Gas Exchange and Smoking

Gas exchange Humans and Smoking

Learning outcomes (Students will be assessed on their ability to):

1. Describe the gros structure of human gas exchange system: the thorax, including the ribs,
intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural
membranes
2a. Observe and draw plan diagrams of the structure of the walls of the trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli indicating the distrubution of cartilage, cilliated epithelium,
goblet cells, smooth muscles, squamous epithelium and blood vessles.
2b. Describe the function of features of cartillage, cillia, goblet cells, mucous glands, smooth
muscles and elastic fibres and recognise these cells and tissues in preapred slides,
microphotographs and electron micrographs of the gas exchange system.
3a. Describe the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood
3b. Discuss the roles of blood flow and ventilation in maintaining diffusion gradients for
oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood

4a. Describe the role of tar and cancirogens in tobacco smoke on the gas exchange system
with the reference to the lung nancer and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary heart
disease)
4b. Describe the short-term effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide on the cardiocascular
system.
Gas Exchange and Smoking

Note development
1. Describe the gros structure of human gas exchange system: the thorax, including
the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and
pleural membranes

1. Add a label (k) to show the location of the pleural membrane.

Gas Exchange and Smoking

2. Complete the table to label and annotate all the parts of the respiratory system:

Letter Structure Outline the function

Abdominal muscles assist in breathing, they relax to aid
a abdomen inhalation and contract to aid exhalation.

k Pleural membrane

3. Name, in the correct order, the structures that incoming air would pass through between the
nasal cavity and the alveolus.

Nasal cavity à ……………….. à

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2a. Observe and draw plan diagrams of the structure of the walls of the trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli indicating the distrubution of cartilage, cilliated epithelium,
goblet cells, smooth muscles, squamous epithelium and blood vessles.

4. Using the micrographs from the page 188 in your course books draw the labeled plan
diagrams of the following structures. Complete a table indicating the presence of the
structures listed (tick = present, cross = absent)
a. trachea transverse section

ciliated goblet smooth squamous blood

structure cartilage
epithelium cells muscle epithelium vessels
trachea
bronchus
bronchiole
alveoli
b. part of a bronchus
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ciliated goblet smooth squamous blood

structure cartilage
epithelium cells muscle epithelium vessels
trachea
bronchus
bronchiole
alveoli

c. bronchiole

ciliated goblet smooth squamous blood

structure cartilage
epithelium cells muscle epithelium vessels
trachea
bronchus
bronchiole
alveoli

2b. Describe the function of features of cartillage, cillia, goblet cells, mucous glands, smooth
muscles and elastic fibres and recognise these cells and tissues in preapred slides,
microphotographs and electron micrographs of the gas exchange system.
d. State the functions of tissues in the gas exchange system:

Tissue Structure Function

cartilage

cilia

goblet cells
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mucous glands

smooth muscles

elastic fibres

e. Label the diagram showing the epithelium of airways. Use words from the box

cilia, epithelium, goblet cell, mucus, bronchiole wall, basement membrane

f. Using the words 'cilia' and 'mucus', describe, very briefly, how the body gets rid of dust which
enters the lungs.

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3b. Discuss the roles of blood flow and ventilation in maintaining diffusion gradients for
oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood
Watch the narrated animation on
http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media/Respiration/content/Respiration/resp1a/
frameset.htm
http://www.johnwiley.net.au/highered/interactions/media/Respiration/content/Respiration/resp2a/
bot.htm
and/or use your books to:
e. Define the following key terms:
a. Ventilation:

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b. External respiration:

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

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c. Internal respiration:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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d. Pressure volume relationships:

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g. Inhalation/Inspiration:

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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h. Exhalation/Expiration:

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i. Complete the table below to describe the key events of involved in ventilation:

Inhalation Exhalation

relax (rises, becomes

Diaphragm
dome shaped)
Abdominal muscles (not
relax contract
required at IGCSE)
External intercostals
muscles
Internal intercostals
muscles

Lung Volume

Air pressure in lung increases

Movement of Air

Diagram / screenshot

3a. Describe the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood
j. Define gas exchange:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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k. Capillaries deliver deoxygenated blood to and carry oxygenated blood from the alveoli of the
lungs. The diagram below show a simplified diagram of gas exchange occurring in alveoli.

Adapted from i-Biology (http://i-biology.net/ibdpbio/06-human-health-physiology/03-gas-exchange/)

Label the diagram. Include the following:

i. oxygen
ii. carbon dioxide
iii. alveoli
iv. alveolus
v. capillary red blood cell (erythrocyte)
vi. lining of the alveolus (one cell thick)
vii. lining of the capillary (one cell thick)
viii. oxygenated blood leaving
ix. deoxygenated blood arriving
x. carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air in alveolus
xi. oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveolus to the blood
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l. Explain how the structural adaptations of alveoli suit them to their function of gas exchange:

a. Thin wall - ………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. Rich capillary network - ………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Increased Surface area: Volume ratio -… …….…………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

d. Moist - …………………………………………………………………………………….

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n.b. you can remember these structural adaptations by remembering them as TRIM.

m. How is the concentration gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide maintained between the
alveolus and the blood?

 ………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

 ………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

n. Fill in the table comparing the differences between the inhaled and exhaled air
Component of Inspired (inhaled) Expired (exhaled) Reason
air air % air %
Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbon
dioxide
Water

Temperature
Gas Exchange and Smoking

4a. Describe the role of tar and cancirogens in tobacco smoke on the gas exchange system
with the reference to the lung nancer and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary heart
disease)
o. Complete the table to summarise the key biological consequences of smoking. Use your course
book, internet or other sources of information.

Disease / Symptoms Linked to How do the components of

Effect smoke cigarette smoke
particles, cause/increase the risk of
tar, nicotine acquiring the disease?
or carbon
monoxide?
Bronchitis  cilia damaged by chemicals in
the smoke
 smoke particles irritate the
lining of the airways causing
more mucus to be secreted
 Mucus is not cleared properly
 Infections (e.g. pneumonia) of
the lung become more likely
Emphysema  shortness of breath
 mild exercise such as
walking becomes
very difficult
 No cure, usually
results in death

Lung cancer Tar (contains  Carcinogens damage/mutate

carcinogens) the DNA of cells
 Damaged cells begin to
divide uncontrollably
forming tumors

Heart
Disease
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Asthma

chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease
(COPD)

Low birth
weight

4b. Describe the short-term effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide on the cardiocascular
system.
Gas Exchange and Smoking

1. Spirometer is …………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

b. Spirometer traces are diagrams showing different breathing volumes. Using your book label the
diagram.

2. The diagram shows parts of the

human thorax.

a. Name structures labeled. (2)

X ______________________________________
Y ______________________________________

b. People with asthma sometimes

have difficulty in breathing. This
happens when the small air tubes
of their lungs become narrow.
This makes it more difficult to get
air into and out of their lungs.
Name the small air tubes in the lungs. (1)

____________________________________________
Gas Exchange and Smoking

It is possible to find out how

asthma affects breathing by using
apparatus called a peak flow meter.
The person breaths as hard as
possible into the meter as shown in
the diagram below. If the person
has asthma, low readings are
obtained.

c. What is the reading on the peak

flow meter? (1)

_______________________________________

Readings were taken every morning and

evening for seven days from a healthy
person and from a person with asthma. The
results are shown on the peak flow chart
below.

d. Use the chart to find the day on which

breathing was most difficult for the person
with asthma. (1)

_______________________________________________

e. The healthy person’s readings are different from the person’s with asthma.
State two ways in which they are different. (2)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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f. A person blowing into a peak flow meter obtained a reading of 230. Does this suggest that this
person suffers from asthma? Explain your answer. (2)

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g. Drugs used to relieve asthma are called bronchodilators. Suggest what these drugs do. (1)

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3. The table shows the

amount of carbon
monoxide in the blood of
car drivers in a city during
the day and during the
night.

a. Name two sources of the carbon monoxide in the blood of the drivers. (2)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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b. Suggest why people driving during the day have more carbon monoxide in their blood than
people driving during the night. (1)

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c. The table lists parts of the breathing system. Tick one box to show the part where carbon
monoxide passes into the blood. (1)

part of breathing system tick

alveoli
bronchi
diaphragm
ribs
trachea

a. Carbon monoxide is poisonous. It combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells. Explain why
this is harmful to the body. (2)

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4. Nicotine is an addictive drug found in tobacco. It enters the blood when tobacco smoke is inhaled.
Nicotine is broken down by an enzyme and its effect stops. In some people the enzyme works
quickly. In other people the enzyme works slowly. The graph shows nicotine levels in the blood of
two smokers, Sharon and Tracey.
Gas Exchange and Smoking

a. The graph shows that Sharon smoked five cigarettes. How many cigarettes did Tracey smoke?
(1)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. The enzyme for breaking down nicotine works more slowly in Sharon. How does the graph
show this? (1)

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c. Why did Tracey smoke more cigarettes than Sharon? Use only the information given above. (1)

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d. A company is producing a substance that will make the enzyme work more slowly. If smokers
use this substance, it may help to reduce the number of cases of lung cancer. Suggest how this
could happen. (3)

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e. Research over many years has shown that smoking cigarettes causes several diseases. Name
one disease that can be caused by smoking cigarettes. (1)

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Gas Exchange and Smoking

5. Patches and gum are two methods used to help people stop smoking. Three groups of smokers
took part in trials of these methods. The results are shown below.

average number of cigarettes

smoked on
group method day 7 day 14 day 21
1 wear patch 2 5 4
2 chew gum 3 8 8
3 no help 6 15 12

a. Why is group 3 needed in this experiment? (1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b. Suggest why many smokers find it difficult to give up smoking. (1)

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c. Cigarette smoke damages cilia that line the internal membranes of the lungs. Explain why
damage to cilia increases the risk of lung infections. (2)

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d. Choose words from the box to complete the following sentence. (2)

cancer cystic fibrosis emphysema measles

Smoking cigarettes causes diseases such as ______________________________ and

______________________________

e. Name of one part of tobacco smoke that damages lung cells. (1)

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6
Gas Exchange and Smoking

7. The table shows the number of deaths in the United Kingdom in 2010 caused by cancer, lung diseases and circulatory
diseases. The table also shows the number of these deaths caused by smoking.

(a)  (i)  What is the total number of deaths caused by all three diseases?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................

(ii)  Calculate the percentage of the total number of deaths that are caused by smoking.
Show your working.
(2)
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percentage ........................................................... %

(c)   Emphysema is a lung disease that is usually caused by smoking. The diagram shows a cross section through two
alveoli X and Y. Alveolus X is from a non-smoker and alveolus Y is from a smoker suffering from emphysema.

Use the diagram to suggest and explain the effect of emphysema on gas exchange.
(2)
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8.
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a. …………………………………………………………………

b. (i)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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.

9.
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a. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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b. (i)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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.

c. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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