BLADDER mechanism.

Urinary Tract Anti- Infectives - Antibiotics thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

which re particularly effective against the gram
negative bacteria that cause most UTI's which
includes:
Cinoxacin
loop diuretics
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
potassium-sparring diuretics
osmotic diuretics
thiazide and thiazide - like diuretics
thiazide diuretics work to block the chloride
pump in the distal convoluted tubule. this effect
leads to a loss of sodium and potassium and a
minor loss of water.
thiazide are frequently used alone or in
combination with other drugs to treat
hypertension. they are considered to be mild
diuretics.
loop diuretics work in the loop of Henle and
have a powerful diuretic effect, leading to the
loss of water, sodium and potassium
these drugs are are the most potent diuretics
and are used in acute situations, as well as in
chronic conditions not responsive to milder
diuretics.
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work to block
the formation of carbonic acid and bicarbonate
in the renal tubule.
these drugs can cause an alkaline urine and loss
bicarbonate buffer.
used in combination with other diuretics when
a stronger diuresis is needed, and they are
frequently used to treat glaucoma because they
decrease the amount of aqueous humor
produced in the eye
Potassium-sparing Diuretics are one type of
diuretic. They are weak diuretics usually
prescribed in combination with other types of
diuretics. They are used to increase the amount
of fluid passed from the body in urine, whilst
also preventing too much potassium being lost
with it.
main uses of potassium-sparing diuretics
• To prevent low levels of potassium
(hypokalaemia)
• In the treatment of heart failure.
• In helping to reduce a condition called
ascites where fluid builds up inside the
tummy (abdominal) cavity.
• In treating high blood pressure
(hypertension)
four potassium-sparing diuretics.
Amiloride
Triamterene
Eplerenone
Spironolactone
Osmotic Diuretics are a class of drugs that
increase the production of urine (diuresis) in
people with sudden kidney problems. Osmotic
diuretics produce diuresis by increasing the
osmotic pressure within the kidney.
OSMOTIC DIURETICS USED TO TREAT;
Intracranial Pressure
Intraocular Pressure
Anuria/ oliguria
urinary tract (analgesics) - This medication is
used to relieve symptoms caused by irritation of
the urinary tract such as pain, burning, and the
feeling of needing to urinate urgently or
frequently.

Phenazopyridine is a dye that works as a

painkiller to soothe the lining of the urinary
tract.

bladder protectant

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer - is a natural

barrier that protects the bladder lining from the
urine. This barrier is called the
glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer.